TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION

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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE The Seismic Method, 2 The Near-Surface, 4 The Scope of Engineering Seismology, 12 The Outline of This Book, 22 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 SEISMIC WAVES 1.0 Introduction, Body Waves, 31 Seismic Wave Velocities in Rocks, 31 Seismic Wave Velocities in Soils, 38 Body Wave Propagation, 49 Normal-Incidence Reflection and Refraction, 52 The Convolutional Model, 52 Non-normal Incidence Reflection and Refraction, 57 P-to-P and P-to-S Reflection Amplitudes, 57 P-to-P and P-to-S Reflection Traveltimes, 61 Seismic Resolution, Surface Waves, 67 Rayleigh-Wave Amplitudes, The Dispersion Spectrum, 105 Plane-Wave Decomposition, 105 Slant-Stack Transformation, 108 The Discrete Radon Transform, Rayleigh-Wave Dispersion, 116 Effect of Soil-Bedrock Velocity Contrast, 116 Effect of Soil-Column Thickness, 116 Effect of Soil-Column Velocities, 116 Effect of Soil-Column Geometry, 122 Effect of Soil-Column Heterogeneities, 128 Effect of Wave Attenuation, 140 Measuring Pressure Waves on Land, 140 Effect of Topography, 145 Effect of 3-D Recording Geometry, Introduction, 159 Shallow Seismic Data Acquisition, 161 Chapter 2 SEISMIC MODELING OF THE SOIL COLUMN

$Non-normal Incidence Reflection and Refraction, 57 P-to-P and P-to-S Reflection Amplitudes, 57 P-to-P and P-to-S Reflection Traveltimes, 61 Seismic Resolution, 65 1.$

2 iv Engineering Seismology Seismic Source Types, 164 Seismic Recording Systems, 165 Shallow Reflection Seismic Data Processing, P-Wave Velocity Estimation, 172 Model Experiments, 174 Field Experiments, Shallow Seismic Imaging, 197 Minivib P-Wave Data, 197 Shotgun P-Wave Data, 212 Minivib SH-Wave Data, 225 Minivib SV-Wave Data, 239 Sparker Pressure-Wave Data, S-Wave Velocity Estimation, 270 Estimation of S-Wave Velocities: A Brief Review, 270 The USGS Blind Test, 271 Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), 272 Model Experiments, 274 Practical Considerations: Offset Range in Data Acquisition, 281 Practical Considerations: Spatial Sampling in Data Acquisition, 286 Practical Considerations: Lateral Heterogeneity within the Soil Column, 296 Love-Wave Inversion, Borehole Velocity Measurements, 308 Borehole Seismic Data Acquisition, 308 Borehole Seismic Data Analysis, 310 Comparison of Surface-Seismic and Borehole-Seismic Velocity Estimates, 319 P-S Suspension Logging, Correlation of Seismic Velocities with Geotechnical Borehole Data, 331 Seismic Data Acquisition, 331 Seismic Data Analysis, 332 Geotechnical Borehole Data, 336 Seismic Velocities and Borehole Data, 348 Chapter 3 SITE CHARACTERIZATION 3.0 Introduction, Case Study 1, 373 Seismic Data Acquisition, 374 Seismic Data Analysis, 374 Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters, Case Study 2, 422 Seismic Data Acquisition, 422 Seismic Data Analysis, 423 Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters, Case Study 3, 446 Seismic Data Acquisition, 447 Seismic Data Analysis, 447 Structural Interpretation, Case Study 4, 454 Seismic Data Acquisition, 454 Seismic Data Analysis, 456 Interpretation, 456

2 Shallow Seismic Imaging, 197 Minivib P-Wave Data, 197 Shotgun P-Wave Data, 212 Minivib SH-Wave Data, 225 Minivib SV-Wave Data, 239 Sparker Pressure-Wave Data, 253 2.

3 Contents v 3.5 Case Study 5, 462 Seismic Data Acquisition, 462 Seismic Data Analysis, 462 Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters, 464 Chapter 4 LANDSLIDE INVESTIGATIONS 4.0 Introduction, Hydroelectric Dam Project Site, 515 Seismic Data Acquisition, 516 Seismic Data Analysis, 518 Interpretation, Refinery Project Site, 547 Seismic Data Acquisition, 547 Seismic Data Analysis, 551 Interpretation, 555 Inclinometer Measurements, Residential Housing Project Site, 572 Seismic Data Acquisition, 572 Analysis of Data from Seismic Survey 1, 574 Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters, 574 Analysis of Data from Seismic Survey 2, 582 Interpretation, 582 Chapter 5 ACTIVE FAULT INVESTIGATIONS 5.0 Introduction, Nuclear Power Plant Project, 612 Prestack Signal Processing, 612 Stacking Velocity Analysis and Multiple Attenuation, 613 RMS Velocity Estimation and Prestack Time Migration, 616 Interval Velocity Estimation and Prestack Depth Migration, 621 Interpretation of Structural and Depositional Features, 621 Structural Mapping, 631 Remarks on the Regional Tectonics, 631 Concluding Remarks, Refinery Project, 665 Seismic Data Acquisition, 667 Seismic Data Analysis, 668 Near-Surface Modeling, 668 Prestack Signal Processing, 668 RMS Velocity Estimation and Prestack Time Migration, 673 Imaging in Depth Domain and Structural Interpretation, Subsea Road Tunnel Project, 683 Seismic Data Acquisition, 683 Seismic Data Analysis, 683 Integrated Interpretation of Seismic and Borehole Data, 707 Conclusions, 709

2 Refinery Project Site, 547 Seismic Data Acquisition, 547 Seismic Data Analysis, 551 Interpretation, 555 Inclinometer Measurements, 561 4.

4 vi Engineering Seismology Chapter 6 SEISMIC MICROZONATION 6.0 Introduction, 719 Soil Amplification and Soil-Structure Interaction, 720 Soil Amplification and Local-Site Efiect, Refraction Seismic Survey, 724 Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters, 724 Soil-Amplification Analysis, 724 Soil-Structure Interaction, 726 Liquefaction Analysis, Reflection Seismic Survey, 736 Conclusions, 739 Chapter 7 GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS 7.0 Introduction, The Great Church of St. Sophia, 746 The GPR Survey, 746 The Seismic Survey, 757 Conclusions, The Mosque of Sultan Mehmet, 772 The GPR Survey in the Main Hall, 772 The GPR Survey in the Fountain Courtyard, 780 The GPR Survey on the Load-Bearing Columns, 780 The Seismic Survey Using the Land Streamer, The Church of The Holy Savior in Chora, 797 Seismic Data Acquisition, 797 Seismic Data Analysis, 797 Geotechnical Borehole Investigation, The Bridge of Emperor Justinianus, 807 Chapter 8 EXPLORATION OF EARTH RESOURCES 8.0 Introduction, Groundwater Exploration, 814 Case Study 1, 814 Case Study 2, Coal Exploration, 826 Seismic Data Acquisition, 826 Seismic Data Analysis, 826 Interpretation, Mineral Exploration, 883 Seismic Data Acquisition, 883 Seismic Data Analysis, 883 Interpretation, Geothermal Exploration, 888

2 Reflection Seismic Survey, 736 Conclusions, 739 Chapter 7 GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS 7.0 Introduction, 741 7.1 The Great Church of St.

5 Contents vii Appendix A MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION OF ELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION, 889 A.1 Stress-Strain Relation, 889 A.2 Elastic Wave Equation, 897 A.3 Compressional Waves, 898 A.4 Shear Waves, 899 Appendix B BODY WAVES, 903 B.1 P- and S-Wave Propagation, 903 B.2 Diffraction, 904 B.3 Normal-Incidence Reflection and Refraction, 905 B.4 Wave Potentials, 906 B.5 Plane-Wave Solutions, 908 B.6 Non-normal Incidence Reflection and Refraction, 910 Appendix C SURFACE WAVES, 915 C.1 Guided Waves in Water Layer over a Rigid Half-Space, 915 C.2 Love Waves in an Elastic Layer over a Rigid Half-Space, 918 C.3 Love Waves in an Elastic Layer over an Elastic Half-Space, 921 C.4 Rayleigh Waves in an Elastic Layer over a Rigid Half-Space, 924 C.5 Rayleigh Waves in an Elastic Layer over an Elastic Half-Space, 928 Appendix D THE DISCRETE RADON TRANSFORM, 935 Appendix E THE GENERALIZED LINEAR INVERSION, 939 REFERENCES, 943 INDEX, 951

$5 Plane-Wave Solutions, 908 B.6 Non-normal Incidence Reflection and Refraction, 910 Appendix C SURFACE WAVES, 915 C.1 Guided Waves in Water Layer over a Rigid Half-Space, 915 C.$

Satish Pullammanappallil and Bill Honjas. Optim LLC, Reno, Nevada, USA. John N. Louie. J. Andrew Siemens. Siemens & Associates, Bend, Oregon, USA

Comparative Study of the Refraction Microtremor (ReMi) Method: Using Seismic noise and standard P-wave refraction equipment for deriving 1-D S-wave profiles Satish Pullammanappallil and Bill Honjas Optim