The State of the State of Old World Climbing Fern. Stephen F. Enloe Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants University of Florida
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1 The State of the State of Old World Climbing Fern Stephen F. Enloe Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants University of Florida
2 Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. Ken A. Langeland, University of Florida, Bugwood.org
3 Survey Methods Personal or phone interviews with 35 stakeholders Water management districts Federal, State, and County Agency Personnel Invasive plant contractors Conservation organizations Private landowners not included 15 questions, interviews lasted ~45 minutes (30-90 minutes)
4 2005 (Ferriter and Pernas, 2005) Present in Florida for ca. 48 years Expanding North, West, and Southwest Wildland Weeds: Spring 2006
5 ,389 confirmed sites
6 1. How long have you been dealing with OWCF in your current and/or previous position(s)? Number of Respondents to5 6to10 11to15 16to Years of Experience
7 2. Describe your OWCF Strategy Widespread application of adaptive management Survey/detection Prioritization Treatment Monitoring Reassessment Follow-up treatment
8 2a. Survey/Detection/Mapping Approaches No current statewide survey in place Piecemeal/Opportunistic approach due to budgetary and personnel constraints Digital Aerial Sketch Mapping Contractors do not always have a clear picture of infestations when bidding jobs The application of remote sensing has not manifest for OWCF
9 2b. Treatment timing: Treatments applied in all 12 months Perception of January timing as less effective Often hydro period driven Site access is limited Temporary inundation of rachis mats = poor control Highly desirable to treat prior to peak spore production Treat when you can get into the site
10 2c. Techniques used Aerial foliar Ground based foliar Integrated mechanical/chemical (poodle cutting)
11 Aerial: 2 oz/a
12 Ground based foliar: Glyphosate Amy Ferriter, State of Idaho, Bugwood.org
13 Poodle cut + glyphosate
14 What about fire? Amy Ferriter, State of Idaho, Bugwood.org
15 3. What are the specific herbicide strategies you use for OWCF? 1. Glyphosate
16 3. What are the specific glyphosate concentrations you use for OWCF? No. of Respondents % 2% 2-3% 3% 3-4% 5% Glyphosate Percentage (Product Basis)
17 3. What are the specific herbicide strategies you use for OWCF? 1. Glyphosate 2. Metsulfuron 3. Triclopyr (infrequently used) 4. Aminopyralid (unconfirmed) 5. Imazapyr (non-target damage limits use)
18 4. What adjuvants do you use for OWCF control? Wetters, Spreaders, Stickers, and Water Conditioners Non-ionic surfactants Non-ionic silicone blends Methylated seed oils Ammonium sulfate Hard water REALITY: Applicators develop a relationship with adjuvant suppliers or use the cheapest adjuvants that suit their needs
19 5. Have you noticed any difference in efficacy among adjuvants for OWCF control? NO! Applicators use adjuvants they deem to work and that fit their programs Rarely had any respondent paid attention to this issue Only two things prompted applicators to really ask this question A lack of treatment efficacy not attributed to other issues Rapid foliar burn Limonene based surfactants NIS in the hottest part of the summer
20 6. Have you experienced any catastrophic treatment failures, when you are confident that you did everything correctly? 100% have never observed herbicide treatment failure with either glyphosate or metsulfuron Incomplete control commonly observed during follow-up monitoring Poor coverage due to thick rachis mats, difficulty in accessing areas to treat, or applicator error in missed swaths or missed patches Follow-up treatment of these types of missed areas has always resulted in control
21 Amy Ferriter, State of Idaho, Bugwood.org
22 A lack of herbicide resistance to glyphosate and metsulfuron begs the question, Why not? Possible Reasons A lack of selection pressure (we are simply not treating at a high enough frequency) High propagule (spore) numbers both from the spore bank and from new spores moving into treated areas from untreated stands A severe fitness cost due to resistance (not likely)
23 7. Following herbicide treatment, do you primarily observe OWCF recovery from what source? % of Respondents Rhizomes Spores Both Not sure Source of OWCF Recovery N=25
24
25
26 8. In your current OWCF strategy, are you (gaining, holding, or losing) ground, or not sure? No. of Respondents Gaining Ground Holding the Line Losing Ground Not Sure
27
28 9. What type of tool or tools do you think would most improve your OWCF management strategy? 47 total responses! Herbicide (13) Detection/monitoring (8) Biocontrol (8) Money and personnel (7) IPM (5) Fire (3) Lygodium biology and ecology (3)
29 10. Are you seeing any positive impacts of the current biocontrols on OWCF?
30 Limited brownout observed Limited establishment an issue Long distance dispersal of mite promising We are not yet there on biocontrol
31 11. Do you see buy in from surrounding private landowners to treat OWCF? What will it take to get buy in? Interactions b/w public land managers and private landowners very limited Not a forage production issue for ranchers Cost prohibitive for most private landowners High value hunting lease areas often engaged Central Florida Lygodium Strategy Surveyed ~20,000 A Treated over 1,300 A
32
33 12. What are key non-target impacts that need to be lessened when treating OWCF? An incredibly complex, yet surprisingly simple issue
34 Do nothing, lose everything Tony Pernas, USDI NPS, Bugwood.org
35
36 Non target damage Rarely seen where poodle cutting + glyphosate used Avoided by pulling vines off of desirable shrubs before treatment Avoided by aerial treatment when cypress are dormant Expected when glyphosate is used across mixed stands Some collateral damage is better than losing everything
37 Non-target damage of concern Glyphosate aerial: way too hard on most woody species Metsulfuron aerial is a safer option on most woody species and is safe on sawgrass Metsulfuron is hard on: Palms Ferns Maple Overall, few species discussed regarding non-target damage
38 Summary A lot of questions still need to be answered We are making considerable progress on many public lands Private lands are a great concern Common Needs Biocontrol (more, better bugs) New selective herbicides Understanding hydro period effects Understanding fire effects
39 Acknowledgments LeRoy Rodgers, SFWMD, for funding Karen Brown, UF Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Jens Beets, UF Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants
40 Questions? Comments? Post-talk analysis?
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