Human Karyotype XY Male. Normal Page 319
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1 Human Karyotype XY Male Normal Page 319
2 Human Karyotype XXY Male (Klinefelter s) Sex Chromosomal aberration Sex Chromosome aneuploidy
3 Human Karyotype XYY Male ( Supermale ) Sex Chromosomal aberration Sex Chromosome aneuploidy
4 Human Karyotype XXX Female ( Superfemale ) Sex Chromosomal aberration Sex Chromosome aneuploidy
5 Human Karyotype XO Female (Turner s Syndrome) Sex Chromosomal aberration Sex Chromosome aneuploidy
6 Meiosis
7 Leptotene
8 The chromosomes are very long and thin. They most often lie in a tight knot around the nucleolus. The chromosomes at this point appear to be single, though x-ray information suggests that they are double. They have a finely beaded appearance.
9 Metaphase I
10 The chromosomes are aligned on the equatorial plane and the spindle is complete.
11 Telophase I
12 The chromosomes become vacuolated in appearance and the cell plate is more distinct.
13 First polar body
14 The two double-stranded chromosomes lying nearest the surface of the oocyte are extruded as the first polar body. This very unequal division of the cytoplasm ensures that a large supply of cytoplasm will be available to the developing embryo in the egg.
15 Metaphase II
16 During the second maturation division the two remaining chromosomes, each of which may plainly be seen to consist of two parts, line up across the spindle. The first polar body is visible just outside the oocyte near its nucleus.
17 2nd polar body
18 The second polar body, consisting of one chromatid from each of the two remaining chromosomes, is extruded. During the second maturation division of the oocyte nucleus, the sperm nucleus has increased in volume.
19 Mitosis
20 Early Prophase
21 The four chromosomes are becoming visible as dark threads. Replication of DNA has already taken place, so each chromosome is double-stranded.
22 Late Prophase
23 Four distinct chromosomes are visible by late prophase.
24 Metaphase
25 Chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell. Asters and spindle fibers are clearly visible. Polar bodies can be seen outside the cell.
26 Anaphase I
27 The chromosomes have separated and are moving into polar positions. The fibers of the spindle show a discontinuity in the area of the cell plate.
28 Late Anaphase
29 The two sets of single-stranded chromosomes have nearly completed their journey to opposite poles of the cell. They appear to be pulled along by the spindle fibers.
30 Cell Cleavage
31 2 cells
32 Each of the two daughter cells undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis.
33 4 cells
34 Mitosis has now produced an embryo of four identical cells.
35 8 cells
36 Another cleavage in each cell results in a ball of eight cells. Note that during these early cleavages the same amount of cytoplasm is progressively divided up into a greater and greater number of smaller and smaller cells.
37 Fertilization
38 Sperm entrance into oocyte
39 Shown here is the large primary oocyte which will mature into the female gamete, or ovum, following meiosis. The characteristically bullet-shaped sperm cell has already penetrated the oocyte. Although the sperm cell is the mature male gamete, and therefore haploid at this stage, the oocyte is immature and still diploid. Its nucleus can be seen as a diffuse dark area in the center of the cell. Notice the many large vacuoles in the oocyte.
40 Pronuclei before fussion
41 The ovum now contains two haploid interphase nuclei, one male and one female, called pronuclei. The membranes and shell surrounding the ovum are clearly visible.
42 Pronuclei fusing
43 The pronuclei fuse and the chromosomes (two in each nucleus) coil and condense, becoming visible once more as fusion proceeds.
44 Mitosis
45 Interphase
46 This is referred to as the resting stage. Actually, the cell is busy carrying out all of its functions except division. Note the prominent nucleolus.
47 Prophase
48 During this stage, the chromosomes condense into tight coils and appear to thicken as they become visible. The nuclear membrane breaks down.
49 Metaphase
50 A network of microtubules called the mitotic spindle has formed. Chromosomes are pulled to the equator of the cell by these fibers which have grown from the centromere of each chromatid.
51 Anaphase
52 The spindle fibers contract, pulling one chromatid from each pair to opposite ends or poles of the cell.
53 Telophase
54 When the chromatids reach the poles, they swell and disappear. The nuclear membrane forms and the cell undergoes cytokinesis and divides.
55 Daughter cells (interphase)
56 The two cells are now in interphase and the chromosomes duplicate themselves again.
57 Sex Linkage
58 Sex-linked Cross (P generation) P homogametic parent x heterogametic parent homozygous x hemizygous AA x ay or aa x AY Genotypes are contrasting F 1 homogametic sex is heterozygous: Aa F 1 heterogametic sex is hemizygous: AY or ay F 2 is produced by crossing + F 1 s. p167
59
60 Progeny at 3 months Female
61 Progeny at 3 months Male
62
63 Parents Male Female
64 Male Female Progeny at 4 days
65 Male Female Progeny at 21 days
66 Progeny at 3 months Male Female
67 Normal wing type Vestigial wing type
68 White Eye Red Eye
69 White eye normal wing Male Sex combs
70 Red eye normal wing male
71 Red eye normal wing female
72
73 Red eye normal wing male
74 Reciprocal crosses - Drosophila Sex-linked F 1 red x red 1. P red x white 2. P white x red X W Y x X w X w X w Y x X W X W F 1 white x red X w Y x X W X w X W Y x X W X w Autosomal P normal x vestigial P vestigial x normal VV x vv vv x VV F 1 normal x normal F 1 normal x normal Vv x Vv Vv x Vv If the genes are on autosomes, reciprocal crosses in the P generation will give similar results (F 1 and F 2 ). If the genes are on x chromosomes (sex-linked), reciprocal crosses in the P generation will not give similar results (F 1 and F 2 ). p168
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