/11/ CHAPTER OBJECTIVES CHAPTER OBJECTIVES CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

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1 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Summarize the definition, mission, and role of corrections. Outline the development of the prison. Identify how corrections can affect the crime rate by understanding the concept of the correctional funnel. Describe the operations of the Walnut Street Jail, the first American prison. Outline the growth of corrections over the past two decades and describe why the scope of correctional budgets, staffing, and clients makes it important for students to study corrections. Compare the Pennsylvania system with the Auburn system of imprisonment. Contrast the Classical School with the Positive School of criminology. Describe prison development from the Reformatory Era to the Modern Era. Summarize early responses to crime prior to the development of prisons. 0 List the acts of Congress regarding the sale of prison made products and describe their impact on the end of the Industrial Era of prison operations. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 1 Describe the Rehabilitative Era and the medical model of corrections, and explain how this era evolved into the Reintegrative Era. 2 3 Summarize sentencing goals and primary punishment philosophies. Define the theories of specific and general deterrence. Summarize the definition, mission, and role of corrections. Defining Corrections The Mission of Corrections What is corrections? The range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders. Protection of Society Surveillance and Control Treatment and Rehabilitation Incarceration 1

2 Corrections as Part of the Criminal Justice System Police Intersection Identify how corrections can affect the crime rate by understanding the concept of the correctional funnel. Corrections Courts Outline the growth of corrections over the past two decades and describe why the scope of correctional budgets, staffing, and clients makes it important for students to study corrections. Figure Correctional Funnel Who Is in Prison? Who Is in Prison? Figure Incarceration Rate of State Prisoners Figure Adult Correctional Populations 2

3 Expenditures Who Is in Prison? Males White men ages 18 or older 1 in 106 All men ages 18 or older 1 in 54 Hispanic men 18 or older 1 in 36 Black men 18 or older 1 in 15 Black men ages 20 to 34 1 in 9 Females White women ages 35 to 39 1 in 355 Hispanic women ages 35 to 39 1 in 297 All women ages 35 to 39 1 in 265 Black women ages 35 to 39 1 in 100 Figure Direct Expenditures by Criminal Justice Function Source: Pew Center on the States(2008), One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008, p. 6. Correctional Jobs Budget administrator Institution administrator Chaplain Juvenile caseworker Computer specialist Correctional officer Employee development specialist Facility manager Financial manager Food service manager Health system administrator Industrial specialist Medical officer Ombudsman Personnel manager Probation/parole officer Psychologist Recreation specialist Safety manager Teacher Training instructor Contrast the Classical School with the Positive School of Criminology. Two Schools of Criminology Comparison of Schools of Criminology Classical Positive Classical School vs. Positive School Free Will Non-Free Will Cesare Beccaria Cesare Lombroso Deterrence Biological Causes of Crime Hedonism Punishment Should Fit the Criminal 3

4 Schools of Criminology Neo-Classical School of Criminology Summarize early responses to crime prior to the development of prisons. Early Responses to Crime Early Punishments in the English system Outline the development of the prison. Development of the American Prison Quick Historical Perspective Describe the operations of the Walnut Street Jail. 4

5 Operations of the Walnut Street Jail Walnut Street Jail Compare the Pennsylvania and Auburn prison systems. Pennsylvania and Auburn Systems Pennsylvania System Separate and silent Solitary confinement Hard labor within the cells Repentance Used at Western and Eastern State Penitentiaries Caused mental problems Short-lived vs. Auburn System Congregate and silent Work in groups Repentance and hard labor Used at Auburn and other New York prisons (Sing Sing) Adopted by other states Fewer mental problems Describe prison development from Reform Era to the Modern Era. Prison Development from the Reform Era to the Modern Era Prison Development 0 List acts of Congress regarding prison industries. 5

6 0 Acts of Congress Hawes- Cooper Act 1929 and Ashurst- Sumners Act 1935 & Describe the Rehabilitative Era and the Medical Model of Corrections, and explain how this era evolved into the Reintegrative Era. These acts severely limited the sale of prison-made products on the open market. They idled thousands of inmates and forced administrators to find other means to operate prisons. 1 Rehabilitative Era to Reintegration 1 Rehabilitative Era to Reintegration Rehabilitative Era Emphasized the professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training Implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management Medical Model Offenders are sick, inflicted with problems that caused their criminality, and need to be diagnosed and treated Rehabilitative programs would resolve offenders problems and prepare them for release into the community able to be productive and crime-free 1 Rehabilitative Era to Reintegration Reintegration After offenders complete their treatment in prison they need transitional care, and the community must be involved in their successful return to society 2 Summarize sentencing goals and primary punishment philosophies. 6

7 2 Sentencing Goals of Corrections 3 Define the theories of specific and general deterrence. 3 Deterrence as a Goal of Punishment CHAPTER SUMMARY General The recognition that criminal acts result in punishment, and the effect of that recognition on society that prevents future crimes vs. Specific The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes Corrections is the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders. The primary mission is to protect the public through surveillance and control, treatment and rehabilitation, and incarceration. The correctional funnel displays the disposition and number of cases that begin as being reported and end as incarceration. It is clear that only a small percentage of crimes reported end in arrest and incarceration. The growth of corrections in terms of offender population and cost has dramatically increased over the past two decades. Classical criminology focuses on the free will and hedonism of the offender while Positive criminology centers on biological and environmental causes of crime. Contemporary corrections continues to ascribe more toward the Classical School. CHAPTER SUMMARY CHAPTER SUMMARY Early responses to crime included many forms of corporeal punishments including torture of various types. The development of the prison was a slow process of moving from a separate and silent system to reformatories to promote treatment and work skills, then to a system in which offenders were consider ill. This was followed by a movement toward rehabilitation and reintegration back to the community and a concern for victims rights. The American prison system started with a small penitentiary at the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia and advanced to larger penitentiaries in Pennsylvania and New York and then to reformatories in several states. 0 The Hawes-Cooper Act (1929) and the Ashurst-Sumners Act (1935) restricted the sale of prison made goods on the open market. The Walnut Street Jail was a three-story jail in Philadelphia. A small segregated unit on the third floor was renovated so inmates could repent in their cells. This became the beginning of the penitentiary movement. 1 2 The Rehabilitation Era evolved into the Medical Model in which offenders were sick and needed treatment. While this fell out of favor, more emphasis was placed on preparing offenders for their eventual release. The sentencing goals of corrections remain punishment, deterrence, incapacitation, treatment, and restitution. The Pennsylvania system operated as a silent and separate system in which inmates were confined in single cells with no contact with other offenders. The Auburn system permitted inmates to work in groups to have human contact, but silence remained a key feature. 3 Specific deterrence refers to those punishments aimed at stopping the offender from committing further crimes. General deterrence are actions to persuade other persons from committing criminal acts. 7