Signal Processing in RFID
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- Eunice Cross
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1 Signal Pocessing in RFID Makus Rupp, Jelena Kaitović, Robet Langwiese Institute of Telecommunications, Vienna Univesity of Technology Duisbug July 5, 202
2 Outline Intoduction Tag Collision Model Simple Collision Recovey Techniques Tansmission Model Advanced Recovey Techniques Leakage Compensation Techniques Summay and Conclusions Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 2
3 Intoduction RFID Radio Fequency Identification Wieless identification technology Allows non line-of-sight identification Multiple goods can be inventoied almost simultaneously Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 3
4 How it Woks eade o inteogato Data Enegy tansponde o tag Tag is poweed by the eade passive tag Tag eflects a faction of the eade signal backscatteing Tag changes its scatteing behavio backscatte modulation Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 4
5 Challenges and Motivation Seveal RFID tags opeate in eade ange Multiple tags espond simultaneously collision occus infomation is discaded thoughput deceases Motivation: use infomation fom colliding tags thoughput incease Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 5
6 Outline Intoduction Tag Collision Model Simple Collision Recovey Techniques Tansmission Model Advanced Recovey Techniques Leakage Compensation Techniques Summay and Conclusions Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 6
7 . numbe Famed Slotted Aloha Multiple tags ae scheduled by Famed Slotted Aloha Reade Quey, Fame Size F Q Q Q Q Q Slot 0 Slot Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot F- t Tag 0 RN [0, F-]: 4 RN6 Tag Tag 2 Tag RN6 RN6 RN6 Tag N- 3 RN6 F: selected famesize N: tag population size RN: Random Numbe Q: Quey epeat RN6 6 bit Random packet Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 7
8 Thoughput calculation Famed slotted Aloha #slots: F #tags: N # M : ecove fom collisions of up to M tags # M t : acknowledge up to M t tags fill level in one slot: N Expected #slots with tags: F F F N Standad: ecove if M = and acknowledge M t = Results in thoughput (= #slots with =): T N F F N Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 8
9 Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility Thoughput calculation Results in thoughput (= #slots with =): Given N and F what is the maximum thoughput? Answe: maximum fo F/N=T= N F F N T
10 Thoughput calculation How does the eade/inteogato know the numbe of tags N? Answe: set some value F and measue numbe of slots fo which: =0, = and > Use ML estimato to deive N and thus optimal value of F B.Kne, M.Holze, C.Angee, M.Rupp, ''Slot-wise maximum likelihood estimation of the tag population size in FSA potocols,'' IEEE Tansactions on Communications, vol. 58, no. 2, Febuay Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 0
11 Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility Thoughput calculation How lage is the thoughput if we can ecove fom M t tags? Unfotunately, the standad allows only to acknowledge a single tag at a time. Let us assume we can acknowledge M t tags, although we can ecove fom M >M t collisions: F F N T N M t t N M M N M M F F N F F N T t t
12 Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility Highe Thoughput by Collision Recovey <=M ecove fom collision tags eceived <=M t acknowledge tags Expected thoughput (<=M ): Calculate optimum famesize F Thoughput plot fo M t =; M=M = 8: t N M M N M M F F N F F N T t t 2 N F /
13 Famed Slotted Aloha with Collision Recovey M Fopt/N T F denotes fame size N denotes tag population size M=M denotes collision ecovey facto T maximal theoetical thoughput Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 3
14 Outline Intoduction Tag Collision Model Simple Collision Recovey Techniques Tansmission Model Advanced Recovey Techniques Leakage Compensation Techniques Summay and Conclusions Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 4
15 Challenges We want to find tansmission methods, such that many tags can be identified even unde collision scenios (>) We want to employ seveal antennas at the eade/inteogato to avoid changes in the existing standads as much as possible. Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 5
16 Captued samples of a two tag collision Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 6
17 Recoveing fom collisions of two tags Baseband signal at eade eceive path i: s i t L h a t h a t n t i i, i,2 2 i Receive signals: s t Hat I nt Reade TX Enegy / Data Data Enegy Enegy / Data Data Tag Quadatue L h S (a,a) h 2 h 2 S (,a) S (a,) RX N R cosstalk φ leak S (,) Inphase Data Tag 2 φ φ φ 2 Tag 2 modulation h 2 a 2 (t) Tag modulation h a (t) C. Angee, R.Langwiese, M.Rupp: RFID Reade Receives fo Physical Laye Collision Recovey, IEEE Tansactions on Communications, 58 (200), 2, p Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 7
18 Recoveing fom collisions of two tags: Optimal single antenna eceives Single Antenna Zeo Focing Receive (SAZF): Poject signal constellation into subspace othogonal to intefeence (foce intefeence to zeo) Independent of synchonisation between tags Gain in RX signal powe pop. to sin(φ -φ 2 ) Slice each pojection sepaately Successive Cancellation Receive: Decode stonge component Remodulate and substact Slice 2nd component Pevents SNR loss due to pojection on second component Quadat ue S a,a φ -φ 2 S~ 2,a ~ s 2 S~ 2, S S ML-Receive: as modulation signals in geneal ae not synchonous, not feasible S,a S a, ~ S,a S 2 S, ~ s S 2 Inphase φ φ 2 ~ S, tag 2 modulation tag modulation Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 8
19 Challenges Fo ecoveing fom collisions of moe than two tags, we need: Moe antennas Channel impulse esponses fo each tag! Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 9
20 Outline Intoduction Tag Collision Model Simple Collision Recovey Techniques Tansmission Model Advanced Recovey Techniques Leakage Compensation Techniques Summay and Conclusions Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 20
21 Tansmission Model Double Rayleigh Pinhole Channel f b h i, j hj hi, j Enegy Data h h H h 3, 3,2 Data h4, h4,2, 2, h h h,2 2,2 index i epesents eceive antenna i index j denotes tag j Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 2
22 Tansmission Model Channel h j f follows a Rayleigh fading h i,j b follows a Rayleigh fading Channel matix follows a double Rayleigh fading Channel matix can also have a fom of: index i epesents antenna i index j denotes tag j N R is numbe of eceiving antennas f b h i, j hj hi, j R is numbe of tags tansmitting in the same slot H RI h H... hn, H H R,... h i. j... h... h, R N, R R Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 22
23 Channel Model Ricean model: Channel with a line of sight component E{h}= and a fading componnent h w h K h K k h w K denotes Ricean facto of the channel K=0 is pue Rayleigh fading is non fading link Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 23
24 Multiple Antenna Collision Recovey Receives Once an estimate of the individual tag channels is given, we can apply linea eceives Zeo Focing (ZF) eceive: ZF H H t Hˆ Hˆ Hˆ s t Ha ˆ t l, at Ea t Minimum Mean Squae Eo (MMSE) eceive: MMSE t Hˆ H Hˆ 2 H I Hˆ st Ha ˆ t R l denotes the Hemitian tanspose of the estimated channel matix a(t) modulation vecto σ 2 I R noise powe R R identity matix Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 24
25 Multiple Antenna Collision Recovey Receives ZF and MMSE eceives - capable to ecove fom collision with R tags as long as R 2N RA Futhe impovement: Due to the fact that modulation signal a(t) is eal-valued: s t s t In the equations fo the ZF and the MMSE eceives the channel matix and the eceived signal have the fom of: numbe of equations is doubled H I a t H I allows the sepaation of R 2N R tags H RI H H s t n t n t s t s t Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 25
26 Pefomance Simulations Simulation paametes Paametes value Numbe of eceiving antennas N RA ={,2,3,4} Numbe of esponding tags Channel ={,2,4,8} Double Rayleigh fading channel Pefect knowledge assumed Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 26
27 Pefomance Simulations - Bit Eo Ratio Confidence inteval (95%) J. Kaitovic et al.: RFID Reade with Multi Antenna Physical Laye Collision Recovey Receives, IEEE Intenational Confeence in RFID-Technologies and Applications, Sitges, Spain, 20 Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 27
28 Pefomance Simulations - Bit Eo Ratio Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 28
29 Pefomance Simulations - Bit Eo Ratio Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 29
30 Expected thoughput The eceive can only decode one of the colliding packets The expected thoughput: T N F opt F opt N 2N RA 2 N F opt F opt N M Fopt/N T M =2=2N RA Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 30
31 Pefomance Simulations Expected thoughput M =8 M =4 M =2 2.6 M = Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 3
32 Tag Signal Tag espond to Quey command: How to sepaate signals at eception and to estimate channel? J.Kaitovic, M.Simko, R.Langwiese, M.Rupp, ''RFID Reade Receives with Multiple Antennas fo Physical Laye Collision Recovey, '' 6th annual IEEE Intenational Confeence on RFID 32 (RFID'202), Olando, Floida, Apil, 202. Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 32
33 Tags with colous Tag population N Patitioned population C N/C Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 33
34 Channel Estimation This povides sufficiently good quality fo channel estimation Hee, we used a simple LS channel estimation continuous: known channel dashed: estimated channel Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 34
35 Thoughput in collision scenaios with andom othogonal "postpeambles Theoetical maximum: T C M t N C F F N C C=8 with 8 othogonal postpeambles J=2 poject signal constellation into subspace othogonal to intefeence numbe of tags pe slot with identical colo F.. fame size C.. numbe of used postpeambles =colos N.. tag population size R C : numbe of tags pe slot with identical colo T.. maximal theoetical thoughput M t =J: numbe of acknowledgements Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 35
36 Collision scenaios with andom othogonal "postpeambles" Resolvable Likely esolvable? Maybe not esolvable? Not fully esolvable Not esolvable Not fully esolvable Not esolvable Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 37
37 Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility Collision scenaios with andom othogonal "postpeambles" This causes a eduction of the thoughput fom to being constaint on Scenaio and 2: To futhe include the eceive capability: 38 p p F F N p p F F N F F N sol s s sol s s N opt opt N s s N opt opt N N opt opt N RA RA RA ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
38 Collision scenaios with andom othogonal "postpeambles just unique(=all diffeent) ones ae taken into account 50% dop 00% gain Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 39
39 Collision Recovey Received signal: New channel estimation technique: successive intefeence cancelation pojection of the constellation into the othogonal subspace of the intefeence Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 40
40 Successive Intefeence Cancelation LS estimato: We extact modulation signal with MMSE eceive Signal fo the next iteation : Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 4
41 Pefomance Analysis - thoughput good impovement fo 8 tags in 4 antennas almost pefect fo 4 tags in 2 antennas, J.Kaitovic, R.Langwiese, M.Rupp, '' Advanced Collision Recovey Receive fo RFID, '' 4th EURASIP RFID Wokshop, Tuino, Italy, Sep Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 42
42 Leakage What about the leakage? We have always assume to get pefectly id of it. But was this assumption ealistic? Means: active caie compensation R.Langwiese, G.Lasse, A.L.Scholtz, M.Rupp, ''Compaison of Multi-Antenna Configuations of an RFID Reade with and without Active Caie Compensation,'' Poc. of IEEE RFID-TA 20, Sites, Spain, Sept. 20. Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 43
43 0 dbm Cosstalk and Active Caie Compensation RFID Reade 33 dbm TX (semi) passive Tag -80 dbm RX Tag is poweed by the eade Cosstalk fom tansmitte to eceive at the eade Tag esponse is intefeed by the cosstalk Enegy tansfe fom eade to tag duing the whole communication Cosstalk depends on the eade-antenna configuation Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 44
44 Measuement Setup Active Caie Compensation BLF: 320 khz P TX : 33 dbm 30 dbm 27 dbm Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 45
45 Antenna - Setup [m] Nylon cod.7m 2.m TX Reade RX RX2 RX/TX antennas: off-the-shelf patch antennas ight hand ciculaly polaized TX: 9 dbi RX: 7 dbi positions fo best RX/TX decoupling: ~45 db Tag off-the-shelf - (DogBone) EPCglobal UHF Class Gen2 25 measuements all 0 cm static scenaio Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 46
46 Measued SNR without CCU with CCU SNR inceases with deceased tansmit powe No SNR incease due to deceased tansmit powe Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 47
47 Measued Signal-to-Self-Intefeence Ratio without CCU with CCU SSIR inceases with deceased tansmit powe Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 48
48 Summay and Conclusion It is possible to ecove fom collisions that have a numbe of tags two times highe than the numbe of eceiving antennas Multi antenna eceives significantly impove pefomances of RFID eades Additional means fo channel estimation equied. Caie leakage is usually the limiting facto Physical laye collision ecovey: 2.6 times thoughput incease, when acknowledging a single tag (standad compliant) Substantially highe thoughput possible with changes in standad. Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 50
49 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Chistian Dopple Laboatoy fo Wieless Technologies fo Sustainable Mobility 5
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