Chemical bonds hold molecules together. A chemical bond is a union between atoms formed when they give up, gain, or share electrons
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1 Chemical bonds hold molecules together A chemical bond is a union between atoms formed when they give up, gain, or share electrons Chemical formulas indicate the numbers of atoms of each element that are bonded together in a molecule
2 Ionic Covalent Common Types of Bonds in Biological Molecules Non-polar Polar Hydrogen
3 IONIC
4 An atoms gives up 1 or more of its electrons to another.* The resulting oppositely charged ions attract one another, forming an ionic bond. * You do not need to know the details of how this occurs
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6
7 Question 2-9
8 For example, in table salt (sodium chloride) the negative chlorine ion attracts the positive sodium ion, forming an ionic bond.
9 COVALENT
10 A covalent bond holds together two atoms that share one or more pair of electrons Electrons in a covalent bond may be equally or unequally shared between the atoms Double bonds: two pairs of shared electrons Triple bonds: three pairs of shared electrons
11 Non-Polar Covalent
12 Non-polar covalent bond: atoms share electrons evenly
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14 Polar Covalent
15 Polar covalent bond: atoms share electrons unequally Those atoms with greater positive nuclear charge pull more strongly on electrons in a covalent bond
16 Polar Covalent Bonds H 2 O is a polar molecule The (slightly) positively charged pole is around each hydrogen The (slightly) negatively charged pole is around the oxygen
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18 Intermolecular Forces: Hydrogen bonds
19 Hydrogen Bonds Polar molecules have partially charged atoms at their ends
20 Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonds form when partial opposite charges in different polar molecules attract each other Individual hydrogen bonds are rather weak, but collectively they are quite strong
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22 Self Quiz
23 Do atoms always have an equal number of protons, neutrons and electrons? 1. Yes. 2. No.
24 Do atoms always have an equal number of protons, neutrons and electrons? 1. Yes. 2. No.
25 A chemical bond is formed through: 1. The gaining, losing, or sharing of protons. 2. The gaining, losing, or sharing of neutrons. 3. The gaining, losing, or sharing of electrons. 4. The gaining, losing, or sharing of isotopes. 5. The gaining, losing, or sharing of ions.
26 A chemical bond is formed through: 1. The gaining, losing, or sharing of protons. 2. The gaining, losing, or sharing of neutrons. 3. The gaining, losing, or sharing of electrons. 4. The gaining, losing, or sharing of isotopes. 5. The gaining, losing, or sharing of ions.
27 After sodium loses an electron, it is: 1. A positive ion. 2. A negative ion. 3. A neutral ion. 4. An isotope. 5. A compound.
28 After sodium loses an electron, it is: 1. A positive ion. 2. A negative ion. 3. A neutral ion. 4. An isotope. 5. A compound.
29 After chlorine gains an electron, it is: 1. A positive ion. 2. A negative ion. 3. A neutral ion. 4. An isotope. 5. A compound.
30 After chlorine gains an electron, it is: 1. A positive ion. 2. A negative ion. 3. A neutral ion. 4. An isotope. 5. A compound.
31 How many electrons does sodium lose to chlorine to form an ionic bond?
32 How many electrons does sodium lose to chlorine to form an ionic bond?
33 What is the difference between a nonpolar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond? 1. A polar covalent bond results when there is unequal sharing of electrons in a molecule, whereas electrons are shared equally in a nonpolar covalent bond. 2. A polar covalent bond has two equal sides and a nonpolar covalent bond has two different sides. 3. A nonpolar covalent bond is positively charged and a polar covalent bond is negatively charged. 4. A polar covalent bond is positively charged and a nonpolar covalent bond is negatively charged.
34 What is the difference between a nonpolar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond? 1. A polar covalent bond results when there is unequal sharing of electrons in a molecule, whereas electrons are shared equally in a nonpolar covalent bond. 2. A polar covalent bond has two equal sides and a nonpolar covalent bond has two different sides. 3. A nonpolar covalent bond is positively charged and a polar covalent bond is negatively charged. 4. A polar covalent bond is positively charged and a nonpolar covalent bond is negatively charged.
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