Diversity: Promise Or Problem?

Transcription

1 David W. Johnson and Roger T. Johnson Interdependence And Values o The Values Resulting From Competition o The Values Resulting From Individualistic Efforts o The Values Resulting From Cooperation o Summary Nature Of Cooperative Learning o History Of Cooperative Learning o Types Of Cooperative Learning o The Cooperative School Basic Elements Of Cooperation What Do We Know About Cooperative Efforts? o Table 1 Social Interdependence Theory o Achievement o Interpersonal Relationships o Table 3 Processes Of Acceptance And Rejection o Psychological Health And Social Competence o Reciprocal Relationships Among Outcomes Making Diversity Among Students A Strength Diversity: Promise Or Problem?

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3 Interdependence And Values

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8 Nature Of Cooperative Learning

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12 Basic Elements Of Cooperation

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16 What Do We Know About Cooperative Efforts?

17 Interdependence Positive Negative None Interaction Pattern Promotive Oppositional None Outcome 1 High Effort To Achieve Low Effort To Achieve Low Effort To Achieve Outcome 2 Positive Relationships Negative Relationships No Relationships Outcome 3 Psychological Health Psychological Illness Psychological Pathology

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20 Process Of Acceptance Positive Interdependence Promotive Interaction Frequent & Open Communication Understanding Of Other Perspectives Inducibility Differentiated Views Of Each Other High Self-Esteem Successful Achievement, Productivity Expectations Of Positive & Productive Future Interaction With Others Process Of Rejection Negative Interdependence Oppositional Or No Interaction No Or Inaccurate Communication Egocentricism Resistance To Influence Monopolistic Views Of Each Other Low Self-Esteem Failure, Lack Of Productivity Expectations Of Negative & Unproductive Future Interaction With Others

21 Making Diversity Among Students A Strength

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24 Conditions Achievement Interpersonal Attraction Social Self- Support Esteem Total Studies Coop vs. Comp Coop vs. Ind Comp vs. Ind High Quality Studies Coop vs. Comp Coop vs. Ind Comp vs. Ind Mixed Operationalizations Coop vs. Comp Coop vs. Ind Pure Operationalizations Coop vs. Comp Coop vs. Ind