Sébastien Bouquain. Thèse en co-tutelle dirigée par: Nick Arndt, LGCA Grenoble Guy Libourel, CRPG Nancy Steve Foley, Mainz
|
|
- Walter Harrington
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Sébastien Bouquain Thèse en co-tutelle dirigée par: Nick Arndt, LGCA Grenoble Guy Libourel, CRPG Nancy Steve Foley, Mainz Collaborateurs: François Faure, CRPG Nancy Eric Hellebrand, DGG Hawaï
2 The talk (1) Introduction (2) Scientific goals (3) Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts (4) Methods (5) Discussion (6) Conclusions and future research
3 Introduction ultramafic volcanic rocks [MgO>18%] spinifex-textured rocks mainly Archean (also Proterozoic and Cretaceous) mainly extrusive rocks (lava flows)
4 Introduction >> well-preserved minerals in fresh rocks! Rocks from the lunar crust (mare basalts) >> crystallization sequence and pyroxene morphology comparable Tholeiitic in komatiites basalts, (pyroxenites, and lunar basalts dunites) >> anhydrous reference komatiite Lunar basalt
5 Introduction Texture characterized by large, skeletal or dendritic, platy, bladed or acicular grains of olivine or pyroxene olivine olivine pyroxene pyroxene
6 Scientific goals To use pyroxene compositions to gain a better understanding of the chemical and physical processes that occurred during komatiite genesis the thermal and compositional state of the Earth s mantle in the Archean models of crystallization of komatiite flows models of early Earth s mantle dynamics
7 Scientific goals Two models tryorigin to explain the formation of komatiites: The of komatiite magma: (1) hot and dry source (plume) Dry <??? > Wet (2)relatively cold and wet source (subduction zone) Two models try to explain the formation of komatiites: >> origin of spinifex texture (1)hot and dry source (plume) >> augite composition in Barberton komatiites (South Africa)
8 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts Alexo, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada
9 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts Komatiite flow and komatiitic basalt flow from Alexo M668 Ax105 Ax106 Ax104 Ax101 Ax102 Ax103
10 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts Komatiite flow and komatiitic basalt flow from Alexo pyroxenes in volumes between platy olivines
11 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts pyroxene needles zoned crystals: pigeonite core and augite rim pig aug skeletal crystals
12 Presentation of the rocks : komatiites and lunar basalts Lunar Mare Basalts : Apollo 12 pigeonite basalt Apollo 15 pigeonite basalt >>> To interpret pyroxene textures and compositions pigeonite core augite rim
13 Methods 1) Analytical approach Detailed study of the mineralogy and geochemistry of pyroxene in komatiites and in lunar mare basalts Use of SIMS (ion microprobe), electron microprobe, SEM >> Mainz (Institute of Petrology & Max Planck Institute) >> Nancy (CRPG) 2) Experimental work Attempts to reproduce the spinifex texture, using pyroxene field composition Studies on simplified materials representing the parental magma of komatiites (Ca-Mg-Al-Si system) >> Nancy (CRPG)
14 Analytical study augite pigeonite augite augite pigeonite augite
15 Analytical study Alexo komatiite - Barberton komatiite
16 Analytical study Barberton augites: Barberton komatiites have high small remnants preserved in largely CaO/Al altered grains 2 O 3 all (but one) analyzed pyroxenes were in olivine cumulates from poorly preserved metamorphic rocks The unusual compositions of Barberton augites is due to the high CaO/Al 2 O 3 of Barberton komatiites. >>> water is not necessary to form Barberton pyroxenes Clinopyroxene crystallizes at higher temperatures in compositions with high CaO/Al 2 O 3 than in compositions with low CaO/Al 2 O 3. Augite that crystallizes a high temperature from liquids with high CaO/Al 2 O 3 has high Mg#.
17 Komatiites Analytical study Lunar basalts PM normalized Sm 0,9 8 0,8 Rare Earth Elements profiles reflect 0,7 crystallization 4 Mg # Mg # Yb La 0,6 0,5 Mg# PM normalized Sm Yb La ,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Mg# ppm B x10 Li Be x100 0,9 Mg # 8 Mg # 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 Mg# ppm Be x100 4 Li B x ,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Mg# Be and Li profiles reflect alteration in komatiites Be and Li profiles indicate geochemical behavior like REE
18 Analytical study Equilibrium experiments (Arndt 1976) Early crystallization of cpx in natural komatiites Late crystallization of cpx under equilibrium conditions spinifex komatiites
19 Phase diagram Analytical study
20 Analytical study Early crystallization of pigeonite in komatiites: what are the solutions? olivine Alteration? Pyroxene accumulation? (Campbell & Arndt 1982) (Ca diffusion) Si Ca Wrong phase relations? Chemical boundary layer? (Faure & Schiano 2005) Water? (Parman et al. 1997)
21 Analytical study The tips of the spinifex crystals grow in liquid with high Si/Mg which stabilizes pigeonite
22 Analytical study Phase diagram cold hot
23 Analytical study (1) Diffusion coefficients Latypov (2006): cm 2 /s for H 2 O-saturated melts LaTourrette et al. (1996): 10-7 cm 2 /s for anhydrous liquids Our estimate : cm 2 /s (2) A small amount of water ( wt%) is necessary Water in melt inclusions (McDonough & Danyushevsky 1995; Shimizu et al. 2001) Degassing kinetics (Moune et al. 2007) (3) Moderate thermal gradient is sufficient >>> Soret differentiation allows pigeonite to crystallize from a liquid that would have normally crystallized augite
24 Experimental investigation 15 we used a vertical high-temperature, gas-mixing furnace inert atmosphere is maintained by a flow of Ar presence of a variable thermal gradient in the furnace, depending of the exact location of the graphite crucible C cm 35 Hot point 45 Thermal gradient
25 Experimental investigation We performed two series of experiments: Isothermal crystallization experiments Dynamic crystallization experiments pigeonite tridymite diopside
26 Experimental investigation Liquidus boundaries / Pyroxene composition field Starting composition
27 Experimental investigation Typical procedure of cooling Temperature + T T start T liquidus 1386 C Cooling in the thermal gradient C/h T quench 2h 3h Time
28 Experimental investigation Example of a typical run
29 Experimental investigation forsterite Crystals of pyroxene are zoned: pigeonite core is surrounded by a diopside rim Zoned pyroxene Pyroxene needles crystallized parallel to one another and downwards in the capsule pig di Natural komatiite
30 Experimental investigation High cooling rate experiments pigeonite diopside Pigeonite crystallizes in the thermal gradient even at high cooling rates (100 C/h)
31 Experimental investigation (1) We were able to crystallize zoned crystals of pyroxene that perfectly mimic those in komatiites. (2) Pyroxene crystals growth is constrained by the thermal gradient. (3) Pigeonite formed at high cooling rates (100 C/h) >>> what about olivine?
32 Experimental investigation Forsterite crystallization: (1) various morphologies Hopper forsterite Plate forsterite Forsterite morphologies reflects: (1) the effect of the thermal gradient (2) the cooling rate 10 C/h
33 Experimental investigation Forsterite crystallization: (1) various morphologies (2) metastable Low superheating High superheating Forsterite No forsterite
34 Experimental investigation
35 Conclusions (1) Zoned pyroxene crystallizes in natural komatiites and in lunar basalts. (2) For a given composition of komatiitic liquid, the type of pyroxene and the crystallization sequence depends on the conditions of crystallization. (3) Constrained growth in a thermal gradient causes pigeonite to crystallize earlier than at equilibrium conditions. Soret differentiation is an efficient mechanism in pyroxene spinifextextured lavas. (4) There is no evidence for the presence of a significant amount of water in komatiites. Most komatiites are dry and hot
36 Future research (1) To better understand the cooling mechanisms of komatiite flows to have better contraints on Soret effect (2) To better understand the crystallization of pigeonite: Experiments with olivine at the liquidus and pigeonite as the second mineral Introduction of tracers such as Cr or REE, in order to follow the crystallization of pigeonite
37 Thank you
38 Model of a komatiite flow Solidification of the crust and growth of skeletal olivine crystals Settling of olivine phenocrysts to form cumulate layer
Igneous Geochemistry. What is magma? What is polymerization? Average compositions (% by weight) and liquidus temperatures of different magmas
1 Igneous Geochemistry What is magma phases, compositions, properties Major igneous processes Making magma how and where Major-element variations Classification using a whole-rock analysis Fractional crystallization
More informationIgneous Rocks. Geology 200 Geology for Environmental Scientists
Igneous Rocks Geology 200 Geology for Environmental Scientists Magma Compositions Ultramafic - composition of mantle Mafic - composition of basalt, e.g. oceanic crust. 900-1200 o C, 50% SiO 2 Intermediate
More informationEarth Materials: Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks. The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth
Earth Materials: 1 The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth 2 Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks Three main categories of rocks: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic The most common minerals
More informationMetamorphic Rocks Practice Questions and Answers Revised October 2007
Metamorphic Rocks Practice Questions and Answers Revised October 2007 1. Metamorphism is a that involves no melt phase. 2. The protolith of a metamorphic rock is the (a) sibling (b) brother (c) parent
More informationO.Jagoutz. We know from ~ 20.000 borehole measurements that the Earth continuously emits ~ 44TW
Lecture Notes 12.001 Metamorphic rocks O.Jagoutz Metamorphism Metamorphism describes the changes a rock undergoes with changing P, T and composition (X). For simplistic reasons we will focus here in the
More informationLecture 5. elements (Figure 1). In addition, there are many ways of classifying trace elements.
Lecture 5 Nomenclature for Trace Element Classification We have already grouped elements into two classes, major elements and trace elements (Figure 1). In addition, there are many ways of classifying
More informationRocks & Minerals. 10. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? 1) rock salt 3) basalt 2) rhyolite 4) conglomerate
1. Of the Earth's more than 2,000 identified minerals, only a small number are commonly found in rocks. This fact indicates that most 1) minerals weather before they can be identified 2) minerals have
More informationCristallochimie du pyroxène dans les komatiites et basaltes lunaires
Cristallochimie du pyroxène dans les komatiites et basaltes lunaires Sébastien Bouquain To cite this version: Sébastien Bouquain. Cristallochimie du pyroxène dans les komatiites et basaltes lunaires. Géologie
More informationAtoms and Elements. Atoms: Learning Goals. Chapter 3. Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks. Clicker 1. Chemistry Background?
Chapter 3 Atoms Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks A Review of Chemistry: What geochemistry tells us Clicker 1 Chemistry Background? A. No HS or College Chemistry B. High School
More informationES 104: Laboratory # 7 IGNEOUS ROCKS
ES 104: Laboratory # 7 IGNEOUS ROCKS Introduction Igneous rocks form from the cooling and crystallization of molten rock material. This can occur below the surface of the earth forming intrusive rocks
More informationUnit 4: The Rock Cycle
Unit 4: The Rock Cycle Objective: E 3.1A Discriminate between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and describe the processes that change one kind of rock into another. E 3.1B Explain the relationship
More informationBOWEN'S REACTION SERIES
BOWEN'S REACTION SERIES Purpose John J. Thomas Frequently, people cannot visualize the mineral associations that form the sequences of igneous rocks that you find in the earth's crust and what happens
More informationMagmas and Igneous Rocks
Page 1 of 14 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Magmas and Igneous Rocks This page last updated on 03-Sep-2015 Magma and Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks are formed by crystallization
More informationEARTH SCIENCE 110 INTRODUCTION to GEOLOGY MINERALS & ROCKS LABORATORY
EARTH SCIENCE 110 INTRODUCTION to GEOLOGY DR. WOLTEMADE NAME: SECTION: MINERALS & ROCKS LABORATORY INTRODUCTION The identification of minerals and rocks is an integral part of understanding our physical
More informationMetamorphic rocks are rocks changed from one form to another by intense heat, intense pressure, and/or the action of hot fluids.
Metamorphic Rocks, Processes, and Resources Metamorphic rocks are rocks changed from one form to another by intense heat, intense pressure, and/or the action of hot fluids. Protolith or parent rock is
More informationGEOL 5310 Advanced Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Fall 09 Igneous Lab 2: Geochemical Plots of Igneous Rocks
GEOL 5310 Advanced Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Fall 09 Igneous Lab 2: Geochemical Plots of Igneous Rocks Objective: In this lab, we will become familiar with geochemical databases associated with
More informationP1: Rock identification (I)
P1: Rock identification (I) Examine the rocks specimens provided with the aid of these notes. All the rocks come from Ireland, as detailed on the attached map. Answer the short question on each specimen
More informationDetermination of the heat storage capacity of PCM and PCM objects as a function of temperature
Determination of the heat storage capacity of PCM and PCM objects as a function of temperature E. Günther, S. Hiebler, H. Mehling ZAE Bayern, Walther-Meißner-Str. 6, 85748 Garching, Germany Outline Introduction
More informationName: Rocks & Minerals 1 Mark Place, www.learnearthscience.com
Name: Rocks & Minerals 1 KEY CONCEPT #1: What is a mineral? It is a, substance which has a What would be the opposite of this? KEY CONCEPT #2: What causes minerals to have different physical properties?
More informationAmygdaloidal texture. Kimberlite. UNC sample. H-64 Rock type. amygdaloidal basalt Locality. unknown
Amygdaloidal texture H-64 amygdaloidal basalt unknown The oval feature in this photomicrograph is an amygdule: a formerly open vesicle which has been filled with a secondary mineral(s) precipitated from
More informationTYPES OF ROCKS & THE ROCK CYCLE
Visit http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/index.html to complete the following questions and activities. TYPES OF ROCKS: 1. Click on TYPES OF ROCKS. Read the information on the webpage and answer
More informationRocks and Plate Tectonics
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Rocks and Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or
More informationII. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013)
EAPS 100 Planet Earth Lecture Topics Brief Outlines II. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013) 1. Interior of the Earth Learning objectives: Understand the structure of the Earth s interior crust,
More informationMelting experiments in the systems CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 and MgO-SiO 2 at3to15gpa
American Mineralogist, Volume 83, pages 491 00, 1998 Melting experiments in the systems CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 and MgO-SiO 2 at3to1gpa CAUDE HERZBERG 1, * AND JIANZHONG ZHANG 2 1 Department of Geological
More informationRegents Questions: Plate Tectonics
Earth Science Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics Name: Date: Period: August 2013 Due Date: 17 Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is (1) less dense and more basaltic (3) more dense and
More informationEXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY IN PLANETARY SCIENCE
Rocks and Minerals I. OBJECTIVES One of the many ways to study Earth is by examining the rocks that make up its surface. Earth is a dynamic planet, with plate tectonics, water, wind, volcanoes, and mountains.
More informationLayers of the Earth s Interior
Layers of the Earth s Interior 1 Focus Question How is the Earth like an ogre? 2 Objectives Explain how geologists have learned about the interior of the Earth. Describe the layers of the Earth s interior.
More informationFIRST GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FIRST GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FIRST GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Learning the shapes of volcanoes. LAB: Experimenting with "lava." POST: Comparing
More informationQUE 93148: A Part of the Mantle of Asteroid 4 Vesta?
1 of 8 posted January 23, 2003 QUE 93148: A Part of the Mantle of Asteroid 4 Vesta? --- A tiny meteorite tells a story of melting in the deep mantle of a big asteroid. Written by Christine Floss Washington
More information24. MELTING RELATIONS AND VISCOSITY OF AN ABYSSAL OLIVINE THOLEIITE
24. MELTING RELATIONS AND VISCOSITY OF AN ABYSSAL OLIVINE THOLEIITE T. Fujii, 1 Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. and I. Kushiro and K. Hamuro, Geological Institute,
More information4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67)
4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67) Seafloor Spreading In the early 1960s, samples of basaltic ocean crust were dredged up from various locations across the ocean basins. The samples were then analyzed to
More informationHow can you tell rocks apart?
How can you tell rocks apart? Grade Range: 4-7 G.L.E Focus: 1.1.5 Time Budget: 1 1.5 hours WASL Vocabulary: Overview: Different rocks have different characteristics because of their minerals, the ways
More informationViscosity experiments: physical controls and implications for volcanic hazards. Ben Edwards Dept of Geology, Dickinson College
Viscosity experiments: physical controls and implications for volcanic hazards Student Name: Ben Edwards Dept of Geology, Dickinson College OBJECTIVES OF LAB Learn about the rheological property called
More informationThe evolution of alkali basaltic magma based on the study of silicate melt inclusions from Hegyestű and Haláp, Balaton Highland
The evolution of alkali basaltic magma based on the study of silicate melt inclusions from Hegyestű and Haláp, Balaton Highland Klára Kóthay Summary of PhD dissertation PhD Program for Geology and Geophysics
More informationMagma Composition and Igneous Rocks By Dr. James Brophy, Indiana University
Magma Composition and Igneous Rocks By Dr. James Brophy, Indiana University Introduction In the following chapters we will find that nearly all of the varied aspects of volcanism are either directly or
More informationIron-Carbon Phase Diagram (a review) see Callister Chapter 9
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram (a review) see Callister Chapter 9 University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 1 The Iron Iron Carbide (Fe Fe 3 C) Phase Diagram In their simplest form,
More informationPetros = Rock Ultimate source of all rocks Weathering erosion of pre-existing rocks
GEOLOGY 326 INTRODUCTION TO PETROLOGY Igneous = Sedimentary = Metamorphic = Petros = Rock Ultimate source of all rocks Weathering erosion of pre-existing rocks Change in form The chemical and petrologic
More informationCHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the development of a terrestrial planet? 2. That Earth, evidence that Earth differentiated.
More informationRocks & Minerals 1 Mark Place, www.learnearthscience.com
Name: KEY Rocks & Minerals 1 KEY CONCEPT #1: What is a mineral? It is a naturally occurring, inorganic substance which has a definite chemical composition What would be the opposite of this? man-made,
More informationLesson 13: Plate Tectonics I
Standards Addressed Lesson 13: Plate Tectonics I Overview Lesson 13 introduces students to geological oceanography by presenting the basic structure of the Earth and the properties of Earth s primary layers.
More informationChapter Outline: Phase Transformations in Metals
Chapter Outline: Phase Transformations in Metals Heat Treatment (time and temperature) Microstructure Mechanical Properties Kinetics of phase transformations Multiphase Transformations Phase transformations
More informationLecture: 33. Solidification of Weld Metal
Lecture: 33 Solidification of Weld Metal This chapter presents common solidification mechanisms observed in weld metal and different modes of solidification. Influence of welding speed and heat input on
More informationGENERAL SCIENCE LABORATORY 1110L Lab Experiment 9B: Tracking the Hawaiian Islands: How Fast Does the Pacific Plate Move?
GENERAL SCIENCE LABORATORY 1110L Lab Experiment 9B: Tracking the Hawaiian Islands: How Fast Does the Pacific Plate Move? Background You know that the Earth s crustal plates are always moving, but how fast?
More informationChapter 2. Igneous Rocks
Chapter 2 Igneous Rocks Most students find the definition of a mineral to be rather long and cumbersome. In contrast, the definition of a rock is short and sweet. A rock is any naturally occurring aggregate
More informationEENS 2120 Petrology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Igneous Rocks of the Ocean Basins. The Ocean Basins
Page 1 of 18 EENS 2120 Petrology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Igneous Rocks of the This document last updated on 03-Feb-2011 The The ocean basins cover the largest area of the Earth's surface. Because of plate
More informationAS B E S T O S C O N V E R S I O N P R O C E S S ( AC P )
AS B E S T O S C O N V E R S I O N P R O C E S S ( AC P ) Dipl.-Ing. F.W. Mayer, Dr. H. Kolb, Prof. Dr. A. Mayer, Dipl.-Ing. T. Pollak ARP - Analysing, Recycling, Processing GmbH and Mining University
More informationHow do single crystals differ from polycrystalline samples? Why would one go to the effort of growing a single crystal?
Crystal Growth How do single crystals differ from polycrystalline samples? Single crystal specimens maintain translational symmetry over macroscopic distances (crystal dimensions are typically 0.1 mm 10
More information1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources)
1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources) The Michigan Geological History Presentation provides an overview of the approximately 3 billion years of Earth Processes that the
More informationCharacteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks Deposited at the earth s surface by wind, water, glacier ice, or biochemical processes Typically deposited in strata (layers) under cool surface conditions. This is
More information1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire
UNIT 3 EXAM ROCKS AND MINERALS NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds
More informationPHYSICAL GEOLOGY ONLINE SYLLABUS GLY 1010 Physical Geology Online Fall 2011
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY ONLINE SYLLABUS GLY 1010 Physical Geology Online Fall 2011 Instructor s Name: Marianne O Neal Caldwell Telephone Number: (813) 253-7251 Email Address: Use classroom email address. Alternative
More informationDer Einfluss thermophysikalischer Daten auf die numerische Simulation von Gießprozessen
Der Einfluss thermophysikalischer Daten auf die numerische Simulation von Gießprozessen Tagung des Arbeitskreises Thermophysik, 4. 5.3.2010 Karlsruhe, Deutschland E. Kaschnitz Österreichisches Gießerei-Institut
More informationSummary of Basalt-Seawater Interaction
Summary of Basalt-Seawater Interaction Mg 2+ is taken up from seawater into clay minerals, chlorite, and amphiboles, in exchange for Ca 2+, which is leached from silicates into solution. K + is taken up
More informationEngaging Students Through Interactive Activities In General Education Classes
Engaging Students Through Interactive Activities In General Education Classes On the Cutting Edge: Early Career Geoscience Faculty Workshop 14-18 June 2009 Presented by Randy Richardson Department of Geosciences,
More informationGeol 101: Physical Geology Summer 2007 EXAM 1
Geol 101: Physical Geology Summer 2007 EXAM 1 Write your name out in full on the scantron form and fill in the corresponding ovals to spell out your name. Also fill in your student ID number in the space
More informationGEOL1010 Hour Exam 1 Sample
GEOL1010 Hour Exam 1 Sample 1. The inner core of the Earth is composed of a) solid silicate b) liquid silicate magma c) liquid metal d) solid metal e) olivine. 2. The upper mantle of the Earth is composed
More informationWhat is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does the texture of a rock reveal about how it was formed?
CHAPTER 4 1 The Rock Cycle SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does
More informationPHYSICAL GEOLOGY HYBRID SYLLABUS GLY 1010 Physical Geology Fall - 2011
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY HYBRID SYLLABUS GLY 1010 Physical Geology Fall - 2011 Instructor s Name: Marianne O Neal Caldwell Telephone Number: (813) 253-7251 Email Address: Please use the email in our online classroom.
More informationEarth Science Grade 4 Minerals
Earth Science Grade 4 Minerals Standards: Identifies the physical properties of minerals Teacher Background Minerals are pure substances and mix together to make rocks. Rocks have a cycle and different
More informationHow Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?
298 10.14 INVESTIGATION How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? The terrain below contains various features on the seafloor, as well as parts of three continents. Some general observations
More informationIntroduction and Origin of the Earth
Page 1 of 5 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Introduction and Origin of the Earth This page last updated on 30-Jul-2015 Geology, What is it? Geology is the study of
More informationInstructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
More informationWhat are Rocks??? Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are a naturally occurring collection of one or more minerals.
The Rock Cycle What are Rocks??? Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are a naturally occurring collection of one or more minerals. The Rock Cycle a cycle that continuously forms and changes
More informationTHE COMPOSITION OF EARTH: ROCKS AND MINERALS. Keywords: petrology, petrography, mineralogy, rock classification, crust
THE COMPOSITION OF EARTH: ROCKS AND MINERALS Ruth Siddall University College London, UK Keywords: petrology, petrography, mineralogy, rock classification, crust Contents 1. Introduction 2. Minerals 2.1.
More informationINTRODUCTION. This project is about volcanoes and how they form and how they function. It will also show you the different aspects of a volcano.
BY RYAN O MAHONY INTRODUCTION This project is about volcanoes and how they form and how they function. It will also show you the different aspects of a volcano. MAP OF VOLCANOES AROUND THE WORLD DIAGRAM
More information9.11 Upon heating a lead-tin alloy of composition 30 wt% Sn-70 wt% Pb from 150 C and utilizing Figure
9-13 9.8: 9.11 Upon heating a lead-tin alloy of composition 30 wt% Sn-70 wt% Pb from 150 C and utilizing Figure (a) The first liquid forms at the temperature at which a vertical line at this composition
More informationLecture 19: Eutectoid Transformation in Steels: a typical case of Cellular
Lecture 19: Eutectoid Transformation in Steels: a typical case of Cellular Precipitation Today s topics Understanding of Cellular transformation (or precipitation): when applied to phase transformation
More informationPhase. Gibbs Phase rule
Phase diagrams Phase A phase can be defined as a physically distinct and chemically homogeneous portion of a system that has a particular chemical composition and structure. Water in liquid or vapor state
More informationPhase Equilibria & Phase Diagrams
Phase Equilibria & Phase Diagrams Week7 Material Sciences and Engineering MatE271 1 Motivation Phase diagram (Ch 9) Temperature Time Kinematics (Ch 10) New structure, concentration (mixing level) (at what
More information1. You are about to begin a unit on geology. Can anyone tell me what geology is? The study of the physical earth I.
PLATE TECTONICS ACTIVITY The purpose of this lab is to introduce the concept of plate tectonics and the formation of mountains. Students will discuss the properties of the earth s crust and plate tectonics.
More informationThe Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Second aw of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that the energy has quality as well as quantity. The first law places no restriction
More informationREACTIONS IN THE SN CORNER OF THE CU-SN-ZN ALLOY SYSTEM
REACTIONS IN THE SN CORNER OF THE CU-SN-ZN ALLOY SYSTEM D.D. Perovic, L Snugovsky and J.W. Rutter Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada doug.perovic@utoronto.ca
More informationEffect of Magnesium Oxide Content on Final Slag Fluidity of Blast Furnace
China Steel Technical Report, No. 21, pp. 21-28, (2008) J. S. Shiau and S. H. Liu 21 Effect of Magnesium Oxide Content on Final Slag Fluidity of Blast Furnace JIA-SHYAN SHIAU and SHIH-HSIEN LIU Steel and
More informationPlate Tectonics Lab. Continental Drift. The Birth of Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics Lab Continental Drift Take a look at a globe sometime and observe the remarkable fit between South America and Africa. Could they have, in fact, been connected? During the 19th and early
More informationGeol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II
Geol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II 4. Which of the following statements about paleomagnetism at spreading ridges is FALSE? A. there is a clear pattern of paleomagnetic
More informationPotassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating
Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) Dating K-Ar Dating In 10,000 K atoms: 9326 39 K 673 41 K 1 40 K Potassium Decay Potassium Decay Potassium Decay Argon About 1% of atmosphere is argon Three stable isotopes of argon
More informationGeorgia Performance Standards Framework for Science Grade 6. Unit Organizer: Geology: Inside the Earth (Approximate Time: 7 Weeks)
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans are
More informationContinental Drift. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on:
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on: Similarities in shorelines
More informationNorth American Stainless
North American Stainless Flat Products Stainless Steel Grade Sheet 310S (S31008)/ EN 1.4845 Introduction: SS310 is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel designed for elevated-temperature service.
More informationLecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison. This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies.
Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison Astronomy 141 Winter 2012 This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. The small terrestrial planets have
More informationPHYSICAL GEOLOGY ONLINE SYLLABUS GLY 1010 Physical Geology Online Spring 2010
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY ONLINE SYLLABUS GLY 1010 Physical Geology Online Spring 2010 Instructor s Name: Marianne O Neal Caldwell Telephone Number: (813) 253-7251 Email Address: Use my online@hcc (formerly WebCT)
More informationHeat Treatment of Steels : Spheroidize annealing. Heat Treatment of Steels : Normalizing
Heat Treatment of Steels :Recrystallization annealing The carbon and alloy steels were treated at a temperature of about 700 C, which is about 20 C below the eutectoid temperature. The holding time should
More informationPrentice Hall Interactive Science Series 2011 Correlated to: Arizona Science Standards, Strands 1-6 (Grade 7)
Strand 1: Inquiry Process Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate
More information1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers.
1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers. Which statement about the deposition of the sediments best explains why these layers have the curved shape shown? 1) Sediments were
More informationSECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
SECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Investigating the parts of a volcano. LAB: Comparing the parts of a
More information1 Exploring Earth s Interior
1 Exploring Earth s Interior Crust Mantle Outer Core Crust-to-Mantle Inner Core Cross Section From Surface to Center SCIENCE EXPLORER Focus on Earth Science Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2 Evidence for Continental
More informationMSE 528 - PRECIPITATION HARDENING IN 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOY
MSE 528 - PRECIPITATION HARDENING IN 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOY Objective To study the time and temperature variations in the hardness and electrical conductivity of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu high strength alloy on isothermal
More informationSection 1 The Earth System
Section 1 The Earth System Key Concept Earth is a complex system made up of many smaller systems through which matter and energy are continuously cycled. What You Will Learn Energy and matter flow through
More informationFOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different structures of volcanoes. LAB: Modeling three types
More informationEffect of basalt aggregates and plasticizer on the compressive strength of concrete
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 4 (4) (2015) 520-525 www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/ijet Science Publishing Corporation doi: 10.14419/ijet.v4i4.4932 Research Paper Effect of basalt aggregates
More informationVolcanoes Erupt Grade 6
TEACHING LEARNING COLLABORATIVE (TLC) EARTH SCIENCE Volcanoes Erupt Grade 6 Created by: Debra McKey (Mountain Vista Middle School); Valerie Duncan (Upper Lake Middle School); and Lynn Chick (Coyote Valley
More informationUnit 8.3.1 Study Guide: Rocks, Minerals, and the Rock Cycle
Name Date Per Unit 8.3.1 Study Guide: Rocks, Minerals, and the Rock Cycle I Can Statements I Can Statements are the learning targets for each unit. By the time you take the test for this unit, you should
More informationPROCESSES OF MAGMA EVOLUTION AND MAGMATIC SUITES
PROCESSES OF MAGMA EVOLUTION AND MAGMATIC SUITES Gerhard Wörner University of Göttingen, Germany Keywords: magma formation, melting, magma types, magma chamber, crystallization, chemical differentiation,
More informationMaster of Science in Geochemistry
Master of Science in Geochemistry Programme Requirements MSc: Taught Element: 90 credits: From ES3008 1 (or ES3011 by agreement), ES4031, ES5005, ES5010, ES5050, ES5051, CH3721 2 30 credits: chosen from
More informationCh6&7 Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch6&7 Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following does NOT change the form of existing rock? a. tremendous pressure c.
More informationInstructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
More informationChapter 8. Phase Diagrams
Phase Diagrams A phase in a material is a region that differ in its microstructure and or composition from another region Al Al 2 CuMg H 2 O(solid, ice) in H 2 O (liquid) 2 phases homogeneous in crystal
More informationVolcano in the lab: a wax volcano in action: teacher s notes
Volcano in the lab: a wax volcano in action: teacher s notes Level This activity is designed for students aged 11-14, as a simple demonstration of igneous activity. English National Curriculum reference
More informationSGL 101 MATERIALS OF THE EARTH Lecture 1 C.M.NYAMAI LECTURE 1. 1.0 ORIGIN, STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
LECTURE 1. 1.0 ORIGIN, STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH 1.1 INTRODUCTION. Welcome to Lecture 1 of this unit. To start with, stop and look around you wherever you are. Take a look at all the things
More information13.1 The Nature of Gases. What is Kinetic Theory? Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases. Chapter 13: States of Matter. Principles of Kinetic Theory
Chapter 13: States of Matter The Nature of Gases The Nature of Gases kinetic molecular theory (KMT), gas pressure (pascal, atmosphere, mm Hg), kinetic energy The Nature of Liquids vaporization, evaporation,
More information