Right Tree - Right Place White Pine and Salt Toler

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1 Purdue University Forestry and Natural Resources Frequently Asked Question eries FNR-FAQ-10-W Right ree - Right Place White Pine and alt oler olerance ance by Rita ckenzie, Urban Forester Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN It s easy to spot white pines along the highway. hey are the browned, dying, and dead conifers along many well-traveled roads. Whether the trees are adjacent to an interstate, a city street or a sidewalk, the reason they re dying is probably salt injury, compounded by the drought conditions from previous years. White pine is simply the wrong species for that location. Every tree species has specific growing needs. pecific environmental conditions, such as moisture regime, chemistry, nutrition, temperature, and light intensity are necessary for the survival and healthy growth of every species. White pine prefers soil that has moist to average moisture levels, with acidic soil (ph ). It doesn t tolerate salt, drought-heat conditions and soil compaction. It s sensitive to many urban pollutants (O 2, O 3, NOx, HFl, and Cl). tates with climates that include snow will likely have salt mixed into the equation. alted roads and traffic produce salt spray. his salt laden moisture travels long distances, often as far as yards. Windy conditions carry the salt spray even further. alt lands on the foliage and the soil, affecting the tree in several way. alt accumulation in the soil or on the needles is a problem for white pine. odium chloride, used on most roadsides, accumulates as a chloride ion in the needle tissue and damages the tree at the cellular level. Chloride moves to the twig tip and accumulates to a lethal concentration. Normal chloride values in a woody species are 0.1% (dry weight). evere damage occurs with toxic levels at %. For plants intolerant of salt, damage will occur with as little as 0.3% chloride levels. alt pollution of soil occurs when sodium and chloride accumulate in the soil. Besides the toxic levels being transported to the needles from the soil, excess sodium in the soil interferes with the tree s ability to gather important minerals by replacing nutrient elements on the soil particles with sodium ions. odium also raises soil ph, which interferes with the solubility of iron, an important nutrient. In addition, high sodium levels interfere with soil particle aggregation which contributes to soil compaction. White pine may recover from occasional salting, but continued salt abuse eventually causes death of the needles, branches, and the entire tree. When the needles die, the processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration cannot function within the tree. Weakened trees die or succumb to insects and diseases because they are not able to fight off the invaders. Planting the right tree in the right place is the surest way to avoid this type of problem. If white pines are already planted, an alternative to removing the trees is to choose a less problematic deicer for sidewalks and highways, and to encourage the Department of ransportation to use calcium chloride. he following list of species with varying salt tolerances has been compiled from many sources. For more information contact: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Extension Office 765/ , Local Cooperative Extension Office International ociety of Arboriculture (IA) (217) or Purdue University Cooperative Extension ervice West Lafayette, Indiana

2 olerance of Woody Landscape Plants to Highway De-Icing alt Plant Names Unspecified alt oil- Legend alt pray Borne - olerant ource alt -oderate Alder Buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) - ensitive Allegany erviceberry (Amelanchier laevis) Alpine Currant (Ribes alpinum) American Arborvite (huja occidentalis),, American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), American Elm (Ulmus americana),,,, American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) American Linden, Basswood (ilia americana) American ycamore (Platanus occidentalis) American Yellowwood (Cladrastis lutea) Amur aple (Acer ginnala), Andorra Juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) Apple erviceberry (Amelanchier x grandiflora) Apple, Crabapple (alus species), Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) Balsam fir (Abies balsamea), Barberry (Berberis species), Beauty Bush (Kolkwitzia amabilis) Bigtooth Aspen (Populus grandidentata), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), Black Currant (Ribes nigrum), Black Hills pruce (Picea glauca) Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) Black Oak (Quercus velutina) Black Pine (Pinus nigra), Black Willow (alix nigra) Blank Walnut (Juglans nigra) Blue Colorado pruce (Picea pungens), Box-elder (Acer negundo),, Buffalo Berry (hepherdia argentea), Bumalda pirea (pirea x bumalda) Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa), Canoe Birch, Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera),, Carpathian Walnut (Juglans regia) Cherry Birch, weet Birch (Betula lenta) Chinkapin Oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), Cockspur Hawthorn (Crataegus crus-gallie) Colorado pruce (Picea pungens), Common Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Common Lilac (yringa vulgaris), Common Privet (Ligustrum vulgare), Coralberry (ymphoricarpos orbiculatus) Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas) Crack Willow (alix fragilis) Crimean Linden (ilea x euchlora) Dahurian Birch (Betula davurica) 2

3 Dahurian Buckthorn (Rhamnus davurica) Dawn Redwood (etasequioa glyptostroboides) Dog Brier Rose (Rosa canina) Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii),,, Legend Dwarf Arctic Willow (alic purpurea) ' Nana' - olerant Dwarf Eastern Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius), -oderate Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides),,, - ensitive Eastern Hemlock (huja occidentalis) Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) Eastern Red-Cedar (Juniperus virginiana),, Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) Elderberry (ambucus species) English Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) English Oak (Quercus robur) English Yew (axus baccata) European and Blank Alder (Alnus glutinosa),,, European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) European Bird Cherry (Prunus padus), European Filbert (Corylus avellana) European Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum), European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) European Larch (Larix decidua) European ountain-ash (orbus aucuparia), European pindletree (Euonymus europaea) European White Birch (Betula pendula) Flowering Quince (Chaenomeles speciosa), Goat Willow (alix caprea) Golden Weeping Willow (alix alba 'ristis') Golden Willow (alix alba 'Bitellina'),,, Gray Birch (Betula populifolia) Gray Dogwood (Cornus racemosa) Gray Poplar (Populus canescens) Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica),, Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Hawthorn (Crataegus species), Hedge aple (Acer campestre), Hickory (Carya species) Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), Honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) Jack Pine (Pinus bansiana) Jackman hrubby Cinquefoil (Ptentilla fruticosa) Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergiana) Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) Japanese aple (Acer palmatum) Japanese Pagoda-tree (ophora japonica) Japanese Rose (Rosa multiflora) Japanese ree Lilac (yringa reticulata) Japanese Yew (axus cuspidata), Juniper pecies (Juniperus sp.), Kentucky Coffee ree (Gymnocladus dioica) Kwanzan Flowering Cherry (Prunus serrulata) Larch (Larix sp.) Largeleaved Linden (ilia platyphyllos) Laurel Poplar (Populus laurifolia) 3

4 Laurel Willow (alix pentandra) Littleleaf Linden (ilia cordata),,,, Lombardy Poplar (Populs nigra),, London Plane ree (Platanus x acerifolia) aidenhair ree (Ginkgo biloba) Legend atrimony Vine (Lycium species) - olerant azzard Cherry (Prunus avium) -oderate orway aple (Acer platanoides),, - ensitive ugho Pine (Pinus mugo) ulberry (orus species) Northern Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Norway Pine (Pinus resinosa) Norway pruce (Picea abies), Peach (Prunus persica) Pear (Pyrus species), Pfitzer Juniper (Juniperus chinensis) Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra), Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Privet (Ligustrum species), Purple Osier Willow (alix purpurea), Quaking Aspen (Populus trmuloides),,, Red aple (Acer rubrum), Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus sericea) River Birch (Betula nigra) Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), alt ree (Halimodendron halodendron) awara False-cypress (Chamaecyparis pisifera) carlet Firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea) carlet Oak (Quercus coccinea) cotch Elm (Ulmus glabra) cotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris),,, ea-buckthorn (Hippophae rgamnoides), hagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), howy Border Forsythia (Forsythia x intermedia) iberian Crabapple (alus baccata) iberian Elm (Ulmus pumila ), iberian Pea-shrub (Caragana arborescens) ilver aple (Acer saccharinum),, kunkbush (Rhus trilobata) mooth umac (Rhus glabra) moothleaf Elm (Ulmus carpinifolia), nowberry (ymphoricarpos albus), peckled Alder, Hazel Alder (Alnus rugosa) peckled and White Alder (Alnus incana) taghorn umac (Gus thphina) ugar aple (Acer saccharum),, wamp White Oak (Quercus abicolor) wiss tone Pine (Pinus cembra) ycamore aple (Acer pseudoplatanus) amarisk (amarix sp.) atarian Dogwood (Cornus alba) atarian aple (Acer tataricum) ree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) 4

5 ulip ree (Liriodendron tulipifera) Vanhoutte pirea (pieraea x vanhouttei) Viburnum (Viburnum sp.) Virginia Creep (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) Virginia Rose (Rosa virginiana) White AshFraxinus americana, Legend White Fir (Abies concolor) - olerant White ulberry (orus alba), -oderate White Oak (Quercus alba), - ensitive White Poplar (Populus alba),, White pruce (Picea glauca),, White Willor (alix albo),, Winged Euonymus (Euonymus alata) Yellow Birch (Betula alleghanisensis) Zabel Honeysuckle (Lonicera tataricum),, August 2000 It is the policy of the Purdue University Cooperative Extension ervice, David C. Petritz, Director, that all persons shall have equal opportunity and access to its programs and facilities without regard to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, or disability. Purdue University is an Affirmative Action employer. his material may be available in alternative formats EX-INFO 5