Freezing and Melting of Water
|
|
- Mabel Hunt
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Freezing and Melting of Water The cooling and warming behavior of water is investigated. With the use of technology, water temperature data is collected, graphed and analyzed. The freezing and melting points of water are determined and compared. Hypothesis The freezing and melting points of a substance may be determined by observing the warming and cooling behavior of that substance. Primary Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students will be able to: Be familiarized with data collection using the Vernier LabPro and TI calculator Be familiarized with the use of the Vernier LabPro temperature probe Collect, graph, display and make inferences from data Determine the freezing and melting point of water using temperature readings of cooling and warming water samples Assessed GPS SCSh2. Students will use standard safety practices for all classroom laboratory and field investigations. a. Follow correct procedures for use of scientific apparatus. SCSh3. Students will identify and investigate problems scientifically. c. Collect, organize and record appropriate data. d. Graphically compare and analyze data points and/or summary statistics. e. Develop reasonable conclusions based on data collected. f. Evaluate whether conclusions are reasonable by reviewing the process and checking against other available information. SCSh4. Students will use tools and instruments for observing, measuring, and manipulating scientific equipment and materials. a. Develop and use systematic procedures for recording and organizing information. b. Use technology to produce tables and graphs. c. Use technology to develop, test, and revise experimental or mathematical models. SCSh5. Students will demonstrate the computation and estimation skills necessary for analyzing data and developing reasonable scientific explanations. b. Consider possible effects of measurement errors on calculations. c. Recognize the relationship between accuracy and precision. d. Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data, using scientific notation where appropriate.
2 SC6. Students will understand the effects motion of atoms and molecules in chemical and physical processes. a. Compare and contrast atomic/molecular motion in solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas. b. Collect data and calculate the amount of heat given off or taken in by chemical or physical processes. c. Analyzing (both conceptually and quantitatively) flow of energy during change of state (phase). Duration 90 minutes Materials and Equipment 400-mL beaker 10-mL graduated cylinder test tube salt ice water ring stand utility clamp Technology Connection Vernier LabPro interface TI Graphing Calculator Vernier DataMate program Vernier Temperature Probe Procedures Step 1: Introduction/Motivation, 20 minutes If necessary, prep temperature probes, including calibration as outlined in the manual accompanying temperature probes. Put some ice cubes in a beaker containing warm water for the students to see. Elicit responses as to what is really happening (emphasis on the molecular level). Lead a discussion as to what happens to molecules of H 2 O in a given phase when in contact with other H 2 O molecules in a different phase (e.g., water vapor and ice, water and water vapor, water and ice). Molecules of a substance exhibit increasing disorder as phase changes from solid to liquid to gas. As disorder increases, so does the frequency of molecules of a substance colliding with each other and with their surroundings. Thus, the kinetic energy of molecules in a substance increases as disorder increases. Conversely, the potential energy of the molecules in a substance increases as the tendency of molecules to become disordered increases. Irrespective of the method of temperature observation (e.g., thermometer, temperature probe attached to electronic data collection device, etc.), graphs of temperature vs. time for water that is warming and for water that is cooling will have a characteristic appearance:
3 Cooling Water Temperature Time Warming Water Temperature Time Draw these graphs on the board for students to see and record. In both graphs, there is a region (bounded by the red bars) that represents the phase change of the water. In these intervals, there is no kinetic energy. However, potential energy is either increasing (as in the case during melting) or decreasing (as in the case during freezing) in these intervals. In this activity, students will record the cooling and warming of water for 15 minutes each using the LabPro with attached temperature probe. Using their calculators and the Vernier DATAMATE program, students will then select the region shown above as bounded by the red bars and take the mean of the range of values spanning this interval. These two mean values are to be interpreted as the freezing and melting points of water, respectively. Given this information as well as prior knowledge about the properties of water, ask students to share and record their hypotheses regarding the following: What is the freezing point of water? the melting point? Why would temperature stay stable for a given time as seen in the graphs (above, drawn on the board)?
4 Show students what the setup is supposed to look like, including initialization and preparation of the probe, LabPro device, and calculator. Refer to the student activity handout for visual. Have students look over the student activity handout to anticipate the sequence of data entry and button combinations on the TI calculators. Ask if there are any questions about the procedure (5 minutes max). Step 2: Activity, 50 minutes Students will break up into groups and conduct activity Freezing and Melting of Water as outlined in student activity handout. Recommendations: It is recommended that 20 x 150 mm, 25 x 150 mm or 18 x 150 mm test tubes be used. Water samples of 5 ml work and 5 teaspoons of salt are recommended. Students whose solutions are slow to reach the 0 C plateau at the start of Trial 1 or slow to drop below 0 C near the end of the trial may not have added enough salt or used adequate stirring to dissolve it. Many samples will supercool. Stirring will bring the super-cooled water to the melting temperature plateau. Remind students to collect data for the entire 15 minutes of each trial. If data collection is prematurely stopped, students will not be able to see both graphs simultaneously as described in Step 16 of the student activity handout. Step 3: Review, 20 minutes Gather students as a class and discuss results, answers to the review questions given at the end of the student handout, and any problems or questions with the procedure. A brief mention should be made of the concepts of precision (repeatability of results) and accuracy (proximity to the true value) if there is an issue with the calculated freezing and melting points of water not being 32 F/0 C. Assessment Completed student worksheets will be collected and graded. Student understanding of activity components may be assessed by unit examination. Student affect and work ethic may be assessed by affect/ethic rubric. References Holmquist, D.D., Randall, J. & Volz, D. (2000). Chemistry with Calculators. pp T3. Vernier Software & Technology: Beaverton, Oregon.
5 Freezing and Melting of Water Freezing temperature, the temperature at which a substance turns from liquid to solid, and melting temperature, the temperature at which a substance turns from a solid to a liquid, are characteristic physical properties. In this experiment, the cooling and warming behavior of a familiar substance, water, will be investigated. By examining graphs of the data, the freezing and melting temperatures of water will be determined and compared. Figure 1 MATERIALS LabPro or CBL 2 interface TI Graphing Calculator DataMate program Temperature Probe ring stand utility clamp 400-mL beaker 10-mL graduated cylinder test tube salt ice water PROCEDURE Part I Freezing 1. Put about 100 ml of water and 6 ice cubes into a 400-mL beaker. 2. Put 5 ml of water into a test tube and use a utility clamp to fasten the test tube to a ring stand. The test tube should be situated above the water bath. Place the Temperature Probe into the water inside the test tube. 3. Plug the Temperature Probe into Channel 1 of the LabPro or CBL 2 interface. Use the link cable to connect the TI Graphing Calculator to the interface. Firmly press in the cable ends. 4. Turn on the calculator and start the DATAMATE program. Press CLEAR to reset the program. 5. Set up the calculator and interface for the Temperature Probe.
6 a. Select SETUP from the main screen. b. If the calculator displays a Temperature Probe in CH 1, proceed directly to Step 6. If it does not, continue with this step to set up your sensor manually. c. Press ENTER to select CH 1. d. Select TEMPERATURE from the SELECT SENSOR menu. e. Select the Temperature Probe you are using (in C) from the TEMPERATURE menu. 6. Set up the data-collection mode. a. To select MODE, press once and press ENTER. b. Select TIME GRAPH from the SELECT MODE menu. c. Select CHANGE TIME SETTINGS from the TIME GRAPH SETTINGS menu. d. Enter 10 as the time between samples in seconds. e. Enter 90 as the number of samples. The length of the data collection will be 15 minutes. f. Select OK to return to the setup screen. g. Select OK again to return to the main screen. 7. When everything is ready, select START to begin collecting data. Lower the test tube into the ice-water bath. 8. Soon after lowering the test tube, add 5 spoons of salt to the beaker and stir with a stirring rod. Continue to stir the ice-water bath throughout the remainder of Part I. 9. Slightly, but continuously, move the Temperature Probe during the first 10 minutes of Part I. Be careful to keep the probe in, and not above, the ice as it forms. When 10 minutes have gone by, stop moving the probe and allow it to freeze into the ice. Add more ice cubes to the beaker as the original ice cubes get smaller. 10. Data collection will stop after 15 minutes. Keep the test tube submerged in the ice-water bath until Step Analyze the flat part of the graph to determine the freezing temperature of water. To do this: a. Press ENTER to return to the main screen, then select ANALYZE. b. Select STATISTICS from the ANALYZE OPTIONS menu. c. Use to move the cursor to the beginning of the flat section of the curve. Press ENTER to select the left boundary of the flat section. d. Move the cursor to the end of the flat section of the graph, and press ENTER to select the right boundary of the flat section. The program will now calculate and display the statistics for the data between the two boundaries. e. Record the MEAN value as the freezing temperature in your data table (round to the nearest 0.1 C). f. Press ENTER to return to the ANALYZE OPTIONS menu, then select RETURN TO MAIN SCREEN. 12. Store the data from the first run so that it can be used later. To do this: a. Select TOOLS from the main screen. b. Select STORE LATEST RUN from the TOOLS MENU. Part II Melting
7 13. Choose START to begin data collection, then raise the test tube and fasten it in a position above the ice-water bath. Do not move the Temperature Probe during Part II. 14. Dispose of the ice water as directed by your teacher. Obtain 250 ml of warm tap water in the beaker. When 12 minutes have passed, lower the test tube and its contents into this warmwater bath. 15. Data collection will stop after 15 minutes. Analyze the flat part of the graph to determine the melting temperature of water. To do this: a. Press ENTER to return to the main screen, then select ANALYZE. b. Select STATISTICS from the ANALYZE OPTIONS menu. c. Use to move the cursor to the beginning of the flat section of the curve. Press ENTER to select the left boundary of the flat section. d. Move the cursor to the end of the flat section of the graph, and press ENTER to select the right boundary of the flat section. The program will now calculate and display the statistics for the data between the two boundaries. e. Record the MEAN value as the freezing temperature in your data table (round to the nearest 0.1 C). f. Press ENTER to return to the ANALYZE OPTIONS menu, then select RETURN TO MAIN SCREEN. 16. A good way to compare the freezing and melting curves is to view both sets of data on one graph. a. Select GRAPH from the main screen, then press ENTER. b. Select MORE, then select L2 AND L3 VS L1 from the MORE GRAPHS menu. c. Both temperature runs should now be displayed on the same graph. Each point of Part I (freezing) is plotted with a box, and each point of Part II (melting) is plotted with a dot. 17. Print a graph of temperature vs. time (with two curves displayed). Label each curve as freezing of water or melting of ice.
8 Name Data Table and Review Questions DATA TABLE Freezing temperature of water C Melting temperature of water C PROCESSING THE DATA 1. What happened to the water temperature during freezing? During melting? 2. According to your data and graph, what is the freezing temperature of water? The melting temperature? Express your answers to the nearest 0.1 C. 3. How does the freezing temperature of water compare to its melting temperature? 4. Tell if the kinetic energy of the water in the test tube increases, decreases, or remains the same in each of these time segments during the experiment when: a. the temperature is changing at the beginning and end of Part I b. the temperature remains constant in Part I c. the temperature is changing at the beginning and end of Part II d. the temperature remains constant in Part II 5. In those parts of Question 4 in which there was no kinetic energy change, tell if potential energy increased or decreased.
Mixing Warm and Cold Water
Mixing Warm and Cold Water A Continuing Investigation of Thermal Pollution By Kevin White 1 Context: This lesson is intended for students conducting an ongoing study of thermal pollution. Perhaps, students
More informationEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity Experiment 6A Many organisms can decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enzymatically. Enzymes are globular proteins, responsible for most of the chemical activities
More informationENZYME ACTION: TESTING CATALASE ACTIVITY
ENZYME ACTION: TESTING CATALASE ACTIVITY LAB ENZ 1.CALC From Biology with Calculators, Vernier Software & Technology, 2000 INTRODUCTION Many organisms can decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enzymatically.
More informationReflectivity of Light
Reflectivity of Light Experiment 23 Light is reflected differently from various surfaces and colors. An understanding of these differences is useful in choosing colors and materials for clothing, in choosing
More informationVapor Pressure of Liquids
Vapor Pressure of Liquids Experiment 10 In this experiment, you will investigate the relationship between the vapor pressure of a liquid and its temperature. When a liquid is added to the Erlenmeyer flask
More informationDETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID CONTENT IN SOFT DRINKS
DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID CONTENT IN SOFT DRINKS LAB PH 8 From Chemistry with Calculators, Vernier Software & Technology, 2000 INTRODUCTION Phosphoric acid is one of several weak acids that present
More information6 H2O + 6 CO 2 (g) + energy
AEROBIC RESPIRATION LAB DO 2.CALC From Biology with Calculators, Vernier Software & Technology, 2000. INTRODUCTION Aerobic cellular respiration is the process of converting the chemical energy of organic
More informationSolubility Curve of Sugar in Water
Solubility Curve of Sugar in Water INTRODUCTION Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of solvents (the larger volume of the mixture) and solutes (the smaller volume of the mixture). For example, a hot chocolate
More informationPressure -Temperature Relationship in Gases. Evaluation copy. Figure 1. 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Vernier computer interface
Pressure -Temperature Relationship in Gases Computer 7 Gases are made up of molecules that are in constant motion and exert pressure when they collide with the walls of their container. The velocity and
More informationPhysical Properties of a Pure Substance, Water
Physical Properties of a Pure Substance, Water The chemical and physical properties of a substance characterize it as a unique substance, and the determination of these properties can often allow one to
More informationph units constitute a scale which allows scientists to determine the acid or base content of a substance or solution. The ph 0
ACID-BASE TITRATION LAB PH 2.PALM INTRODUCTION Acids and bases represent a major class of chemical substances. We encounter them every day as we eat, clean our homes and ourselves, and perform many other
More informationMaterials 10-mL graduated cylinder l or 2-L beaker, preferably tall-form Thermometer
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER Introduction At very low temperatures (temperatures near the freezing point), the rate of evaporation of water (or any liquid) is negligible. But as its temperature increases, more
More informationPhase Diagram of tert-butyl Alcohol
Phase Diagram of tert-butyl Alcohol Bill Ponder Department of Chemistry Collin College Phase diagrams are plots illustrating the relationship of temperature and pressure relative to the phase (or state
More informationEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity Experiment 6A Many organisms can decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enzymatically. Enzymes are globular proteins, responsible for most of the chemical activities
More informationExperiment 1: Colligative Properties
Experiment 1: Colligative Properties Determination of the Molar Mass of a Compound by Freezing Point Depression. Objective: The objective of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown
More informationEnergy Content of Fuels
Experiment 9 Energy content is an important property of fuels. This property helps scientists and engineers determine the usefulness of a fuel. Energy content is the amount of heat produced by the burning
More informationEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity DataQuest 12 Many organisms can decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enzymatically. Enzymes are globular proteins, responsible for most of the chemical activities
More informationTo measure the solubility of a salt in water over a range of temperatures and to construct a graph representing the salt solubility.
THE SOLUBILITY OF A SALT IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES 2007, 1995, 1991 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Permission for academic use provided the original copyright is included. OBJECTIVE To measure
More informationHow Dense is SALT WATER? Focus Question What is the relationship between density and salinity?
Focus Question What is the relationship between density and salinity? Activity Overview Fresh water from the Mississippi River pours into the salty ocean water in the Gulf of Mexico. More than 152,400
More informationExperiment 3 Limiting Reactants
3-1 Experiment 3 Limiting Reactants Introduction: Most chemical reactions require two or more reactants. Typically, one of the reactants is used up before the other, at which time the reaction stops. The
More informationEvaluation copy. Titration of a Diprotic Acid: Identifying an Unknown. Computer
Titration of a Diprotic Acid: Identifying an Unknown Computer 25 A diprotic acid is an acid that yields two H + ions per acid molecule. Examples of diprotic acids are sulfuric acid, H 2 SO 4, and carbonic
More informationExperiment 12E LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER 1
Experiment 12E LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER 1 FV 6/26/13 MATERIALS: PURPOSE: 1000 ml tall-form beaker, 10 ml graduated cylinder, -10 to 110 o C thermometer, thermometer clamp, plastic pipet, long
More informationAppendix C. Vernier Tutorial
C-1. Vernier Tutorial Introduction: In this lab course, you will collect, analyze and interpret data. The purpose of this tutorial is to teach you how to use the Vernier System to collect and transfer
More informationBay Area Scientists in Schools Presentation Plan
Bay Area Scientists in Schools Presentation Plan Lesson Name Presenter(s) Grade Level 5th The Chemical Workout/Blow it Up Chemistry Graduate Students from the Maimone Group at UC Berkeley Standards Connection(s):
More informationChemistry 212 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Chemistry 212 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER LEARNING OBJECTIVES The learning objectives of this experiment are to explore the relationship between the temperature and vapor pressure of water. determine the molar
More informationCONVECTION CURRENTS AND ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF WATER
CONVECTION CURRENTS AND ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF WATER Objective: To compare the thermal behaviour of water with that of other liquids, specifically alcohol and edible oil. To point out the anomaly of water
More informationEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity 50 Points
Names: LabQuest Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity 50 Points 6A Many organisms can decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enzymatically. Enzymes are globular proteins, responsible for most of the
More informationPhotosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis and Respiration Experiment 31C Plants make sugar, storing the energy of the sun into chemical energy, by the process of photosynthesis. When they require energy, they can tap the stored
More informationUsing Freezing-Point Depression to Find Molecular Weight
Usin Freezin-Point Depression to Find Molecular Weiht Experiment 15 When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, the freezin temperature is lowered in proportion to the number of moles of solute added. This
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Computer 10 Chemical reactions occur to reach a state of equilibrium. The equilibrium state can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium
More informationEnergetic Reactions: Ice Cream Experiment Teacher Guide
Module Overview Heat transfer is an important part of many chemical reactions, but it is often not directly observed. In this module students conduct an experiment making homemade ice cream that requires
More informationExperiment 6 Coffee-cup Calorimetry
6-1 Experiment 6 Coffee-cup Calorimetry Introduction: Chemical reactions involve the release or consumption of energy, usually in the form of heat. Heat is measured in the energy units, Joules (J), defined
More informationEXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor
EXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor Purpose: In this experiment you will use the ideal gas law to calculate the molecular weight of a volatile liquid compound by measuring the mass,
More informationDetermination of Molar Mass by Freezing-Point Depression
DETERMINATION OF MOLAR MASS BY FREEZING-POINT DEPRESSION 141 Determination of Molar Mass by Freezing-Point Depression OBJECTIVES: Gain familiarity with colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions
More informationHousehold Acids and Bases
Household Acids and Bases GRADE LEVEL INDICATORS Experiment Demonstrate that the ph scale (0-14) is used to measure acidity and classify substances or solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral. 21 Develop
More informationThis Performance Standards include four major components. They are
Eighth Grade Science Curriculum Approved July 12, 2004 The Georgia Performance Standards are designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills for proficiency in science at the eighth grade level.
More information1. The Determination of Boiling Point
1. The Determination of Boiling Point Objective In this experiment, you will first check your thermometer for errors by determining the temperature of two stable equilibrium systems. You will then use
More informationOsmosis. Evaluation copy
Osmosis Computer 5 In order to survive, all organisms need to move molecules in and out of their cells. Molecules such as gases (e.g., O 2, CO 2 ), water, food, and wastes pass across the cell membrane.
More informationSample Liver Enzyme Lab
Sample Liver Enzyme Lab Design Aspect 1: Research Question This lab will be driven by the research question, Do changes in temperature have an effect on the activity of the enzyme catalase? Pearson Baccalaureate:
More informationLiberty High School Science Department Lab Report Format
Liberty High School Science Department Lab Report Format General Information: 12 pt Times New Roman font Double Spaced 1 inch margins Always write in third person Write in Full Sentences except for the
More informationOne Stop Shop For Teachers
Physical Science Curriculum The Georgia Performance Standards are designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills for proficiency in science. The Project 2061 s Benchmarks for Science Literacy
More informationSOLUBILITY OF A SALT IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES LAB
SOLUBILITY OF A SALT IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES LAB Purpose: Most ionic compounds are considered by chemists to be salts and many of these are water soluble. In this lab, you will determine the solubility,
More informationEvaluation copy. Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity (Method 1 O 2 Gas Sensor) Computer 2
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity (Method 1 O 2 Gas Sensor) Computer 2 Many organisms can decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enzymatically. Enzymes are globular proteins, responsible for most
More informationFreezing Point Depression: Why Don t Oceans Freeze? Teacher Advanced Version
Freezing Point Depression: Why Don t Oceans Freeze? Teacher Advanced Version Freezing point depression describes the process where the temperature at which a liquid freezes is lowered by adding another
More informationEndothermic and Exothermic Reactions. Evaluation copy. Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) H 2 (g) + MgCl 2 (aq)
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions Computer 1 Many chemical reactions give off energy. Chemical reactions that release energy are called exothermic reactions. Some chemical reactions absorb energy and
More informationLaboratory Exercise: Calibration of a Thermometer
CHEM 109 Introduction themistry Revision 3.1 Laboratory Exercise: Calibration of a Thermometer In this exercise we will calibrate a stem-type thermometer and then use it to correctly measure the Air temperature
More informationLIGHTSTICK KINETICS. INTRODUCTION: General background on rate, activation energy, absolute temperature, and graphing.
LIGHTSTICK KINETICS From Advancing Science, Gettysburg College INTRODUCTION: General background on rate, activation energy, absolute temperature, and graphing. THE RATE LAW: The rate of a chemical reaction
More informationExperiment 13: Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression
1 Experiment 13: Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression Objective: In this experiment, you will determine the molecular weight of a compound by measuring the freezing point of a
More informationChapter 6, Lesson 4: Temperature and the Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Chapter 6, Lesson 4: Temperature and the Rate of a Chemical Reaction Key Concepts Reactants must be moving fast enough and hit each other hard enough for a chemical reaction to take place. Increasing the
More informationExperiment 2 Kinetics II Concentration-Time Relationships and Activation Energy
2-1 Experiment 2 Kinetics II Concentration-Time Relationships and Activation Energy Introduction: The kinetics of a decomposition reaction involving hydroxide ion and crystal violet, an organic dye used
More informationExperiment 6 Titration II Acid Dissociation Constant
6-1 Experiment 6 Titration II Acid Dissociation Constant Introduction: An acid/base titration can be monitored with an indicator or with a ph meter. In either case, the goal is to determine the equivalence
More informationThis laboratory explores the affects ph has on a reaction rate. The reaction
Joy Paul Enzyme Catalyst lab Abstract: This laboratory explores the affects ph has on a reaction rate. The reaction studied was the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by the enzyme peroxidase. Three
More informationDetermining the Quantity of Iron in a Vitamin Tablet. Evaluation copy
Determining the Quantity of Iron in a Vitamin Tablet Computer 34 As biochemical research becomes more sophisticated, we are learning more about the role of metallic elements in the human body. For example,
More informationGENERAL SCIENCE LABORATORY 1110L Lab Experiment 6: Ohm s Law
GENERAL SCIENCE LABORATORY 1110L Lab Experiment 6: Ohm s Law OBJECTIVES: To verify Ohm s law, the mathematical relationship among current, voltage or potential difference, and resistance, in a simple circuit.
More informationChapter 1 Student Reading
Chapter 1 Student Reading Chemistry is the study of matter You could say that chemistry is the science that studies all the stuff in the entire world. A more scientific term for stuff is matter. So chemistry
More informationLiquid Conductivity: Measuring Conductivity in Saline Water Solutions (Teacher s Guide)
Liquid Conductivity: Measuring Conductivity in Saline Water Solutions (Teacher s Guide) OVERVIEW Students measure the conductivity of a solution of distilled water with varying amounts of NaCl and will
More information1 Introduction The Scientific Method (1 of 20) 1 Introduction Observations and Measurements Qualitative, Quantitative, Inferences (2 of 20)
The Scientific Method (1 of 20) This is an attempt to state how scientists do science. It is necessarily artificial. Here are MY five steps: Make observations the leaves on my plant are turning yellow
More informationIDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES
2/2016 ideal gas 1/8 IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES PURPOSE: To measure how the pressure of a low-density gas varies with temperature, to determine the absolute zero of temperature by making a linear fit to
More informationPre-Lab Notebook Content: Your notebook should include the title, date, purpose, procedure; data tables.
Determination of Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression M. Burkart & M. Kim Experimental Notes: Students work in pairs. Safety: Goggles and closed shoes must be worn. Dispose of all chemical in the plastic
More information1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion
Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic
More informationChapter 1: Chemistry: Measurements and Methods
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Measurements and Methods 1.1 The Discovery Process o Chemistry - The study of matter o Matter - Anything that has mass and occupies space, the stuff that things are made of. This
More informationSecond Grade Science Curriculum
Second Grade Science Curriculum Approved July 12, 2004 The Georgia Performance Standards are designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills for proficiency in science at the second grade level.
More informationThe Solubility of Calcium Carbonate
1 The Solubility of Calcium Carbonate Lesson Plan Developed by: John Thurmond, Plainfield North High School, Plainfield, Illinois Based on Presentation June, 2011. Northwestern University, Climate Change
More informationOIMB GK12 CURRICULUM
6 th Grade 6 BEAUTIFUL BLUBBER EXPERIMENT Oregon Science Content Standards: 6.3 Scientific Inquiry: Scientific inquiry is the investigation of the natural world based on observations and science principles
More informationPHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION STANDARDS: 3.2.10.B.3, 3.2.10.C.4 3.3.10.B.4 Westminster College INTRODUCTION Plants make sugar, storing the energy of the sun as chemical energy, by the process of photosynthesis.
More informationStudents will be able to identify popping corn as a physical change.
TO POP OR NOT TO POP THAT IS THE QUESTION. Written by Amy Rowley and Jeremy Peacock Annotation In this laboratory exercise, students will demonstrate science process skills as they use moisture content
More informationAdler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum / NASA Interstellar Boundary Explorer Mission
Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum / NASA Interstellar Boundary Explorer Mission FOUR STATES OF MATTER Introduction This kinesthetic science activity reintroduces participants to three states of matter
More informationES 106 Laboratory # 2 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
ES 106 Laboratory # 2 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE Introduction Heat transfer is the movement of heat energy from one place to another. Heat energy can be transferred by three different mechanisms: convection,
More informationExperiment 9 Electrochemistry I Galvanic Cell
9-1 Experiment 9 Electrochemistry I Galvanic Cell Introduction: Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another are called oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
More informationDetermining the Free Chlorine Content of Swimming Pool Water. HOCl H + + OCl. Evaluation copy
Determining the Free Chlorine Content of Swimming Pool Water Computer 33 Physicians in the nineteenth century used chlorine water as a disinfectant. Upon the discovery that certain diseases were transmitted
More informationSTATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION
STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION LAB MECH 3.COMP From Physics with Computers, Vernier Software & Technology, 2000. INTRODUCTION If you try to slide a heavy box resting on the floor, you may find it difficult
More informationPhotosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis and Respiration Experiment 31C Plants make sugar, storing the energy of the sun into chemical energy, by the process of photosynthesis. When they require energy, they can tap the stored
More informationStates of Matter CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SECTION 1. Name Date Class. Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW States of Matter SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Identify whether the descriptions below describe an ideal gas or a real gas. ideal gas
More informationChapter Test B. Chapter: Measurements and Calculations
Assessment Chapter Test B Chapter: Measurements and Calculations PART I In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1.
More informationQuick Reference Manual
Quick Reference Manual ii TABLE OF CONTENTS This guide first leads you through the basics of Logger Pro, including software installation procedures. You will learn how to collect data, manually enter data,
More informationActivity 5 At a Glance
At a Glance Testing Your Hypothesis by Boiling Water Below Its Boiling Temperature Purpose To have students boil water below its typical boiling temperature by reducing the pressure above the surface of
More informationThe Structure of Water Introductory Lesson
Dana V. Middlemiss Fall 2002 The Structure of Water Introductory Lesson Abstract: This is an introduction to the chemical nature of water and its interactions. In particular, this lesson will explore evaporation,
More informationChapter 2, Lesson 5: Changing State Melting
Chapter 2, Lesson 5: Changing State Melting Key Concepts Melting is a process that causes a substance to change from a solid to a liquid. Melting occurs when the molecules of a solid speed up enough that
More informationChemquest: Physical Changes or Chemical Reactions
Chemquest: Physical Changes or Chemical Reactions Erik Misner May 9, 2005 Background: This lesson is designed to be an interactive and fun way to learn the difference between physical changes and chemical
More informationNeutralizing an Acid and a Base
Balancing Act Teacher Information Objectives In this activity, students neutralize a base with an acid. Students determine the point of neutralization of an acid mixed with a base while they: Recognize
More informationChapter 3 Student Reading
Chapter 3 Student Reading If you hold a solid piece of lead or iron in your hand, it feels heavy for its size. If you hold the same size piece of balsa wood or plastic, it feels light for its size. The
More informationTest 5 Review questions. 1. As ice cools from 273 K to 263 K, the average kinetic energy of its molecules will
Name: Thursday, December 13, 2007 Test 5 Review questions 1. As ice cools from 273 K to 263 K, the average kinetic energy of its molecules will 1. decrease 2. increase 3. remain the same 2. The graph below
More informationO o. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education http://education.jlab.org/
O o b l ekk c What is Oobleck? Can you use THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND your senses to solve the mystery of Oobleck? Problem Three liquids are mixed together in a plastic bag. Using your senses (except for
More informationIn this experiment, we will use three properties to identify a liquid substance: solubility, density and boiling point..
Identification of a Substance by Physical Properties 2009 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Permission for academic use provided the original copyright is included Every substance has a unique set
More informationEvaluation copy. Energy Content of Foods. computer OBJECTIVES MATERIALS
Energy Content of Foods Computer 10 Energy content is an important property of food. The energy your body needs for running, talking, and thinking comes from the food you eat. Energy content is the amount
More informationMinnesota Comprehensive Assessments-Series III
Not for student use. Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments-Series III Science Item Sampler Script Grade 8 S ARE NOT SECURE TEST MATERIALS. THIS ITEM SAMPLER SCRIPT MAY BE COPIED OR DUPLICATED. MINNESOTA
More informationScience Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools January 2010. Physical Science
Physical Science Introduction The Science Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools identify academic content for essential components of the science curriculum at different grade levels. Standards
More informationWhat s in a Mole? Molar Mass
LESSON 10 What s in a Mole? Molar Mass OVERVIEW Key Ideas Lesson Type Lab: Groups of 4 Chemists compare moles of substances rather than masses because moles are a way of counting atoms. When considering
More informationActivity Sheets Enzymes and Their Functions
Name: Date: Activity Sheets Enzymes and Their Functions amylase What are Enzymes? starch glucose Enzymes are compounds that assist chemical reactions by increasing the rate at which they occur. For example,
More information[4] SA1.2 The student demonstrates an understanding of the processes of science by observing,
Frost Depth Levels Overview: In this lesson, students explore the active layer above permafrost and begin a long-term investigation of frost depth. (NOTE: This lesson requires a frost tube in your community.
More informationMolar Mass of Butane
Cautions Butane is toxic and flammable. No OPEN Flames should be used in this experiment. Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of butane using Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures
More informationKINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion. The theory can be used to explain the properties of solids, liquids,
More informationExperiment: Static and Kinetic Friction
PHY 201: General Physics I Lab page 1 of 6 OBJECTIVES Experiment: Static and Kinetic Friction Use a Force Sensor to measure the force of static friction. Determine the relationship between force of static
More informationCO 2 Gas Sensor. (Order Code CO2-BTA or CO2-DIN)
CO 2 Gas Sensor (Order Code CO2-BTA or CO2-DIN) The Vernier CO 2 Gas Sensor is used to monitor gaseous carbon dioxide levels in a variety of biology and chemistry experiments. It can measure small changes
More informationThe Properties of Water (Instruction Sheet)
The Properties of Water (Instruction Sheet) Property : High Polarity Activity #1 Surface Tension: PILE IT ON. Materials: 1 DRY penny, 1 eye dropper, water. 1. Make sure the penny is dry. 2. Begin by estimating
More informationProcess of Science: Using Diffusion and Osmosis
Process of Science: Using Diffusion and Osmosis OBJECTIVES: 1. To understand one way to approach the process of science through an investigation of diffusion and osmosis. 2. To explore how different molecules
More informationBay Area Scientists in Schools Presentation Plan
Bay Area Scientists in Schools Presentation Plan Lesson Name Heat Transfer: It s So Cool! Presenter(s) Kevin Metcalf, Sarika Goel, David Ojala, Melanie Drake, Carly Anderson Grade Level 3 Standards Connection(s)
More informationDNA Electrophoresis Lesson Plan
DNA Electrophoresis Lesson Plan Primary Learning Outcomes: Students will learn how to properly load a well in an agarose gel. Students will learn how to analyze the results of DNA electrophoresis. Students
More informationTriple Point Experiment
Equipment List Rotary vane vacuum pump 2-stage, 2 to 7 CFM. For example, Edwards 2M2 (2 CFM), Edwards RV5 (3.5 CFM), Edwards E2M8 (6.7 CFM) or equivalent. Bell jar Nalgene polycarbonate plastic, 5-5/8
More informationVAPOR PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE. This laboratory covers material presented in section 11.8 of the 9 th Ed. of the Chang text.
VAPOR PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE Objectives: (1) Observe and measure the change in the vapor pressure (dependent variable) as a function of temperature (independent variable). (2) Analyze the
More information