ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

Transcription

1 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

2 Early Expansion of Muslim Rule. Arab conquests of the first Islamic century brought vast territory under Muslim rule, but conversion to Islam proceeded slowly. In most areas outside the Arabian peninsula, the only region where Arabic was then spoken, conversion did not accelerate until the third century after the conquest.

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6 FORMULA FOR SUCCESS: Islam gave the many Arab tribes the unity, discipline, and organization to succeed in their wars of conquest. Under the first four caliphs, who ruled from 632 to 661, the Arabs overran the Persian Empire, seized some of Byzantium s provinces, and invaded Europe Unity Discipline Organization

7 Islamic Arts and Science -Architecture: palaces, mosques. -Calligraphy: Beautiful writing -Discouraged the use of pictorial imagery -Carpet weaving -Astronomy -Many great philosophers

8 Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Fustat. Completed in 877, this mosque symbolized Egypt becoming for the first time a quasi-independent province under its governor. The kiosk in the center of the courtyard contains fountains for washing before prayer. Before its restoration in the thirteenth century, the mosque had a spiral minaret and a door to an adjoining governor s palace.

9 Medicine and Technology Muslim hospitals pioneered the practices of diagnosis, cure, and future prevention. Hospitals open 24 hrs. Al-Razi: developed treatments for small pox and measles Advancement in field of pharmacology Advancement in Mathematics

10 Arts&Science Arts: Many artistic techniques adapted from the Romans. Made many sculptures made out of stucco Used glass for cosmetics containers and bottles. They used parchment from animals skins to write books, which were based on the format of the Qur`an. Textiles: often made with expensive materials; covered buildings, furnishings, and mosques. Science: Many schools were created, resulting in many educated scholars. Invention of paper allowed for printing of books, which spread knowledge and education. Works of philosophers such as Sophocles and Plato were translated into Arab and printed into books. Ibn Haiyan: Father of Chemistry introduced experimental investigation and wrote books on chemistry and alchemy

11 Islamic Glassware. This glass bottle from Syria shows the skill of Muslim chemists and artisans in producing clear, transparent glass. The scratched decoration reflects the Muslim taste for geometric design.

12 Muslim Headcoverings. The man standing before a governor in this thirteenth-century miniature painting wears a simple skullcap indicating his low social status. The two attendants wear turbans, but the governor s turban is built into a high, conical shape. The folds and tails of turbans signified not only rank, but also place of origin. To this day, men from western Afghanistan wear tightly wound white turbans with long tails while men from eastern Afghanistan wear loose colorful turbans.

13 Medicine&Technology Medicine: Doctors recorded down observations and created cures for many diseases. Main Doctors- Ibn Riza (who wrote about measles and smallpox) and Ibn Nafis (who explained the circulatory system). Technology: Advanced water cleaning systems and water transportation that resulted in better agriculture Tar roads and pavements Acequia: a waterway introduced by Spain Built several dams Development of paper allowed for printing of books

14 Trade in Islam Indian Ocean & Mediterranean Sea linked Muslim Empire to a world of trade Bazaars developed in cities as places to trade goods, gossip, conduct business Trade flourishes in the Middle East

15 Life in Islamic Society The Islamic faith set guidelines for people to run their lives Women were defined by their position to males in their families; wife, mother, daughter Though men could have more than one wife, all had to be treated as equals Men worked in business, politics, army, etc.. Farming was more difficult due to arid desert climate Crop rotation & sophisticated irrigation made some farming in society possible Achievements in the fields of math, astronomy, chemistry, literature & medicine were made

16 Women Playing Chess in Muslim Spain. As shown in this thirteenth-century miniature, women in their own quarters, without men present, wore whatever clothes and jewels they liked. Notice the henna decorating the hands of the woman in the middle. The woman on the left, probably a slave, plays an oud.

17 CHRISTIANS AND JEWS who lived in Islamic lands had fewer rights than Muslims. They could not bear arms, were assessed a special tax, and sometimes were barred from testifying in court against a Muslim. Nevertheless, despite instances of loss of property or life, the two groups generally went about their business and practiced their religions free of persecution. Christian Jew Muslim

18 The Islamic State The Umayyad Dynasty expanded their borders east & west spreading Islam & conquering Were eventually stopped in France by Charles the Battle of Tours (732) This battle halted the spread of Islam into western Europe The Umayyads began to rule more like kings over time They united all their lands by Making Arabic the official language Building roads Having a currency Establishing postal services Dissatisfaction over Umayyad rule led to fighting Over time, independent states would emerge; the Seljuk Turks would enter the scene afterwards

19 Umayyad Caliphate

20 CONQUESTS BY 733: In the east, Islam s territory eventually extended into India and to the borders of China. In the west, it encompassed North Africa and most of Spain. But the Muslims northward push lost momentum and was halted in 717 by the Byzantines at Constantinople and in 732 by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in Central France.

21 Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate. Though Abbasid rulers occupied the caliphal seat in Iraq from 750 to 1258, when Mongol armies destroyed Baghdad, real political power waned sharply and steadily after 850. The rival caliphates of the Fatimids ( ) and Spanish Umayyads ( ) were comparatively short-lived.

22 CULTURAL INTEGRATION: In the 8 th and 9 th centuries, under the Abbasid caliphs, Muslim civilization entered its golden age. Islamic civilization creatively integrated Arabic, Byzantine, Persian, and Indian cultural traditions. During the Early Middle Ages, when learning was at a low point in western Europe, the Muslims preserved the philosophical and scientific heritage of the ancient world.

23 DECLINE: By the 11 th century, however, the Arabs began losing their dominance in the Islamic world. The Seljuk Turks conquered Syria, Palestine, and much of Persia. In the 11 th and 12 th centuries, the Muslims lost Sicily and most of Spain to Christian knights. In the 13 th and 14 th centuries, Mongols devastated Muslim lands. In the 15 th century, the collapse of the Mongol empire left the way open for the Ottoman Turks, who reached their height in the 16 th century.

24 ISLAM TODAY Islam is the dominant religion in most Middle Eastern countries. A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims The basic unit of Islamic society is the family, and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members. A man may have up to four wives if he believes he can treat them equally, while a woman may have only one husband. Starting in the 20th century, Muslim social reformers argued against these and other practices such as polygamy, with varying success.

25 Sikhism, 0.36% Buddhism, 6% Judaism, 0.22% Other, 4% Chinese Traditional, 6% Primal-Indigenous, 6% Christianity, 33% Hinduism, 14% Non-Religious, 16% Islam, 21%