Field instrumentation. Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines
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1 Field instrumentation Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines
2 Field water balance lowland rice
3 Two types of instruments Instruments to measure water inflows and outflows Instruments to characterize field water status and groundwater ( hidden water source )
4 Two simple tools to characterize water environment and aid in field water management Field water tube Groundwater tube
5 Field water tube
6 With standing water on top of the surface: read this 20 cm diameter PVC pipe Use a ruler to Measure water depth 0 15 cm Soil surface Puddled topsoil 20 cm With water below the soil surface: read this Plow pan Holes are 5 mm in diameter, and spaced 2 cm apart
7 Field water tube - installation Push tube by hand vertically Drive cylinder using mallet Check clearance from soil surface Appearance of installed PW tube Remove soil inside the tube Check and level the Top of the tube
8 Field water tube measurement Water depth = H D D = depth of field water table H = height from soil surface to the top of the tube
9 A practical indicator for water in field
10
11
12 date Field water depths Continuously flooded -250 Tuanlin Water depth [mm] Tuanlin 2000 Controlled Irrigation PhilRice 2001 date
![depth [mm] 0-50 -100-150 -200-250 150 100 Tuanlin 2000](/docs-images/41/22582612/images/page_12.jpg "Controlled Irrigation 50 0-50 -100-150 -200-250 PhilRice")
13 Made of 5-cm diameter PVC pipe, cm long, with perforations (0.5 cm diameter) in the bottom 50 cm. Groundwater tube Installed into a bund using an auger (soil dril) of the same diameter to the required depth Should stick out about 50 cm above bund surface Use stick to measure water depth
14 Cover (used tin can) 5 cm diameter PVC pipe Bund surface 50 cm Read here Groundwater level 100 cm 200 cm Measuring device Holes are 5 mm in diameter; 2 cm apart 50 cm
15
16 Groundwater measurements Groundwater depth (cm) Day number Tuanlin, China, Groundwater depth (cm) ( 20) Groundwater depth (cm) Panicle initiation Flow ering Changle, China, 2002 Day number Harvest Dolores, Philipines, 2002
17 Soil water tension meter
18 Soil water tension in an aerobic soil 100 Soil moisture tension (kpa) Panicle initiation Flowering Harvest Day number
19 Instruments to measure water flows Rain + irrigation = evaporation + transpiration + percolation + seepage + overbund flow + d(storage) Specialized equipment: Inflows: rain gauge, flow meters Outflows: evaporation pan, percolation ring, seepage (?), surface water in channels Weather station to calculate evaporation and transpiration
20 Rainfall rain gauge The catchment funnel The measuring tube The fixing bracket The overflow tube Raingauge collector area 150 to 200 cm 2 30 cm to 1 m above the ground
21 Irrigation Flow meter in pressure pipes
22 Irrigation Box weir for surface water
23 Irrigation/drainage Simple weir for surface water
24 Irrigation/drainage Flume for surface water
25 Evaporation pan Keep away from other instruments (2x ht) Level the pan Install the stilling well and the fixed point Add water until the water reaches the tip of the fixed point and can be seen as a small dot
26 Evaporation rings Soil evaporation
27 Percolation ring 20 cm in diameter cylinder - open on both ends Covered to avoid evaporation and rainfall
28 Percolation meter - installation Push cylinder by hand vertically Drive cylinder using mallet Check clearance from soil surface Check and level percolation tube
29 Percolation meter - measurement Put a mark on the wall of the cylinder. Always measure at this point Set water levels inside = outside. Reset water level if not. Take readings after reset Take readings d i and d f from water surface to the top of tube. Compute P = d i -d f After each reading, cover the cylinder to prevent other losses (rain, evaporation)
30 Large percolation ring in field
31 Rain + irrigation = evaporation + transpiration + percolation + seepage + overbund flow + d(storage) As surface flow in drain As rest term of balance
32 Weather station (o.a., calculate ET) Temperature Humidity Evaporation pan Rain gauge Sunshine meter Radiometer Wind speed (missing)
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