Ethernet over SONET. Dr. John S. Graham University of London Computer Centre
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1 Ethernet over SONET Dr. John S. Graham University of London Computer Centre
2 Ethernet vs SONET Feature Ethernet SONET Guaranteed Delivery No (Packet Switched) Yes (Circuit Switched) Guaranteed BW No Yes Performance Monitoring CRC Count BER Protection None (STP?) APS Fault Location None AIS Access Costs Low High
3 SONET/SDH Model MUX DXC R R MUX Section Layer Section Layer Section Layer Section Layer Line Layer Line Layer Path Layer Connection
4 SONET Network Elements
5 SONET STS-1 Frame Section PTR Path SPE 5 Line 86 columns Payload Capacity = 756 Bytes = Mb/s
6 Section Overhead Bytes Section Framing A1 BIP-8 B1 Data Com D1 Framing A2 Orderwire E1 Data Com D2 STS-1 ID C1 User F1 Data Com D3
7 Line Overhead Bytes Line BIP-8 B2 Data Com D4 Data Com D7 Data Com D10 Sync Stat Z1 APS K1 Data Com D5 Data Com D8 Data Com D11 Line FEBE Z2 APS K2 Data Com D6 Data Com D9 Data Com D12 Orderwire E2
8 Path Overhead Bytes Path Path Trace J1 BIP-8 B3 Signal Label C2 Path Status G1 User Channel F2 Multi-frame H4
9 Accurate Bit-Level Timing Line Coding AMI, AMI RZ HDB3 Block Coding 4B/5B (FDDI) 5B/6B (E3) 8B/10B (Gigabit Ethernet) Scrambling Frame Synchronous Self Synchronous
10 8B/10B Encoding (1/2) Ensures equal number of 1 s and 0 s for Clock recovery DC Balance Detection of single bit transmission errors Predefined comma ( and ) characters
11 8B/10B Encoding (2/2) Data (D) and commands (K) encoded separately Octet split into 5 MSB and 3 LSB Code groups generated from lookup tables Decoded Encoded A B C D E F G H A B C D E i F G H j D2.0
12 Control Words ( Ordered Sets ) Symbol Encoding Purpose F K28.5 D21.5 LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE C K28.5 D10.5 config_reg LINK_CONFIGURATION I1 K28.5 D5.6 Idle I2 K28.5 D16.2 Idle S K27.7 SoF T K29.7 EoF R K23.7 CARRIER_EXTEND H K30.7 ERROR
13 Scrambling in SONET/SDH SDH STM-1 uses x 7 + x 6 +1 polynomial
14 Concatenation STS Mb/s Mb/s STS-3c/VC Mb/s Mb/s STS Mb/s Mb/s VC Mb/s 599 Mb/s STS-12c 622 Mb/s Mb/s
15 Provisioning Example A 1??? 3-5 F B 1 12 (622 Mb/s) E C D 9
16 Bandwidth Fragmentation Drop Interface (Node F) STS-3c Blocked! Ring STS-12
17 Virtual Concatenation Drop Interface (Node F) STS-3c STS-1-3v Ring STS-12
18 The Magic of VCAT Protocol Client Rate Contiguous Concatenation Virtual Concatenation Fast Ethernet 100 STS-3c 65% STS-1-2v 98% ESCON 160 STS-12c 26% STS-1-4v 78% Fibre Channel 850 STS-48c 34% STS-3c-6v 92% Gigabit Ethernet 1000 STS-48c 40% STS-3c-7v 92% Fibre Channel STS-48c 66% STS-3c-12v 92%
19 Differential Delay Source STS-1-12v Core Network (Partial Mesh) Sink T X T y
20 Multiframe Indicator Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 MFI2 MSBs (bits 1-4) MFI2 LSBs (bits 5 8) CTRL GID CRC CRC MST MST SQ MSBs (bits 1 4) SQ LSBs (bits 5 8)
21 VCAT Example STS-1-4v GID-a, SQ#=0 GID-a, SQ#=1 GID-a, SQ#=2 GID-a, SQ#=3 GID-b, SQ#=1 GID-b, SQ#=2 GID-b, SQ#=3 STS-12 STS-1-3v
22 VCAT Puzzle An STS-1-2v between Chicago and London One STS-1 sent via geostationary satellite The other STS-1 sent via transatlantic fibre Will it work? ;-)
23 VCAT: Buffer Requirements VC Path Type STS-1 VC-3 STS-1 VC-3 STS-3c VC-4 STS-3c VC-4 Transport Signal STS-12 STM-4 STS-48 STM-16 STS-12 STM-4 STS-48 STM-16 Number Paths Buffer Size MB MB 4 18 MB MB
24 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme Modify membership of a VCG On-demand and hitless bandwidth changes Automatic removal of failed VCG members Interworking of LCAS-enabled VCG with non-lcas VCG Old-style bridge and roll requires double bandwidth
25 LCAS Messaging Member Status (MST) Re-Sequence Acknowledge (RS-Ack) Control (CTRL) Fixed Add Norm EOS Idle DNU Group ID CRC
26 LCAS Signalling Flows (1/3) CTRL = NORM CTRL = EOS SQ = 1 SQ = 2 CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = EOS SQ = 2 CTRL = IDLE SQ = 255 MST = FAIL (#3) CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = EOS SQ = 2 CTRL = ADD SQ = 255 MST = OK (#3) CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = NORM SQ = 2 CTRL = EOS SQ = 3 RS-ACK CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = NORM SQ = 2 CTRL = EOS SQ = 3 Source PTE STS-1 #1 STS-1 #2 STS-1 #3
27 LCAS Signalling Flows (2/3) CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = IDLE SQ = 255 CTRL = NORM SQ = 2 CTRL = NORM SQ = 2 CTRL = EOS SQ = 3 CTRL = EOS SQ = 3 MST = FAIL (#1) RS-ACK CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = EOS SQ = 2 CTRL = EOS SQ = 2 Source PTE STS-1 #1 STS-1 #2 STS-1 #3
28 LCAS Signalling Flows (3/3) CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = NORM SQ = 2 CTRL = NORM SQ = 2 CTRL = EOS SQ = 3 CTRL = IDLE SQ = 255 MST = FAIL (#3) RS-ACK CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = NORM SQ = 1 CTRL = EOS SQ = 2 CTRL = EOS SQ = 2 Source PTE STS-1 #1 STS-1 #2 STS-1 #3
29 Gigabit Ethernet Implementations
30 Gigabit Ethernet (802.3z) ANSI X3T11 Fibre Channel IEEE Ethernet IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet FC-4 Upper Layer Mapping FC-3 Common Services FC-2 Signalling FC-1 Encode/Decode FC-0 Interface & Media IEEE LLC IEEE CSMA/CD IEEE PHY IEEE LLC IEE MAC PCS PMA PMD MDL
31 1000BASE-LX/SX
32 Sequence of Events LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE ~ LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE LINK_CONFIGURATION ~ LINK_CONFIGURATION IDLE ~ IDLE SOP PREAMBLE SFD DA SA LENGTH LLC Data PADDING FCS
33 Generic Framing Procedure ITU-T G.7041 and ANSI T Defines mapping for many types of service onto SONET/SDH or OTN: Ethernet, IP/PPP GbE, Fibre Channel (inc. DVB), FICON etc Excellent bandwidth utilization; efficiency tailored to suit different client types Simple delineation and robust error control Extensible
34 ATM Motivation for GFP (1/2) Cell overhead causes 10% bandwidth inflation Adaptation functions needlessly complex Packet over SONET (POS) Requires all frames to be converted to PPP over HDLC Byte stuffing causes non-deterministic bandwidth inflation QoS hard to monitor or guarantee
35 Motivation for GFP (2/2) Minimal overhead Transport of client PDUs in native format Designed for optimized processing Easy aggregation of frames from multiple client and multiple protocols into shared bandwidth channels Low latency capabilities for SAN
36 GFP: Types of Frame GFP Client Frames Control Frames Data Frames Management Frames Idle Frames OA&M Frames
37 GFP: Functional Model Source = IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002
38 GFP: Frame Structure Source = IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002
39 Payload Types Value of UPI Field Protocol GFP Mode 0x01 Ethernet F 0x02 PPP (IP & MPLS) F 0x03 Fibre Channel T 0x04 FICON T 0x05 ESCON T 0x06 GbE T 0x07 reserved 0x08 MAPOS F 0x09 0xFE reserved 0x00 & 0xFF unavailable
40 GFP: Client-Independent Processes Synchronization Bit Level Frame Delineation Scrambling Multiplexing GFP Frame Client PDU
41 GFP: Synchronization No CHEC Match Hunt chec Match No 2 nd chec Match Presync chec Mismatch 2 nd chec Match Sync chec Match
42 GFP: Frame Delineation PLI chec Payload PLI chec Payload PLI chec Payload PLI chec Payload PLI chec Payload PLI chec Payload
43 GFP: Client PDU Multiplexing Source Sink GFP Framer STS-3c-2v GFP Framer
44 GFP-F Encapsulation (1/2) PLI (MSB) Ethernet MAC Frame PLI (LSB) chec (MSB Preamble 7 chec (LSB) Transmission Order SFD Destination Source Length Data Payload Header Payload X = 4 to 64 0 to 65,535 - X FCS 1 8 Bit Transmission Order 4 FCS 4
45 GFP-F Encapsulation (2/2) PLI (MSB) PLI (LSB) PPP/HDLC Frame chec (MSB chec (LSB) Flag (0x7E) 1 Payload Header X = 4 to 64 Transmission Order Address Control PPP Type Data Payload 0 to 65,535 - X FCS FCS 4 Bit Transmission Order
46 GFP-T: 64B/65B Payload Octet Number 64B Sequence D1 K1 D2 D3 D4 K2 D5 D6 Octet Number F B Sequence C C2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
47 GFP-T Error Detection Leading flag bit is errored Error affects Last control-code indicator Control-code location address received in error Error causes 4-bit control code to be modified
48 GFP-T: Superblocks 536-bit Byte-Aligned 1,1 1,2 1,7 1,8 1,1 1,2 8,1 8,2 8,1 8,2 8,7 8,8 1,7 1,8 8,7 8,8 CRC (MSB) CRC (LSB)
49 GFP-T: Bandwidth Requirements Client Signal Client Signal Bandwidth Minimum Transport Channel Size Nominal Transport Channel Bandwidth Number Superblocks per GFP Frame ESCON 160 Mb/s STS-1-4v VC-3-4v Mb/s 1 Fibre Channel 850 Mb/s STS-3c-4v VC-4-6v Mb/s 13 Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mb/s STS-3c-7v VC-4-7v Gb/s 95
50 Pros and Cons: GFP-F Higher bandwidth efficiency Higher Latency More buffer memory required Core header fields must be calculated
51 Pros and Cons: GFP-T Supports many protocols Low latency Ingress core header fields need not be calculated Less bandwidth efficient More logic required
52 10 G Ethernet 802.3ae Full Duplex MAC XGMII 64B/66B PCS Serial PMA WIS Serial PMA PMD E L S E L S PMD 10GBASE-R 10GBASE-W S = 850 nm MM 300 m L = 1310 nm SM 10 km E = 1550 nm SM 40 km
53 10 GbE Overview Usual MAC and frame format Jumbo frames not included in standard Full duplex only No shared media No CSMA/CD Only optical fibre No copper interface LAN-PHY or WAN-PHY at various reaches
54 The STS-192c WIS Frame J1 B3 Idle Frame Idle C2 G1 F2 H4 Fixed Stuff Gbs -1 Capacity Z3 Z4 Z5 Idle Frame Idle 63 columns Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) = Columns
55 A1 B1 D1 Section & Line Overhead H1 B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 H1 B2 Z1 Section H1 B2 Z1 E1 D2 H2 K1 Overhead J0 F1 D3 Z0 Z0 D5 D6 Line D8 Overhead D9 D11 Z2 H2 Z2 H2 M1 H3 K2 D12 E2 H3 H3 Supported by WAN PHY Defined by WAN PHY as Fixed Value Unused by WAN PHY Optional for SONET/SDH Unused by WAN PHY Undefined for SONET/SDH
56 NetherLight Connectivity
57 UKLight NetherLight Today UKLight MetroDirector NetherLight NetherLight HDXc UKLight CoreDirector CERN UKLight MetroDirector
58 UKLight NetherLight Tomorrow? NetherLight NetherLight HDXc UKLight CoreDirector CERN UKLight MetroDirector Requires that MSPPs are GFP-F enabled
59 Peering Using 10 G WAN-PHY Chicago StarLight Force10 10GBASE-SW UKLight CoreDirector STM-64 UKLight CoreDirector 10GBASE-SW London UKLight Switch
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