SAMPLE. HLTAP501C Analyse health information. HLT07 Health Training Package. Learner resource. Version 2. Product Code: 5655

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1 HLT07 Health Training Package HLTAP501C Analyse health information Learner resource Version 2 Training and Education Support Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank Product Code: 5655

2 Acknowledgments The TAFE NSW Training and Education Support Industry Skills Unit, Meadowbank would like to acknowledge the support and assistance of the following people in the production of this learner resource guide: Writers: Liz Bougaardt TAFE NSW Reviewers: Kylie Brennan Rhonda Albani Amanda Culver Beth Rutherford TAFE NSW Project Manager: Sherryl Dismorr Terry Hertelendy Maryjane Mullarkey Gale Cowled Amanda Culver Education Programs Manager Training and Education Support, Industry Skills Unit, Meadowbank TAFE NSW Enquiries Enquiries about this and other publications can be made to: Training and Education Support Industry Skills Unit, Meadowbank Meadowbank TAFE Level 3, Building J, See Street, MEADOWBANK NSW 2114 Tel: Fax: TAFE NSW (Training and Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012 Copyright of this material is reserved to TAFE NSW Training and Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank. Reproduction or transmittal in whole or in part, other than subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act, is prohibited without the written authority of TAFE NSW Training and Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank. ISBN TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012

3 Table of contents Introduction General introduction Using this learner guide Prior knowledge and experience Unit of competency overview Assessment Section 1 Basic chemistry Section 2 Structure and function of cells Section 3 Transport systems Section 4 Anatomy and physiology and applied pathophysiology of each body system The Integumentary system Musculoskeletal system Muscular system Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Nervous system Gastrointestinal system Urinary (Renal) system Reproductive systems Special senses Section 5 Defence and immunity Section 6 Impact on health TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012

4 Section 7 Introduction to pharmacological processes Section 8 Ageing Reference list Resource Evaluation Form TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012

5 1. Basic chemistry: molecules and compounds chemical reaction energy acids and bases TOPIC TABLE Topics 2. Structure and function of cells: cell tissue requirement for survival cellular respiration cellular metabolism energy ATP 3. Transport systems: active (primary) passive (diffusion simple, facilitated) forces (hydrostatic and osmotic) 4. Anatomy & Physiology and applied pathophysiology of each body system 5. Impact on health Defence and immunity: body defences immmunisation 6. Defence and immunity: body defences immunisation 7. Ageing 8. Pathology testing: normal and abnormal ranges appropriate response/referral TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012 Page 13 of 106 Page 13 of 106

6 Section 1 Basic chemistry Chemistry is the study of chemicals and has been in existence for many centuries. The early Alchemists were known to be practising some 2000 years ago. Chemists aim to understand the way in which chemicals interact with one another in order to be able to make new and useful products for our use. Our bodies are made up of chemicals that interact continuously. These chemical reactions underlie all physiological processes and to understand how our bodies function, we need to understand these chemical reactions. Activity 1 Using an anatomy and physiology text or science book, answer the following questions: 1. Define the following concepts related to basic chemistry (i) Matter (ii) Elements (iii) Atom (iv) Energy 2. Matter exists in three states, solid, liquid and gas. List an example of each that may be found in the human body: Solids Liquids Gases TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012 Page 15 of 106 Page 15 of 106

7 Activity 1 (continued) 3. Describe the various forms of energy. (i) Chemical (ii) Electrical (iii) Mechanical/ kinetic (iv) Radiant or electromagnetic energy (v) Potential 4. Describe the structure of an atom. 5. What is an element? Page 16 of 106 TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012

8 The Periodic Table Activity 2 Using anatomy and physiology text or science book, answer the following questions. Access the periodic table and look at the elements. Identify the atomic symbol for the following elements. These elements and their symbols are commonly referred to in all aspects of nursing. Element Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Atomic Symbol Phosphorus Iodine Potassium Calcium Iron TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012 Page 17 of 106 Page 17 of 106

9 Electron configuration Imagine a central core [nucleus] surrounded by a series of layers [energy levels] in which a number of electrons are forever 'whizzing' around. We know how many electrons each atom of an element has by the atomic number of that element (they are the same number!). All atoms of an element have at least one electron. The first electron fits into the inner most layer [lowest energy level], if empty (ie if it has no electrons filling it). The next electron fills the next empty position in the same energy level but spins in the opposite direction! Thus, the first two (2) seating positions in the 'bus' have been occupied. There are more seats though slightly further away from the driver [nucleus] but still toward the front. In this second section, there are eight (8) more positions or 'seats' able to be filled by electrons. Usually the next section has another eight (8) positions although some standing room does occasionally become available. These series of numbers are called the electron configuration because they show the relative distribution of electrons in the shell of the atom. The most important thing about an atom is the number of electrons in the outermost occupied shell. The empty and filled positions in the shell that is at the outside of the atom will decide how the atoms behave with another atom. Chemical bonds and chemical reactions Chemical actions occur when atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms. When atoms unite chemically, chemical bonds are formed. A chemical bond is an energy relationship that involves interactions between the electrons of the reacting atoms. The only electrons that are important when considering bonding behaviour are those in the outermost shell. This shell is called the valence shell; its electrons determine the chemical behaviour of the atom. Generally the electrons of inner shells do not take part in bonding. Elements in which the valence shell is incomplete are chemically reactive. Such atoms tend to interact with other atoms, to gain, lose or share electrons to fill their valence shells. When the valence shell of an atom contains 8 electrons, the atom is stable and is chemically inactive (inert). When the valence shell contains fewer than 8 electrons, an atom will tend to gain, lose or share electrons with other atoms to reach a stable state. Page 18 of 106 TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012

10 Activity 3 Using an anatomy and physiology or science book, answer the following: 1. Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds. (i) Ionic Bonds An example of ionic bonding is the formation of sodium chloride (NaCl) (ii) Covalent Bonds An example of a covalent bond is Water (H2O). 2. (i) What is a chemical reaction? (ii) Define the following examples of chemical reactions: synthesis reactions (anabolic) decomposition reactions (catabolic) exchange (displacement) reactions Biochemistry Relate basic chemistry to the body s metabolism, respiration and ph. The area of chemistry that deals with living organisms and life processes is known as biochemistry all chemicals in human body are either inorganic or organic (contain carbon) both essential for life TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012 Page 19 of 106 Page 19 of 106

11 Organic compounds contain carbon. Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Those inorganic compounds found in the body include water, salts and inorganic acids and bases. Like salts, acids and bases are electrolytes. They ionise and dissociate in water and can then conduct an electrical current. ph: acid base concentration The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic a solution is. The greater the concentration of hydroxyl ions the more basic or alkaline the solution becomes. The relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units called ph units. Activity 4 Using an anatomy and physiology text or science book, answer the following: (i) What is the ph scale based on? (ii) What does a ph of 7 mean? (iii) Using the ph scale in your textbook, complete the values of the following substances and state whether they are acid or alkaline. Substance ph Acid Alkaline lemon juice; gastric juice tomato juice coffee milk of magnesia blood/semen egg white urine saliva Page 20 of 106 TAFE NSW (Training & Education Support, Industry Skills Unit Meadowbank) 2012