3 1. HITLER'S MOVES PROMPTED MUNICH CONFERENCE 2. MEETING OF a. BRITISH, FRENCH, GERMAN & ITALIAN DIPLOMATS b. CZECHOSLOVAKIA NOT INCLUDED IN

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1 WORLD WAR II I. STEPS TO WWII A. LONG-RANGE CAUSES WORLD WAR II 1. GIVEN WHAT HAS BEEN SAID ABOUT NATURE OF TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS & THEIR GOVERNMENTS 2. IT IS EASY TO SEE WWII AS A SPLENDID ILLUSTRATION OF "DEVIL THEORY" OF HISTORY 3. AGGRESSIVE DICTATORS ON ONE SIDE 4. DEMOCRACIES ON OTHER 5. CERTAINLY GERMANY, ITALY & JAPAN WERE AGGRESSIVE, MILITARISTIC, AND EXPANSIONIST IN THE 1930'S. 6. ON OTHER HAND, STALIN'S RUSSIA WAS AS TOTALITARIAN AS HITLER'S GERMANY 7. & STALIN WAS ON THE ALLIED SIDE 8. & BRITAIN STILL HEADED THE LARGEST EMPIRE IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD IN EVEN THE U.S. HAD MADE ITSELF SO UNPOPULAR MEDDLING IN AFFAIRS OF LATIN AMERICAN REPUBLICS THAT SOME OF THEM WOULD NOT SIDE W/AMERICA AGAINST NAZIS 10. OTHERS SEE CAUSE OF WAR AS ALLIED APPEASEMENT OF AXIS AGGRESSION 11. YET THIS APPROACH IS INCOMPLETE FOR IT DOES LITTLE TO EXPLAIN WHY AXIS POWERS WERE AGGRESSIVE & EXPANSIONIST IN 1ST PLACE 12. DEEPER, LONGER-RANGE CAUSES FOR WWII INCLUDE, WORLD WAR I, THE GREAT DEPRESSION, THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES & WEAK & INEFFECTUAL LEAGUE OF NATIONS 13. BRITAIN, FRANCE & TO CERTAIN EXTENT THE U.S. SUPPORTED TREATY OF VERSAILLES 14. GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN & SOVIET UNION SEIZED EVERY OPPORTUNITY TO MODIFY IT IN THEIR FAVOR 15. & IN SO DOING DREW STEADILY CLOSER TO ANOTHER GREAT WAR 16. & THEN A STRING OF INTERNATIONAL AGGRESSIVE EVENTS LED UP TO THE FINAL EXPLOSION 17. ITALIAN AGGRESSION IN ETHIOPIA & ALBANIA 18. JAPANESE AGGRESSION IN MANCHURIA & CHINA 19. BOTH GERMAN & ITALIAN AGGRESSION IN SPAIN a. SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1) BECAME DRESS REHEARSAL FOR WWII (2) HITLER & MUSSOLINI GAINED VALUABLE PRACTICE (3) BOMBING CIVILIANS & CITIES PROVIDED OPPORTUNITY TO TEST NEW EQUIPMENT (4) THAT WOULD BE USED LATER AGAINST POLAND, BRITAIN & FRANCE 20. & IN THE WORDS OF WWII HISTORIAN JOHN KEGAN a. THE TRUTH OF 20TH C. EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IS THAT THE WORLD IT DOMINATED WAS PREGNANT WITH WAR 21. OTHERS SAY WWII JUST A CONTINUATION OF WWI WITH A SHORT 20- YEAR INTERMISSION 22. AND HITLER'S WORDS SUBSTANTIATE THIS a. WAR IS ETERNAL, WAR IS UNIVERSAL. THERE IS NO BEGINNING & THERE IS NO PEACE. WAR IS LIFE 23. BUT WAR THAT BEGAN LITTLE OVER 50 YEARS

2 2 24. WOULD NOT BE LIFE BUT DEATH a. 50 MILLION DEATHS b. 2/3 OF THEM CIVILIANS (1) WHO HAD BEEN SHOT, DROWNED, BOMBED, FROZEN, STARVED, GASSED 25. & NEW HORRORS ALMOST BEYOND DESCRIPTION WERE INFLICTED ON MANKIND a. FIRE STORM (1) INTENSE FIRE OVER LARGE AREA INITIATED BY ATOMIC EXPLOSION b. RADIATION c. HOLOCAUST II. MORE IMMEDIATE STEPS TO WORLD WAR II A. GERMANY'S AGGRESSIVE STEPS 1. BETWEEN 1933 & 1937 HITLER DISMANTLED CONDITIONS OF PEACE OF VERSAILLES a. WITHDREW FROM LEAGUE OF NATIONS IN 1933 b. NEXT BEGAN REARMAMENT AFTER 1935 c. THEN MILITARILY OCCUPIED RHINELAND WERE ACCEPTED AS PREFERABLE TO CONFRONTATION & WAR 3. THOUGH MANY EUROPEAN STATESMEN WOULD HAVE AGREED W/HITLER THAT WAR IS ETERNAL 4. THEY HAD NOT FORGOTTEN TRAGIC HORRORS OF WWI 5. NONE WANTED TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR A 2ND ONE 6. IT WAS DETERMINATION TO AVOID ANOTHER WAR AT ALL COSTS 7. THAT LED BRITISH & FRENCH STATESMEN TO SEEK COMPROMISE AFTER COMPROMISE W/HITLER 8. ONLY LATER WOULD THEIR POLICY OF APPEASEMENT BE WIDELY CONDEMNED AS COWARDNESS 9. & CONSENSUS BY SCHOLARS THAT HITLER COULD HAVE BEEN STOPPED BY FORCE EASILY 10. BRITISH POLITICIANS, PARTICULARLY PM NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN, a. CLUNG TO BELIEF FUHRER WAS A REASONABLE MAN DESPITE WARNINGS OF CHURCHILL & FRENCH 11. CHURCHILL REMARKING AFTER HITLER INVADED SOVIET UNION: a. IF HITLER INVADED HELL I THINK I WOULD FIND A KIND WORD TO SAY ABOUT THE DEVIL & MANY IN THE WEST SAW HITLER & GERMANY AS BULWARK AGAINST COMMUNIST RUSSIA a. THEY HOPED THE "RED MENACE" WOULD BE TAKEN CARE BY FUHRER B. GERMAN SEIZURE OF AUSTRIA, SUDETENLAND & CZECHOSLOVAKIA HITLER BEGAN CARRYING OUT HIS AVOWED AIM a. ABSORBING ALL THE GERMAN PEOPLE INTO ONE GERMAN STATE 2. 1ST TO BE ADDED - AUSTRIA a. CALLED ANSCHLUSS= ADJOINING (1) FORCIBLE JOINING OF AUSTRIA TO GERMANY b. SOUND OF MUSIC THEME 3. NEXT WESTERN CZECHOSLOVAKIA- SUDETENLAND a. WHERE GERMANS LIVED b. SUDETEN GERMANS DESPISED THE CZECHS (1) VERY PRO PAN-GERMANISM (2) CZECHS NOT ALLOWED TO PLAY SMETANA C. MUNICH CONFERENCE 1938

3 3 1. HITLER'S MOVES PROMPTED MUNICH CONFERENCE 2. MEETING OF a. BRITISH, FRENCH, GERMAN & ITALIAN DIPLOMATS b. CZECHOSLOVAKIA NOT INCLUDED IN DISCUSSIONS 3. GERMAN-SPEAKING REGIONS OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA CEDED TO HITLER TO AVERT THE THREAT OF WAR 4. CHAMBERLAIN RETURNING TO ENGLAND SHOWING HIS AGREEMENT W/HITLER THAT THE 2 NATIONS WOULD NEVER GO TO WAR W/EACH OTHER a. PEACE FOR OUR TIME D. REARMING OF FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN 1. BY 1938 FRANCE & GB ARE SEEING TO THEIR DEFENSE a. NOT OFFENSE 2. ENGLAND a. DUG TRENCHES IN LONDON PARKS b. PRACTICED WEARING THEIR GAS MASKS BECAUSE OF FEAR OF GERMAN INVASION 3. FRANCE ERECTED THE MAGINOT LINE a. STRETCHED ACROSS NORTHEASTERN FR TO PROTECT ALSACE-LORRAINE b. SERIES OF INTERLOCKING CONCRETE & STEEL FORTRESSES c. W/UNDERGROUND COMMAND POSTS, BARRACKS, KITCHENS, AMMUNITION DUMPS & UNDERGROUND RR d. INDICATIVE OF FR FEELING OF GOOD DEFENSE BETTER THAN A GOOD OFFENSE E. COLLAPSE OF MUNICH AGREEMENT 1. IN MARCH 1939 MUNICH AGREEMENT COLLAPSED WHEN GERMANY SEIZED REMAINDER OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA 2. BRITAIN & FRANCE DID NOT RETALIATE DIRECTLY 3. BUT OPENED NEGOTIATIONS FOR AN ALLIANCE W/SOVIET RUSSIA 4. AND OFFERED TO GUARANTEE THE POLISH FRONTIER AGAINST GERMAN ATTACK F. RUSSIAN & GERMAN PACT TO THEIR DISMAY, IN AUGUST STALIN & HITLER SIGNED A NONAGGRESSION PACT a. STALIN AGREED NOT TO OPPOSE HITLER'S CONQUESTS IN EASTERN EUROPE b. WHY? c. STALIN HAD BEEN TRYING TO GAIN A TREATY W/WESTERN POWERS TO CHECK HITLER'S AMBITIONS d. BUT HAD BEEN CONTINUALLY PUT OFF WITH SLOW NEGOTIATIONS e. STALIN KNEW WESTERN POWERS HAD LOOKED AT GERMANY AS A SAFETY VALVE AGAINST COMMUNIST RUSSIA f. WESTERN DEMOCRACIES HAD A SPOTTY RECORD OF RESPONDING TO AGGRESSION g. NAZI GERMANY COULD OFFER RUSSIA CONCRETE ADVANTAGES IN EASTERN EUROPE h. RUSSIA WOULD ABSORB FINLAND, ESTONIA, LATVIA & BESSARABIA & PART OF POLAND i. GERMANY WOULD GAIN EVERYTHING TO WEST, INCLUDING LITHUANIA (1) PLUS RAW MATERIAL & GRAIN FROM SOVIETS j. STALIN HAD PURGED HIS ARMY & FEARED GERMANY k. CONSEQUENTLY NO OFFICER CORP LEFT TO FIGHT GERMANY l. IN RUSSIA IT BECAME TREASON TO STATE WAR MIGHT BECOME DEFENSIVE

4 4 G. FINAL STEP TO WAR - GERMAN INVASION OF POLAND 1. HITLER DECIDED TO INVADE POLISH CORRIDOR AS THOUGHT BRITAIN & FRANCE WOULD NOT OPPOSE HIM a. HITLER: OUR ENEMIES ARE LITTLE WORMS. I SAW THEM AT MUNICH 2. ON SEPTEMBER 1 GERMAN ARMIES ENTERED POLAND 3. RUSSIAN TROOPS INVADED POLAND FROM EAST HOURS LATER BRITAIN & FRANCE DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY 5. IN LESS THAN 4 WEEKS POLAND CONQUERED a. DIVIDED BETWEEN RUSSIA & GERMANY 6. TERRIBLE DEVASTATION W/WARSAW REDUCED TO RUBBLE 7. AFTER 1ST PUTTING JEWS INTO A GHETTO WHERE THEY WERE SUPPOSE TO EXIST ON 200 CALORIES A DAY 8. FILM EXISTS OF THIS AS GOEBBELS TOOK PICTURES TO USE FOR PROPAGANDA III. COURSE OF THE WAR IN EUROPE A. INVASION OF SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES 1. RUSSIAN ARMIES INVADE FINLAND DEC MAR RUSSIA TAKES LARGE AREAS IN FINLAND 3. GERMAN SURPRISE INVASION OF DENMARK & NORWAY APRIL DENMARK OCCUPIED IN 1 DAY 5. NORWAY IN LESS 1 MONTH 6. GERMAN INVASION GREATLY AIDED BY NORWEGIAN FIFTH COLUMN OF NAZI SYMPATHIZERS UNDER MAJOR QUISLING a. WHO BETRAYED HIS COUNTRY b. WORD MEANS A TRAITOR NOW 7. FALL OF NORWAY LED TO CHURCHILL REPLACING CHAMBERLAIN AS PRIME MINISTER MAY 1940 B. HITLER'S METHODOLOGY OF WAR 1. HE WOULD DEMAND A COUNTRY ACCEPT HIS PROTECTION SO THE COUNTRY WOULD NOT BE OCCUPIED BY FRANCE & GB a. USED PLOY ON AUSTRIA, CZECH, DENMARK, NORWAY 2. BLITZKRIEG - LIGHTNING WAR a. GERMANS BROKE THROUGH ENEMY LINES BY USING LARGE NUMBER OF TANKS FOLLOWED BY INFANTRY b. FOLLOWED BY SATURATION BOMBING c. RARELY SINCE NAPOLEON HAD SPEED & CONCENTRATED FORCE BEEN USED SO EFFECTIVELY C. BATTLE FOR WESTERN EUROPE 1. SPRING 1940 GERMAN ATTACK LAUNCHED 2. SUDDEN GERMAN INVASION OF NEUTRAL HOLLAND, BELGIUM, & LUXEMBOURG MAY COMPLETE GERMAN SUCCESS 4. 1 OF MOST SUCCESSFUL MILITARY CAMPAIGNS EVER 5. NEXT GERMAN ARMIES PENETRATED INTO N. FRANCE a. ENTERED WHERE MAGINOT LINE STOPPED 6. IN PROCESS TRAPPED AN ANGLO-FRENCH ARMY OF NEARLY 400,000 ON BEACH AT DUNKIRK 7. FORCED EVACUATION OF BRITISH ARMY FROM DUNKIRK D. DUNKIRK ,000 TROOPS RESCUED a. 2/3 BRITISH

5 5 b. EVERYTHING THAT COULD FLOAT WAS USED TO RESCUE MEN c. 850 ASSORTED VESSELS (1) SAILING, TUGS, 19 TH C STERNWHEELER PADDLE BOATS, TUGS (2) EVEN BUTLERS ALONG TO ASSIST 2. BRITISH WERE SAVED BY HITLER AS WELL a. HE GAVE ORDERS TO STOP TANKS & NOT PURSUE ENEMY b. DID NOT WANT TO HUMILIATE GB c. HITLER LIKED BRITISH & WOULD STOP BATTLE OF BRITAIN FOR SAME REASONS d. ALSO HITLER WANTED GB TO SIGN PEACE SO COULD GO GET RUSSIANS E. GERMANY'S DEFEAT & OCCUPATION OF FRANCE 1. GERMANS THEN WHEELED AROUND TO KNOCK OUT FRENCH ARMY a. MOST OF WHO WERE TRAPPED IN MAGINOT LINE 2. ITALY THEN DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE a. STABBED IN THE BACK JUNE 10TH 3. FRANCE SURRENDERS JUNE 22, HAD NEITHER THE WILL NOR MIGHT TO FIGHT ANOTHER WAR 5. FRANCE DIVIDED INTO 2 a. GERMAN-OCCUPIED NORTHERN 2/3 FRANCE b. SOUTHERN FRANCE (1) VICHY FRANCE (2) UNDER MARSHALL PETAIN (3) A SATELLITE OF GERMANY 6. GENERAL CHARLES DE GAULLE, a. FLED TO LONDON b. ORGANIZED FREE FRENCH GOVT c. ADOPTED AS ITS SYMBOL RED CROSS OF LORRAINE (1) FLOWN BY JOAN OF ARC IN HER FIGHT TO LIBERATE FRANCE 15TH CENTURY (a) 500 YRS EARLIER d. LED OPPOSITION MOVEMENT e. AT WAR END WILL DECLARE HIMSELF PRESIDENT F. BATTLE OF BRITAIN - AUG 8- OCT 31, FALL OF FRANCE LEFT BRITAIN ISOLATED 2. ODDS AGAINST BRITISH SEEMED OVERWHELMING 3. HITLER EXPECTED BRITISH TO COME TO TERMS 4. HE WAS PREPARED TO ALLOW BRITAIN TO RETAIN ITS EMPIRE 5. IN RETURN FOR A FREE HAND FOR GERMANY ON THE CONTINENT 6. BRITISH HAD NEVER BEEN WILLING TO ACCEPT DOMINATION OF EUROPE UNDER 1 POWER 7. ANY CHANCE BRITISH WOULD CONSIDER SUCH TERMS DISAPPEARED WHEN WINSTON CHURCHILL REPLACED CHAMBERLAIN AS PRIME MINISTER 8. CHURCHILL HAD BEEN AN EARLY & FORCEFUL CRITIC OF HITLER & POLICY OF APPEASEMENT 9. HIS SKILL AS A SPEAKER ALLOWED HIM TO INFUSE THE BRITISH PEOPLE W/HIS OWN COURAGE & DETERMINATION 10. & TO UNDERTAKE WHAT SEEMED ALMOST A HOPELESS FIGHT 11. I HAVE NOTHING TO OFFER BUT BLOOD, TOIL, TEARS & SWEAT...WE SHALL FIGHT ON THE BEACHES, WE SHALL FIGHT ON THE LANDING GROUNDS, WE SHALL FIGHT IN THE FIELDS AND IN THE STREETS, WE SHALL FIGHT IN THE HILLS, WE SHALL NEVER SURRENDER...

6 6 12. EVEN THE QUEEN IN BUCKINGHAM PALACE TOOK PISTOL LESSONS, SAYING a. I SHALL NOT GO DOWN LIKE THE OTHERS 13. SO RELUCTANT HITLER STARTED OPERATION SEA LION a. INVASION OF BRITAIN 14. FIRST STEP WAS TO GAIN CONTROL OF AIR BEFORE AN AMPHIBIOUS INVASION OF BRITAIN 15. 1ST STRIKES AGAINST AIRFIELDS & FIGHTER PLANES IN SOUTHEASTERN ENG 16. IF ATTACKS HAD CONTINUED, GERMANY MIGHT SOON HAVE GAINED CONTROL OF THE AIR 17. & W/IT CHANCE OF SUCCESSFUL INVASION 18. NAZI BOMBERS MADE NAVIGATIONAL ERROR & BOMBED LONDON 19. RAF RETALIATED & BOMBED BERLIN 20. SO LUFTWAFFE MADE LONDON ITS MAJOR TARGET 21. BECAME KNOWN AS THE BLITZ BOMBERS OVER LONDON EVERY NIGHT FOR NEARLY 2 MONTHS IN SUMMER & FALL CHURCHILL PROVIDED THE DEDICATION & ELOQUENCE THAT SUSTAINED BRITISH a. HELPED PRESERVE BRITISH MORALE IN THEIR FINEST HOUR 24. MUCH OF THE "CITY" WAS DESTROYED a. ABOUT 15,000 KILLED 25. BOMBINGS MADE BRITISH MORE COHESIVE & RESOLUTE 26. SENT THEIR CHILDREN & OLD PEOPLE TO NORTH & WEST 27. SLEPT IN AIR-RAID SHELTERS & UNDERGROUND TUBE STATIONS 28. GERMAN LUFTWAFFE ALSO CONDUCTED MASSIVE BOMBARDMENT OF OTHER ENGLISH CITIES a. COVENTRY WENT DOWN EVEN THOUGH ENGLAND HAD CRACKED GERMAN CODE & KNEW IT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN b. BRISTOL, PLYMOUTH, SOUTHAMPTON, PORTSMOUTH c. ENGLAND LOST 1/5 OF ALL HER SCHOOLS IN AIR RAIDS 29. IN ALL ABOUT 40,000 CIVILIANS IN ENGLAND KILLED 30. GB POPULATION OF 47 MILLION IN SUMMER WAS LITERALLY SAVED BY THE SKILL & VALOR OF LITTLE OVER 1000 ROYAL AIR FORCE PILOTS a. WHO CONDUCTED THE WAR IN THE SKIES b. 1/3 KILLED DURING BATTLE c. BUCKING ODDS THAT OCCASIONALLY APPROACHED 30 TO 'NEVER IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN CONFLICT WAS SO MUCH OWED BY SO MANY TO SO FEW 33. ANOTHER FAMOUS EXPRESSION FROM THESE TIMES a. PIECE OF CAKE (1) RAF PILOTS DESCRIBING THEIR SHOOTING GERMAN PLANES 34. OUTNUMBERED BRITISH RAF INFLICTED DEVASTATING TOLL OF GERMAN PLANES a. GERMANY LOST 2375 PLANES b. GB 800 PLANES 35. HEAVY GERMAN LOSSES & BEGINNING OF BAD AUTUMN WEATHER FORCED GERMANY TO HALT 36. BIG FACTOR BRITISH USE OF RADAR DETECTION 37. GERMANY RADAR NOT PERFECTED 38. 1ST MILITARY DEFEAT FOR GERMANS

7 OF MAJOR TURNING POINTS OF WAR 40. THEREAFTER INCREASING US AID AND INTERVENTION 41. TOGETHER W/GERMAN PREOCCUPATION W/RUSSIAN FRONT SAVED ENGLAND G. OPERATION BARBAROSSA 1. HITLER'S SURPRISE INVASION OF SOVIET UNION JUNE 22, DAY BEFORE 129TH ANNIVERSARY OF NAPOLEON'S INVASION OF RUSSIA 3. BARBAROSSA FAMOUS 12TH C. GERMAN HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR WHO TRIED TO EXTEND GERMAN DOMINION INTO ITALY 4. ALONG A NEARLY 1000 MILE FRONTIER W/3 MILLION MEN a. 70% OF GERMAN FORCES TO RUSSIA b. NORTHERN PART ARMY TOWARDS LENINGRAD c. CENTRAL PART ARMY TOWARDS MOSCOW d. SOUTHERN PART ARMY TOWARDS CAUCASUS MTNS & OIL 5. FROM 1ST DEFEAT OF RUSSIA & CONQUEST OF UKRAINE 6. TO PROVIDE LEBENSTRAUM FOR GERMAN PEOPLE MAJOR HITLER GOAL a. UKRAINE VAST LAND BETWEEN VISTULA RIVER & URAL MOUNTAINS b. FOOD PRODUCER & INDUSTRIAL AREA c. COMMUNISM WAS TO PERISH SO NAZISM COULD LIVE d. ALL RULERS TO BE LIQUIDATED & RUSSIAN PEOPLE TO BE STARVED 7. INVASION OF RUSSIA AIMED AT KNOCKING RUSSIA OUT OF WAR BEFORE WINTER a. FELT HAD ALREADY BEATEN BRITAIN 8. HITLER SO SURE QUICK VICTORY POSSIBLE DID NOT PREPARE FOR WINTER CAMPAIGN a. KICK THE DOOR & THE WHOLE ROTTEN STRUCTURE WILL COME CRASHING DOWN 9. PROBLEM OF MUSSOLINI CAUSED A 6-WEEK DELAY THAT MAY HAVE CHANGED THE OUTCOME 10. MUSSOLINI WAS ALWAYS JEALOUS OF HITLER'S SUCCESSES 11. SO DECIDED TO INVADE GREECE ON HIS OWN W/O LETTING HITLER KNOW OF HIS PLANS 12. MUSSOLINI SAID a. HITLER ALWAYS FACES ME WITH A FAIT ACCOMPLI THIS TIME IT IS MY TIME - HE CAN READ ABOUT MY OCCUPATION OF GREECE IN THE NEWSPAPERS 13. BUT IN NORTH AFRICA BRITISH COUNTER-ATTACKED AGAINST ITALIANS 14. DROVE ITALIANS BACK INTO LIBYA 15. GREEKS THEN PUSHED INTO ALBANIA a. ITALY HAD SEIZED IT IN HITLER FORCED TO SEND AID TO HELP THE ITALIANS IN AFRICA & THE BALKANS 17. GERMANS GOT BRITISH OUT OF LIBYA & BACK INTO EGYPT a. GERMAN AFRICAN TANK CORPS UNDER BRILLIANT GEN ERWIN ROMMEL = THE DESERT FOX b. ROMMELS HITLER'S FAVORITE MILITARY MAN c. REGAINED ALL LOST TERRITORY & W/IN 65 MILES OF ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT & BRITISH WHEN d. ROMMEL RAN OUT OF SUPPLIES & HALTED BY MONTGOMERY e. BECAUSE OF HITLER' DECISION TO CONCENTRATE ON CAPTURING STALINGRAD f. ROMMEL PART OF PLOT TO ASSASSINATE HITLER (1) ROMMEL COMMITTED SUICIDE FOR HIS ROLE IN IT 18. GERMANY SWIFTLY OCCUPIED YUGOSLAVIA & CRUSHED GREEK RESISTANCE

8 8 BUT PRICE WAS 6 WEEK DELAY 19. DIVERSION CAUSED BY MUSSOLINI'S VANITY PROVED TO BE COSTLY FOR RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN 20. IN SPITE OF RUSSIA'S DEEP SUSPICION OF GERMANY, RUSSIANS TAKEN QUITE BY SURPRISE a. WE HAD ORDERS NEVER TO FIRE TOWARDS THE GERMAN SIDE b. WHEN ASKED WHY THEY DID NOT FIGHT THE GERMANS INITIALLY c. I'VE BEEN FIRED UPON" TO A SUPERIOR OFFICE A RUSSIAN SOLDIER SAYS d. YOU MUST BE INSANE, NO ONE IS FIRING AT YOU 21. WITHIN ABOUT 4 MONTHS HITLER HAD GONE FURTHER INTO RUSSIA THAN NAPOLEON a MILES b. & HAD SEIZED 500,000 SQ MILES OF SOVIET TERRITORY 22. BUT HAD NOT TAKEN MOSCOW OR LENINGRAD 23. BUT IT WAS A CLOSE THING 24. PERHAPS CLOSER THAN BATTLE OF BRITAIN 25. HITLER'S PLAN ALMOST WORKED 26. HITLER'S GENERALS WANTED TO DRIVE DIRECTLY FOR MOSCOW WHICH NOW HUB OF RUSSIAN GOVT 27. BUT HITLER WANTED TO DIVERT SIGNIFICANT PART OF FORCES SOUTH AND NORTH 28. BY TIME HE READY TO RETURN TO OFFENSIVE NEAR MOSCOW TOO LATE 29. WINTER STRUCK GERMAN ARMY WHICH WAS NOT DRESSED NOR EQUIPPED TO FACE IT H. BATTLE OF STALINGRAD 1. SHOWDOWN BETWEEN 2 ARMIES CAME IN AUG CITY SW RUSSIA ON VOLGA RIVER 3. VITAL TRANSPORTATION CENTER 4. IF HITLER COULD WIN STALINGRAD HE COULD APPROPRIATE VITAL OIL BEING SHIPPED FROM CAUCASUS UP THE VOLGA 5. RIVER COULD BE MADE NEW EASTERN BOUNDARY OF NAZI EMPIRE 6. HITLER'S FORCES BOMBARDED STALINGRAD SO RUTHLESSLY THAT 3/4 OF ITS BUILDINGS FLATTENED IN 1 DAY 7. BUT RUSSIAN TROOPS KEPT UP FIRST RESISTANCE a. HAND TO HAND FIGHTING 8. BY NOV & DEC RUSSIANS ABLE TO COUNTERATTACK a. TRAPPED GERMAN 6TH ARMY & FORCED TO SURRENDER 9. GERMANS BEGAN TO HAVE VISIONS OF NAPOLEON'S RETREAT 10. GERMANS STOPPED BY a. SCORCHED EARTH POLICY OF RUSSIANS (1) PEOPLE FORCED TO BURN THEIR HOMES, ETC. b. GERMAN SUPPLY LINES INADEQUATE c. RUSSIAN DIRT ROADS IMPASSABLE FOR GERMAN ARMORED VEHICLES 11. MOST DESTRUCTIVE LAND BATTLE WORLD WAR II % OF STALINGRAD REDUCED TO RUBBLE MILLION LIVES LOST CIVILIANS & SOLDIERS 14. THIS BATTLE DEEPLY DAMAGED GERMAN MORALE 15. MAJOR TURNING POINT IN WAR 16. AFTER STALINGRAD HITLER ON DEFENSIVE 17. UNTIL STALINGRAD RUSSIA HAD SIMPLY STRUGGLED TO SURVIVE AGAINST GERMAN ASSAULT

9 9 18. NOW RUSSIANS BEGAN TO SEE WAR AS CHANCE TO NOT ONLY LIBERATE THEIR OWN LAND 19. BUT TO GREATLY INCREASE THEIR TERRITORY, INFLUENCE & PRESTIGE IN EASTERN EUROPE IV. COURSE OF WAR IN ASIA A. GENERAL REMARKS RE JAPAN'S ROLE IN WAR 1. JAPAN'S ENTRY INTO THE AXIS ALLIANCE HAD COME AT A TIME WHEN HER IMPERIALISTIC & MILITARY AMBITIONS WERE AT THEIR PEAK 2. AFTER WITHDRAWING FROM LEAGUE OF NATIONS IN & UNDERTAKING CONQUEST OF CHINA, JAPAN CAME UNDER VIRTUAL MILITARY RULE 4. HER EXPANSIONIST AIMS & EXTENSIVE REARMAMENT THREATENED TO BRING ABOUT WAR W/US 5. ALTHOUGH WHEN JAPAN HAD INVADED MANCHURIA 6. WEST REFUSED TO IMPOSE SANCTIONS AGAINST HER BECAUSE SHE TOO COULD SERVE AS A COUNTERWEIGHT TO RUSSIA 7. U.S. LIKE JAPAN WAS A STRONG NAVAL POWER W/TERRITORIAL INTERESTS IN THE PACIFIC 8. JAPAN DETERMINED TO STRIKE 1ST & GAIN THE ADVANTAGE OF SURPRISE 9. JAPANESE WAR MACHINE HAD BEEN LARGELY DEPENDENT ON US SHIPMENTS OF STEEL, SCRAP IRON, OIL & AVIATION GASOLINE 10. US BANNED EXPORTS OF SCRAP IRON & STEEL TO JAPAN IN SEPT US FROZE ALL JAPANESE ASSETS IN US IN JULY 1941 IN REACTION AGAINST JAPAN'S OCCUPATION OF FRENCH INDO-CHINA 12. IN NEGOTIATIONS IN WASH IN NOV-DEC 1941 US INSISTED JAPAN CALL OFF HER 4 YR WAR W/CHINA B. PEARL HARBOR 1. DEC 7, 1941, DAY OF INFAMY 2. JAPANESE SURPRISE ATTACK ON US FLEET & AIRFIELDS AT PEARL HARBOR HAWAII 3. DEC 8, 1941 US CONGRESS W/1 DISSENTING VOTE DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN 4. DEC 11, 1941 GER & ITALY, ALLIES OF JAPAN DECLARE WAR ON US 5. ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR SANK OR DISABLED 19 US WARSHIPS, INCLUDING 8 BATTLESHIPS & KILLED 2343 AMERICAN SAILORS & SOLDIERS a. CRIPPLING ANY IMMEDIATE AMERICAN COUNTEROFFENSIVE b. WOULD TAKE US A YR BEFORE COULD REBUILD THEIR FLEET & GAIN MOMENTUM 6. WESTERN COASTLINE GOT DEFENSE SYSTEM 7. INCLUDINGINTERNMENT CAMPS OF JAPANESE a. LIVING ON WEST COAST FORCED TO ENTER THEM C. BELLIGERENTS NOW IN WAR 1. AXIS a. GERMANY b. ITALY c. JAPAN d. HUNGARY, RUMANIA, BULGARIA, FINLAND 2. ALLIES a. UNITED KINGDOM & BRITISH COMMONWEALTH (AUSTRALIA, CANADA, INDIA) b. SOVIET UNION, US, FRANCE, BELGIUM, NETHERLANDS, DENMARK, NORWAY, GREECE, YUGOSLAVIA, POLAND, CHINA & 29 OTHER COUNTRIES

10 10 D. JAPANESE BLITZKRIEG 1. WEEK BY WEEK JAPAN SUCCESSFULLY CAPTURED ISLANDS & ALLY HOLDINGS IN PACIFIC a. GUAM DEC 13 b. WAKE ISLAND DEC 20-1 WK LATER c. HONG KONG DEC 25 - LESS THAN WEEK 2. FALL OF GREAT BRITAIN'S SINGAPORE 3. CONQUEST OF PHILIPPINES CONQUEST OF NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES JAN-MAR CONQUEST OF BURMA BY MAY & WERE THREATENING INDIA 7. LATER BOMBED ALASKA & SHELLED OREGON COAST OF US V. DEFEAT OF AXIS POWERS A. RUSSIAN COUNTER-OFFENSIVES 1. RUSSIAN SUMMER CAMPAIGN & WINTER OFFENSIVE OF a. RUSSIANS NOW HAD COMPLETE SUPERIORITY (1) MEN, PLANES & TANKS b. RUSSIANS PUSHED GERMANS OUT OF RUSSIA c. BY AUG 1944 REACHED BORDERS OF EAST PRUSSIA d. KNOCKED RUMANIA OUT OF WAR AUG 1944 e. KNOCKED BULGARIA & FINLAND OUT OF WAR IN SEPT RUSSIANS CONTINUED ON OFFENSIVE W/FINAL DRIVES INTO GERMANY IN JAN BY FEB WERE COMPLETELY VICTORIOUS IN BALKANS & IN BALTIC REGIONS B. COLLAPSE OF ITALY AMERICAN LED FORCES INVADED SICILY JULY SICILY & S. ITALY CONQUERED 3. NORTHERN ITALY RESISTED W/AID GERMANY UNTIL FINAL COLLAPSE OF GERMANY 4. MUSSOLINI EXECUTED APRIL 1945 C. OPERATION OVERLORD = D-DAY 1. GEN DWIGHT EISENHOWER a. SUPREME COMMANDER OF ALLIED EXPEDITIONARY FORCE IN WESTERN EUROPE JAN D-DAY - JUN 6, 1944 a. INVASION OF NORMANDY IN FRANCE 3. LARGEST AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION IN HISTORY a. HALF A MILLION MEN LANDED ON BEACHES OF NORMANDY b INVASION CRAFT c. 600 WARSHIPS d. 11,000 PLANES 4. BROKE GERMAN DEFENSES & LIBERATED PARIS BY END AUGUST & 5. BRUSSELS AT BEGINNING OF SEPT. 6. W/IN WEEK GERMANS SENT SMALL PILOTLESS PLANES LOADED W/EXPLOSIVES TO STRIKE LONDON a. V-1 FOR VERGELTUNGSWAFFEN OR REVENGE WEAPON b KILLED 7. WITHIN SEVERAL MONTHS A MORE POWERFUL ROCKET LAUNCHED AT LONDON AS WELL 8. V-2 ROCKET a. 1ST LONG-RANGE GUIDED MISSILE

11 11 b. VELOCITY 3500 MPH 9. V-2 ROCKETS BOMBED LONDON FOR 7 MORE MONTHS 10. THIS "NEW BLITZ" KILLED SOME 2800 LONDONERS D. FINAL DEFEAT OF GERMANY 1. BATTLE OF BULGE - DEC a. HITLER'S LAST MAJOR OFFENSIVE b. SURPRISE ATTACK BY GERMANS c. GERMANS ADVANCED 50 MILES d. ALMOST SUCCEEDED BUT STOPPED BY FIERCE AMERICAN RESISTANCE 2. 4 MORE MONTHS WAS ALL IT WAS TO TAKE TO END WAR W/GERMANY 3. RUSSIANS FROM EAST & US & BRITISH FROM WEST 4. RUSSIA ARRIVES BERLIN 1ST 5. HITLER COMMITS SUICIDE ON APRIL GERMAN ARMY SURRENDERS ON MAY 7 7. V-E-DAY ON MAY 8, 1945 a. OFFICIALLY PROCLAIMED BY PRESIDENT TRUMAN & PRIME MINISTER CHURCHILL E. DEFEAT OF JAPAN 1. GEN DOUGLAS MACARTHUR MADE SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER SW PACIFIC MAR BATTLES OF CORAL SEA & MIDWAY 3. LIKE BATTLES OF BRITAIN & STALINGRAD, MAJOR TURNING POINTS IN WAR 4. THESE BATTLES KEPT JAPAN FROM CAPTURING AUSTRALIA & THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 5. IF JAPAN HAD BEEN SUCCESSFUL WOULD HAVE DEPRIVED U.S. OF BASES TO LAUNCH COUNTER-ATTACKS 6. SERIES OF BATTLES FROM 1942 THAT TOOK BACK AREA FROM JAPAN 7. NOT EVEN THE KAMIKAZE - a. THE SUICIDE PILOTS b. WHO CALLED THEMSELVES MEN OF THE DIVINE WIND c. COULD HALT APPROACH OF AMERICAN NAVAL FORCES 8. TRUMAN DECIDED TO USE BOMB AS WAY TO SHORTEN WAR 9. SECRETARY OF WAR HENRY STIMSON WROTE ABOUT WHY BOMB USED 10. SAID JAPAN STILL HAD 5 MILLION ARMY & 5000 KAMIKAZE PILOTS LEFT 11. WE HAD 5 MILLION MEN TOO & ESTIMATED THAT WOULD WAR WOULD LAST UNTIL END OF & COST AT LEAST 1 MILLION U.S. LIVES 13. & MORE OF OUR ALLIES 14. BUT ALSO TO BE A PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPON AS 15. WE HAD ALREADY LAUNCHED FIRST GREAT INCENDIARY RAID ON TOKYO AREA 16. & MORE DAMAGE & CASUALTIES INFLICTED THAN W/HIROSHIMA 17. BUILT BY TEAM OF SCIENTISTS AT LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO a. $3 BILLION HAD BEEN SPENT ON PROJECT 18. ATOMIC BOMB ON HIROSHIMA AUG 6 a. HIROSHIMA MILITARY CENTER & HEADQUARTERS OF JAPANESE ARMY DEFENDING S. JAPAN b. PLANE - ENOLA GAY (1) BY SPREADING OF BOMB DOORS 43 SECONDS LATER HIROSHIMA GONE c. OVER 60% OF CITY COMPLETELY OBLITERATED d. AT LEAST 70,000 CIVILIANS OUT OF 200,000 RESIDENTS KILLED OUTRIGHT e. 100,000 INJURED -

12 12 f. 40, ,000 DIED WITHIN WEEKS OF RADIATION POISONING 19. NAGASAKI AUG 9, 1945 a. GREAT INDUSTRIAL CENTER AS WELL AS MAJOR NAVAL SEAPORT b. RESULTS ALMOST AS APPALLING 20. PILOT OF ENOLA GAY COULD NOT HANDLE WHAT HAD OCCURRED & EVENTUALLY COMMITTED SUICIDE 21. SOVIET UNION DECLARED WAR ON JAPAN & BEGAN INVASION OF MANCHURIA AUGUST 8, & JAPANESE EMPEROR HIROHITO FORCED JAPAN TO SURRENDER a. LAST YEAR DIED & STATE FUNERAL OF GRANDEUR b. FJ-DAY OFFICIALLY PROCLAIMED ON AUG 15, AFTER JAPANESE ACCEPTANCE OF TERMS OF SURRENDER W/RIGHT TO KEEP EMPEROR VI. ROLE OF WOMEN IN WORLD WAR II A. GENERAL REMARKS 1. WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN WAR EFFORT GREATER WWII THAN WWI 2. NOT ONLY WORKING IN FACTORIES & CIVIL DEFENSE 3. BUT WOMEN IN RUSSIA REPLACED VIRTUALLY ALL MEN IN AGRICULTURE a. & BY END OF WAR COMPRISED MAJORITY OF ALL INDUSTRIAL WORKERS 4. GREAT BRITAIN & SOVIET UNION ACTUALLY DRAFTED WOMEN 5. WHILE GERMANY & ITALY DID NOT 6. & SOME HISTORIANS CLAIM THAT ALLIES ULTIMATE VICTORY MAY BE DUE IN PART TO THEIR USE OF WOMENPOWER B. GREAT BRITAIN 1. GOVT REGISTERED ALL WOMEN BETWEEN FROM 1941 DRAFTED SINGLE WOMEN BETWEEN a. GIVING THEM CHOICE OF WAR WORK OR MILITARY SERVICE 3. BY % OF SINGLE WOMEN BETWEEN WORKED IN INDUSTRY OR ARMED FORCES 4. AS DID 80% OF MARRIED WOMEN OF SAME AGE 5. MORE OFTEN THAN NOT A WOMAN WHO LOCATED APPROACHING GERMAN BOMBERS 6. & DIRECTED ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS ONTO THEM WERE WOMEN 7. BUT WOMEN NOT ALLOWED TO PULL THE TRIGGER OF THE GUNS C. IN RUSSIA 1. RUSSIAN WOMEN ACTUALLY SERVED IN COMBAT 2. THOUSANDS OF RUSSIAN WOMEN SERVED IN ARTILLERY & TANK UNITS & AIR FORCE a. 1 BOMBER REGIMENT COMPOSED ENTIRELY OF WOMEN PILOTS 3. 1 OF MOST FAMOUS AIRWOMEN WAS LILY LITVAK a. BECAME CHIEF SOVIET FEMALE ACE b. BARELY OVER 5' TALL c. SHE SHOT DOWN 12 GERMAN PLANES & d. BECAME KNOW AS "WHITE ROSE OF STALINGRAD" e. HER LAST LETTER TO HER MOTHER BEFORE SHE WAS KILLED, SPOKE OF HOW THE WAR HAD CONSUMED HER: (1) BATTLE HAS SWALLOWED ME COMPLETELY. I CAN'T SEEM TO THINK OF ANYTHING BUT THE FIGHTING...I LOVE MY COUNTRY AND YOU, MY DEAREST MOTHER, MORE THAN ANYTHING. I'M BURNING TO CHASE THE GERMANS FROM OUR COUNTRY SO THAT WE CAN LIVE A HAPPY NORMAL LIFE TOGETHER AGAIN."

13 13 4. DURING FIGHT FOR STALINGRAD WOMEN FOUGHT ALONGSIDE MEN IN CERTAIN AREAS 5. OVER 100,000 SOVIET WOMEN WON MILITARY HONORS WON COVETED RANK OF a. A "HERO OF THE SOVIET UNION" (1) RUSSIA'S HIGHEST AWARD D. WOMEN IN RESISTANCE MOVEMENT 1. SOME OF GREATEST NAMES IN VARIOUS RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS IN OCCUPIED COUNTRIES WERE WOMEN 2. IN FRANCE 1 OF MOST ACTIVE WAS MARIE MADELEINE FOURCADE 3. WAS 30 YRS OLD WHEN ASKED TO ORGANIZE UNDERGROUND SIDE OF AN INTELLIGENCE NETWORK IN FRANCE 1940 a. I'M ONLY A WOMEN WHO WILL OBEY AND FOLLOW ME? b. THAT'S A GOOD REASON TO USE YOU HE REPLIED c. WHO WOULD SUSPECT A WOMAN? 4. SHE FOUND HER SEX ENABLED HER TO ESCAPE SUSPICION IN A WORLD STILL CONSIDERED WOMEN PASSIVE & SUBORDINATE 5. FOR 4 YRS SHE ORGANIZED & DIRECTED 1 OF THE LARGEST & MOST SUCCESSFUL RESISTANCE ORGANIZATIONS IN WESTERN EUROPE a. PASSING INVALUABLE INFORMATION b. AS WELL AS HUNDREDS OF BRITISH & AMERICAN PILOTS DOWNED IN FRANCE ACROSS TO ENGLAND 6. & BECAME KNOWN AS "HEDGEHOG" 7. WHEN CAPTURED BY GERMANS SHE ESCAPED & USED HER SEX, DISGUISED AS AN OLD PEASANT WOMEN GLEANING IN THE FIELDS VII. DEATH & DESTRUCTION - CASUALTIES FROM WORLD WAR I A. HOLOCAUST 1. HITLER HAD SPECIAL PLANS FOR JEWS 2. HE MEANT TO MAKE ALL OF EUROPE FREE OF JEWS 3. FOR TIME HE THOUGHT OF SENDING THEM TO ISLAND OF MADAGASCAR OFF COAST OF AFRICA BUT 4. LATER ARRIVE AT FINAL SOLUTION = EXTERMINATION 5. GOEBBELS NOTED IN HIS DIARY IN 1945 a. ITS NECESSARY TO EXTERMINATE THESE JEWS LIKE RATS, ONCE AND FOR ALL 6. EXTERMINATION CAMPS SET UP IN GER & POLAND a. BELSEN, BUCHENWALD, DACHAU, AUSCHWITZ, ETC. b. EVEN MOBILE KILLING OPERATIONS THAT MOVED W/THE ARMIES 7. FINAL SOLUTION BEGAN ONLY DENMARK'S JEWS ESCAPED NAZIS a. DANES HELPED 8000 FELLOW JEWS ESCAPE RIGHT BEFORE NAZIS ENTERED DENMARK b. DANES HID JEWS IN COUNTRYSIDE UNTIL GREAT VOLUNTARY FLEET OF FISHING, SAILING & ROW BOATS c. EVACUATED JEWS TO SWEDEN 9. IN GERMANY & POLAND VICTIMS TAKEN BY FORCE OR DECEPTION TO SHOWER ROOMS WHICH ACTUALLY WERE GAS CHAMBERS 10. THAT HAD BEEN PERFECTED IN EXECUTION OF 70,000 MENTALLY ILL GERMANS BETWEEN FOR MINUTES CAME TERRIBLE SCREAMS, & GASPING SOBS OF PEOPLE CHOKING TO DEATH ON POISON GAS

14 GOLD FILLED TEETH PULLED FROM THEIR JAWS & HAIR CUT OFF FOR USE IN CHAIR STUFFINGS & FELT SLIPPERS 13. BODIES CREMATED OR SOMETIMES BOILED FOR OIL TO MAKE SOAP 14. WHILE BONES CRUSHED TO PRODUCE FERTILIZERS 15. MORE THAN 3 MILLION PUT TO DEATH AT AUSCHWITZ ALONE a. MORE THAN 2000 PEOPLE AT TIME COULD BE GASSED IN 20 MINUTES 16. MILLIONS MORE DIED FROM STARVATION ON DIETS AVERAGING CALORIES A DAY 17. TORTURE, MEDICAL EXPERIMENTATION ALL CLAIMED LARGE TOLL TOO 18. FEW OF THE MORE THAN 3 MILLION POLISH JEWS SURVIVED THE WAR 19. SIMILAR DEVASTATION OCCURRED AMONG RUMANIAN JEWRY 20. BEFORE WAR OVER 6 M JEWS DIED IN WHAT HAS BECOME KNOWN AS THE HOLOCAUST 21. ABOUT 1 MILLION REMAINED ALIVE, MOSTLY IN HORRIBLE CONDITION 22. HITLER HAD ELIMINATED OVER 1/3 OF THE WORLD'S JEWISH POPULATION 23. & 2/3 OF EUROPE'S JEWS B. SLAUGHTER OF OTHERS 1. HEINRICH HIMMLER, HEAD OF HITLER'S SS HAD PLANNED ELIMINATION OF 30 MILLION SLAVS TO MAKE ROOM FOR GERMANS 2. BUT MANAGED TO ONLY KILL 6 MILLION BY WAR END a. INCLUDING GYPSIES, & HOMOSEXUALS b. & POLISH INTELLECTUALS & PRIESTS 3. PEOPLE WERE FORCED TO DIG GIANT PITS 4. WHICH BECAME MASS GRAVES AS VICTIMS LINED UP ON EDGE & MOWED DOWN BY MACHINE GUNS C. SUMMARY OF HUMAN COSTS OF WAR 1. CASUALTIES a. TOTAL MILITARY & CIVILIAN DEAD = 50 MILLION b. WWI - 1/20 OR 5% OF CASUALTIES CIVILIAN c. WWII -1/2 TO 2/3 OF CASUALTIES CIVILIAN 2. COUNTRY W/GREATEST LOSSES RUSSIA a. LATEST FIGURES 26 MILLION KILLED b. 1/3 SOLDIERS & 2/3 CIVILIANS c. SO MANY RUSSIANS HAD BEEN TRANSPORTED TO GERMANY AS SLAVE LABOR d. FOUR OUT OF FIVE DID NOT SURVIVE WAR 3. POLAND LOST 22% OF HER POPULATION a. 300,000 SOLDIERS b. 5-8 MILLION CIVILIANS 4. WHEN STALIN'S ARMIES CONQUERED POLAND AND ENTERED GERMANY THEY RAPED, PILLAGED & DEPORTED MILLIONS TO THE EAST 5. GERMANY LOST 6 MILLION IN THE MILITARY a. 600,000 OF THEM CIVILIANS 6. GREAT BRITAIN a. 300,000 MILITARY b. 100,000 CIVILIANS 7. JAPAN 2 MILLION MILITARY 8. SS KILLED 14 MILLION a. 6 M JEWS 9. DIRECT & INDIRECT MONETARY COSTS OF WAR a. 4 TRILLION DOLLARS

15 VIII. OTHER CONCLUDING REMARKS A. POLITICAL COSTS OF WAR 1. WAR ENDED EUROPE'S HEGEMONY THAT HAD ENDURED SINCE MIDDLE AGES 2. EUROPE WAS DIVIDED & IN RUINS 3. FROM THE CARNAGE & DESTRUCTION ONLY 2 MAJOR POWERS EMERGED a. US AND SOVIET UNION 4. WHO WOULD SOON BE PITTED AGAINST EACH OTHER IN A COLD WAR STRUGGLE 5. WHICH HUMANITY FEARED WOULD RESULT IN YET A THIRD WORLD WAR. B. OTHER LEGACIES FROM WORLD WAR II 1. BALL-POINT PEN a. DEVELOPED WHEN FOUNTAIN PENS PROVED IMPRACTICAL FOR USE DURING HIGH-ALTITUDE FLYING 2. INVENTIONS OF a. JET ENGINE, MICROWAVE OVEN, TAPE RECORDER, SULFA DRUGS & RADAR 3. POLISH CHILDREN TODAY PLAY "NAZIS & THE RESISTANCE" THE WAY AMERICANS PLAY COWBOY & INDIANS 15