Application Manual of Geophysical Methods to Engineering and Environmental Problems. Edited by the Society of the Exploration Geophysicists of Japan

Transcription

1 Application Manual of Geophysical Methods to Engineering and Environmental Problems Edited by the Society of the Exploration Geophysicists of Japan

2 Preface 3 Foreword 7 Contents 9 1 lntroduction Introduction Survey Principles Workflow of Surveys Selection of a Geophysical Method Planning and Preparation Setting Up Survey Lines and Location Survey Field Operation Data Processing Data Analysis Interpretation Deliverable and Electronic Data 48 2 The Seismic Refraction Method General Applicability Planning Desk Study and Basic Plan Planning Survey Lines Planning of Receiver and Shot Points Seismic Sources Field Data Acquisition Instrumentation Access Permits Preparation and Handling of Explosives Setting and Location Survey of Seismic Lines Field Operation and Recording Safety Data Processing Workflow of Data Processing Measurement of First Arrival Traveltimes Preparation of Traveltime Graphs Examination and Adjustment of Traveltime Data 72 9

3 6. Analysis by Hagiwara's Method Recognition of Velocity Layers on Traveltime Curves Preparation of Cross-sections Limitations of the Seismic Refraction Method Analysis by Tomographie Inversion Analysis Method Analysis of Borehole Source and Receivers Interpretation of Results Interpretation of Results Applications in Civil Engineering Investigations Difficult Geology and Suggested Actions Deliverables 98 References 99 3 Shallow Seismic Reflection Method General Applicability Planning Desk Study Data Acquisition Parametersand Instruments Setting Survey Lines Spread Length and Depth of Probe Spread Style Geophone Interval and Shot Interval Choice of Wave Type Instrumentation Field Operation Access Permit Location Survey Preparation on Site Data Recording Data Processing Data Organization Data Processing and Analysis Interpretation Interpretation Resolfition of Analysis Deliverables and Reporting 126 References The Surface Wave Method General Outline of the Method Principle Applicability Planning Selection of Method General Survey Plan Arrangement of Source and Receivers

4 5. Survey Method Instrumentation Receivers (Geophones) Source Field Procedure Quality Control of Data Analysis Deliverables Deliverables Report 148 References The Microtremor Method General General Applicability Plan and Design Selection the Technique Array Design Planning Observation Points Planning the Survey Time Array Observation of a Microtremor Observation Equipment Location Scouting Huddle Test Array Observation Data Analysis Phase Velocity Analysis Velocity Structural Analysis Deliverable and Report 168 References and Further Reading The Geoelectrical Method General Principle Resistivity Method Tue Spontaneous Potential Method Application Terminology 177 References The Vertical Sounding Resistivity Method General Applicability

5 3. Planning Advance Review Planning of Data Acquisition Survey Plan Planning ofmeasurement Points Layout and Deployment Direction Choice ofelectrode Configuration and Measurement Method Deciding the Sounding Depth and Electrode Spacing Instrumentation Field Operations Planning and Safety Issues Field Procedure Setting of Measurement Position and Electrodes Connection of Cables Measurement Preparation Measurement Data Processing Location Map of Measurement Points Apparent Resistivity Curves Analysis l Analysis Method Standard Curve Method Curve-matching Method Interpretation Deliverables and Reports Deliverables and Reports Disposition of Survey Data Resistivity Surveys General Applicability Planning Choice of Measurement Method Planning of Data Acquisition l Survey Planning Planning Survey Line Setup ~.3 Setting of Survey Line Length for Sounding Depth Setting of Electrodes (Measurement Points) Selection of Electrode Configuration Planning of Remote Electrodes Instrumentation

6 5. Field Operations Process Adjustment and Safety Issues Field Procedure Setting the Measurement Positions and Electrodes l Location Survey Setting the Electrodes Connection of Cables Measurement l Preparation Measurement Method Measurement Data Processing Measurement Location Editing Measurement Results Primary Processing of Measured Data Analysis Analysis Method Analysis Procedure Organizing Analysis Data File Processing Measurement Data Organizing the Analysis Data File Execution of Analysis Analysis Parameters Execution of the Analysis Checking Analysis Results Displaying the Analysis Results Interpretation of Sounding Results Deliverables and Reports Deliverables and Reports Storage of Survey Data 248 References The Seif-Potential Method 249 l. General Applicability Planning Field Survey Permission to Carry Out the Survey Instrumentation Field Procedure Data Processing and Analysis Data Processing Analysis and Interpretation Deliverables Deliverables Report 261 References

7 7 Electromagnetic Method General Principle Application Terminology 268 References MT and AMT Methods General Applicability Planning Selection of Method Planning of Data Acquisition Field Operation Preliminary Site Investigation Preparation for Measurement Field Measurement Data Processing and Interpretation Data Processing Analysis Deliverables Deliverable Report 286 References and Further Reading CSAMT Method General Applicability Planning Selection of Method Planning Data Acquisition Planning Survey Stations Planning oftransmission Source Planning Frequency for Measurement Depth of Probe Field Works Site Scouting Preparation for Measurement Equipment for Source Equipment for Measurement Installation of Signal Source Transmitter Field Measurement Transmitting Signals Measurement Preprocessing and Interpretation Preprocessing Interpretation

8 6. Report Deliverable Reports TEM Method General Applicability Planning Selection of Method Planning of Data Acquisition Field Works Site Scouting Preparation for Measurements Measurement Equipment Field Measurement Site Measurement Data Preprocessing and Interpretation Data Preprocessing Interpretation Interpretation Reporting Deliverable Reports 323 References Airborne EM Method General Application Area Planning Selection ofmethod Planning Flight Lines Application for Permission to the Civil Aviation Authority Depth of Probe Measurement Equipment for Measurements Preparation for Measurements Adjustment/Calibration of the Instrument for Electromagnetic Measurement Measurement Quality Control of the Measurement Data Safety Measures Data Processing Data Base for Interpretation Drawing of Flight Paths Primary Processing Secondary Processing Interpretation of Results Display of the Results

9 6. Analysis Incorporating Other Information Geological Interpretation of Analysis Results Report and Deliverables Overview Report and Deliverables Loop-Loop Method (Slingram Method) General Applicability Planning Selection of Method Planning of Data Acquisition Field Operation Site Scouting Preparation for Survey On-Site Measurements Data Processing and Interpretation Processing and Interpretation Deliverables Deliverables Reports 349 References VLF Methods General Applicability Planning Selection of Method Planning of Data Acquisition Field Data Acquisition l Preparation Field Data Acquisition Data Processing and Analysis Data Processing and Analysis Report Deliverable Reports 359 References Ground Penetrating Radar General Outline of the Method Measurement Method Terminology used in GPR Surveys Applicability

10 3. Planning Review of Existing Material and Master Survey Planning Planning of Data Acquisition Arrangement of Survey Lines and Their Spacing Choice of Frequency and Plans for Survey Depth Other Plans Field Operations Survey Line Arrangement and Location Survey Field Operations Data Processing Production ofsurvey Location Map Production of GPR Profile Sections Data Analysis Interpretation Deliverables and Report 379 References and Further Reading Gravity Survey 385 l. General Applications Survey Planning and Preparation l Decision of Methods and Basic Planning Survey Planning Survey Preparation Filed Measurements Survey Equipments Establishing Base Stations Measurement Procedures Leveling Data Processing Analysis Filtering Analysis Quantitative Interpretation Deliverable l Main Deliverable Electronic Delivery 410 References The Magnetic Survey (Buried Metal Survey) 413 l. General Principle Principle of Magnetic Survey Principle of Metal Detector Survey Methods Instrumentation Terminology

11 10.1 The Horizontal Magnetic Survey on Land General Survey Objectives Planning Instrumentation F easible Depth of Probe of Survey Planning of Data Acquisition Location Survey Field Operations Analysis Methods of Analysis Preparation of Location Map of Survey Lines Analysis of Record Interpretation Review of Existing Information Interpretation of Result Deliverable and Report The Horizontal Magnetic Survey in Offshore Areas General Survey Objectives Planning Instrumentation Feasible Depth of Probe of Survey Planning of Data Acquisition Location Survey Field Operations Analysis Methods of Analysis Preparation of Location Map of Survey Lines Analysis of Record Interpretation Review of Existing Information Interpretation of Result Deliverables and Report Vertical Magnetic Prospecting General Survey Objectives Planning Instrumentation Valid Distance Range of Prospecting Planning Drill Holes Location Survey Field Operations Analysis Preparation of Location Map of Survey Holes Analysis of Record

12 6.3 Interpretation Review of Existing Information Interpretation of Results Deliverables and Report The Metal Detector Survey General Survey Objectives Planning Instrumentation Feasible Depth of Probe ofsurvey Planning of Data Acquisition Location Survey Field Operations Analysis Preparation of Location Map of Survey Lines Analysis of Record Interpretation Review of Existing Information Interpretation of Results Deliverables and Report Geo-Temperature Survey General Applicability Planning Suitability of the Method Pre-assessment Selection ofthe Time ofthe Year for Field Work Survey Lines and Sampling Sites Field Operations Instrumentation Observation at Reference Station Field Operations Data QC Data Processing Mapping of Survey Lines and Sampling Points Data Reduction for the Raw Data Corrections Applied to Measured Data Analysis Data Analysis and Visualization Interpretation and Deliverables l Discussions of Results and Interpretation Report and Deliverables Disposition of Data 473 References

13 12 Radiometrie Survey General Applications of the Method Planning Suitability of the Method Preparation Selection of Survey Mode Survey Lines and Measurement Sites Field Operation Data Acquisition System Observation at a Reference Station for Correction Measurement QC of Measured Data Data Processing Base Map Showing Survey Lines and Measurement Sites Reduction ofthe Measured Data Correction Applied to Measured Data Analysis and Visualization of Data Analysis and Interpretation Report and Deliverable 489 References Off shore Acoustic Reflection Survey General Principle Survey Method Terminology Applicability Planning Literature Study and Survey Planning Survey Line Design Instrumentation Selection ofenergy Source for Required Depth of Probe and Resolution Vessel 's Positioning System Shot Interval, Channel Interval and Number of Channels (Multi-channel Method) Fielcf Operation Preparation Test Operations Field Operation Data Processing Data Management Time Section (Single-channel Survey) Data Processing System (Digitally Recorded Single-channel Survey or Multi-channel Survey) Data Format Conversion (Multi-channel System) Data Processing and Analyses (Multi-channel System)

14 6. Interpretation and Deliverables Interpretation Deliverables 518 References and Further Reading Seismic Ahead of a Tunnel Face General Principle Applicability Planning Literature Study Survey Planning Method ofmeasurement Survey Line Setup Selection of Energy Source and Receiver Instrumentation Field Operation Preparation Data Processing and Analysis Data Sorting Analysis Producing Analysis Section Report and Deriverables Basic Principle Interpretation and Evaluation for the Heading Section from a Cutting Face Outcome and Report 534 References Geotomography 1. General 1.1 Outline of the Method 15.1 Seismic Tomography 1. General 2. Applicability 3. Planning 3.1 Selection of Method 3.2 General Survey Plan Planning for Sections to Image Source and Receiver Arrangement Plan 4. Field Operations 4.1 Preliminary Study of the Site 4.2 Instrumentation 4.3 Field operation 5. Data Processing and Interpretation 5.1 Data Processing 5.2 Data Inversion 5.3 Data Interpretation

15 6. Deliverables 6.1 Deliverables 6.2 Report References 15.2 Resistivity Tomography 1. General 2. Applicability 3. Planning 3.1 Preliminary Study 3.1.l Selection of the Method Selection of 2D/3D Resistivity Tomography 3.2 General Survey Plan Survey Planning Survey Line Layout Target and Survey Design Electrode Interval Electrode Arrangement Arrangement of Remote Electrodes Measurement in Borehole(s) Measurement in a Test Adit and Survey Tunnel 4. Measuring Instruments and Materials 5. Field Operation 5.1 Process and Safety Management 5.2 Measurement Procedure 5.3 Survey Line and Electrode Arrangements 5.3. l Location Survey Electrode Arrangement Cable Connection 5.4 Measurement 5.4. l Preparation Measurement Method Quality Control of Data 5.5 Demobilization 6. Data Processing 6.1 General 6.2 Drawing a Location Mc:tp 6.3 Editing the Measured Data 7. Data Analysis 7.1 General 7.2 Data Analysis Method and Procedure Data Analysis Method Data Analysis Procedure 7.3 Making a Data File for Analysis 7.3.l Editing Raw Data Making a Data File for Analysis

16 7.4 Executing Data Analysis Software 7.4.l Analysis Parameters Execution of Data Analysis Examination of the Result Analysis Presentation ofthe Analysis Result 7.5 Interpretation of the Result 8. Deliverables 8.1 Deliverables and Report 8.2 Archival of Survey Data 16 Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) 1. Introduction 2. Applicability 3. Planning 3.1 Desk Study and Specification 3.2 Receiver Interval 3.3 Seismic Source and Position 3.4 Selection of Downhole Receiver 3.5 Recording System 4. Recording Procedure 5. Data Processing and Analysis 5.1 Data Processing 6. Interpretation, Assessment and Deliverables 6.1 Interpretation and Assessment 6.2 Deliverables Glossary 17 Velocity Logs 1. Introduction 1.1 Selection of Method 17.1 Downhole Method (Downhole PS Logging) 1. Introduction 1.1 Principle 2. Applicability 3. Planning and Preparation 3.1 Planning an Investigation Considering the Specification of the Borehole 3.2 Measurement Interval 3.3 Instrumentation 4. Field Operation 4.1 Preparation 4.2 Measurement 5. Analysis and Interpretation 5.1 Processing Waveform Data 5.2 Drawing the Traveltime Curve 5.3 Calculation of Elastic Wave Velocity 5.4 Calculation of Elastic Parameters 6. Deliverables and Reporting

17 17.2 The Suspension Method Introduction Principle Field Operation Area of Application Planning and Preparation Planning the lnvestigation Considering the Specification of the Borehole Measurement Interval Instrumentation Data Acquisition Recording Analysis and Interpretation Processing the Waveform Data Calculation of Elastic Wave Velocity Calculation of Elastic Parameters Deliverables and Reporting Electric Logs Introduction Principle Logging Method Areas of Application Planning Applicability of the Electric Logs Logging Plan Field Operation Plan Field Operation Location and Site Surveys Instrumentation Preparation for Logging Logging Operation Data Processing Calculation of Apparent Resistivity Organizing a Composite Log Data Analysis and Interpretation Deliverables Temperature Log Introduction Planning and Preparation Survey Planning Instrumentation Field Operation Measurement Analysis and Interpretation Deliverables and Reporting

18 20 Radiometrie Logs 1. Introduction 20.1 Natural Radiometrie Log 1. Introduction 2. Planning 2.1 Plan for Site Investigation 2.2 Instrumentation 3. Field Operation 3.1 Measurement 4. Analysis and Interpretation 5. Deliverables and Repor 20.2 Density Log 1. Introduction 2. Planning 2.1 The Planning with Consideration of the Specification of Borehole 2.2 Instrumentation 2.3 Safety Issue 3. Fieldwork 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Measurement 4. Analysis and Interpretation 4.1 Data Reduction 4.2 Density Conversions 5. Deliverables and Report Further Reading