MPPSC CRIMINOLOGY & FORENSIC SCIENCE. Main Optional Subject PAPER - 1 STUDY MATERIALS.

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1 MPPSC Main Optional Subject STUDY MATERIALS CRIMINOLOGY & FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER - 1 Published By DEVELOP INDIA GROUP

2 Published by Develop India Media Group Flat No. 55, D Block, W. V. Nagar, New Delhi Mobile : [email protected] Edition : 2012 Develop India Group Aims We conduct Study Material Programme, All India Correspondence Courses, Test Series Programmes for various competitive exams with our expert faculties. Our aim to provide quality of materials to you in your remote areas. You can find here Develop India weekly Newspaper, MINERVA Hindi Monthly Magazine, Books for all competitive Exams, Notes & Study Materials for all competitive exams. If you want to buy any kind of entrance exam forms/vacancy/previous year question papers, you can contact us. Copywrite All matter compile in this notes from various sources believed to be reliable. We published very carefully to this matter, its authors can not take guarantee the occuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither Develop India Media Group nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions or damage arising out of use of this information. No part of this notes may be reproduce or transemitted without the written permission of the publisher. All right reserved. Note : All disputes will respect to this publication shall be subject to jurisdiction of the courts, tribunals and forums of Allahabad, India. Contact us CORPORATE OFFICE Develop India Media Group Flat No. 55, D Block, W. V. Nagar, New Delhi Mobile : s : [email protected], [email protected] Page No. 2

3 Content 1. Criminology - Definition and scope 5 Definitions 5 Scope 5 2. Crime trends in India (with reference to National Crime Records Bureau) 6 Trend Analysis 7 Trend Analysis - Major IPC 23 Crimes 23 Incidence of IPC Crimes in 25 Crimes under the Special & Local Laws (SLL) 26 CRIMES IN MEGA CITIES Crimes against children (Nature, extent and legal provisions) 30 Crime Rate (Rate 2.7) Crimes against women (Nature, extent and legal provisions) 33 Crime-head wise analysis 34 Crime against Women in Cities Crimes against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Nature, extent and legal provisions) 35 Crime Against Scheduled Castes Pre-classical and 7. Classical theories of crime 39 Theories of hedonism and deterrence 39 Emergence of Hedonism 44 Classical Theory and Deterrence Positive theories of crime - Constitutional and morphological theories, psychological & psychoanalytical theories 44 PHYSIQUE Theories 44 Theories of Mental Deficiency and Feeblemindedness 46 Psychological positivism 46 Social positivism 46 Positivist Theories of Crime and Social Deviance 46 Constructivist Theories of Crime and Social Deviance Sociological theories of crime - Differential Association and Anomie 47 Social disorganization (neighborhoods) 47 Social ecology 47 Strain theory (social class) 47 Subcultural theory 47 Control theories 48 Symbolic interactionism 48 Labeling Theory Radical theories of crime - Labelling theory, etc Punishment - Definition, theories and types 49 Definitions of punishment 49 Theories relating to punishment 50 The philosophical theories of punishment 50 Deterrence 50 Rehabilitation 51 Retribution Non-institutional treatment of offenders - Probation, temporary release and parole 51 Probationary period 51 Temporary Release 52 Parole (Discretionary Conditional Release) Institutional treatment of offenders 52 Treatment Programs for Juvenile Delinquents 52 WHO IS A JUVENILE? 52 JUVENILE OFFENDERS 53 Historical back ground 53 International Concern 54 Constitutional Provisions in India 55 Judicial Efforts 55 Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, Salient features of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,

4 Extent Of Delinquency In India 57 Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) 57 Juvenile Justice Board confirms sixth accused in Delhi gang rape is a minor Prisons in India - organisation, Type and functions 58 Prisons in India: An overview of reforms and current situation 61 International Obligations and Guidelines 61 Prison Reforms in India a brief background and overview 61 Prisons Act The Mulla Committee 62 The Krishna Iyer Committee 63 Subsequent developments Correctional services for jail inmates Juvenile institutional 64 Non Institutional Services Victims of crime and victim-compensation 65 Supreme Court Decision Crime prevention planning 68 Page No. 4

5 Criminology & Forensic Science PAPER I 1. Criminology - Definition and scope In the mid of the 18th century Criminology arose as social philosophers gave thought to crime and concepts of law. Over time, several schools of thought have developed. There were three main schools of thought in early criminological theory spanning the period from the mid of the 18th century to the mid of the 20th century, these are : 1. Classical, 2. Positive, and 3. Chicago These schools of thought were superseded by several contemporary paradigms of criminology, such as the subculture, control, strain, labeling, critical criminology, cultural criminology, postmodern criminology, feminist criminology and others discussed below. The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as criminologia. Later, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term criminologie. Definitions The definitions of crimes will vary from place to place, in accordance to the cultural norms and mores, but may be broadly classified as blue-collar crime, corporate crime, organized crime, political crime, public order crime, state crime, state-corporate crime, and white-collar crime. However, there have been moves in contemporary criminological theory to move away from liberal pluralism, culturalism and postmodernism by introducing the universal term 'harm' into the criminological debate as a replacement for the legal term 'crime'. "Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as social phenomena. It includes within it s scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting towards the breaking of laws. Another definition Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual as well as in the society. Areas of research in criminology include the incidence, forms, causes and consequences of crime, as well as social and governmental regulations and reaction to crime. For studying the distribution and causes of crime, criminology mainly relies upon quantitative methods. Scope Criminology focuses on the behaviour that violates the criminal law and seeks explanations for that behaviour. The study of the origin of laws that define certain behaviour as criminal is a primary focus of the sociology of law, although a number of sociologists include in criminology the study of how certain behaviour has come to be defined as criminal. As important as it is to know why laws are passed to criminalize certain behaviour, such knowledge does not explain why certain people violate the law whereas others do not. It is useful to understand the origin of the law of theft, but it is also important to know why some people steal and others do not, and why some of those use force against their victims in robberies whereas use stealth." Certain acts that are considered undesirable are defined by the political society as crimes. In spite of this definition some people persist in the behaviour and thus commit crimes; the political society reacts by punishment, treatment, or prevention. This sequence of interactions is the subject matter of criminology. Crime consists of three principle divisions, as follows: 1. the sociology of law, which is an attempt to systematically analysis the conditions under which criminal laws develop and also an explanation of variations in the policies and procedures used in the administration of criminal justice. 2. Criminal etiology, which is an attempt at scientific analysis of the causes of crime; and 3. Penology, which is concerned with the control of crime. The objective of criminology is the development of a Page No. 5