Integration of Distributed Generation in the Power System. IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering

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1 Brochure More information from Integration of Distributed Generation in the Power System. IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering Description: A forward thinking power system viewpoint on the increased integration of distributed generation into the grid Alternative, renewable sources of energy are often referred to as "distributed generation" (DG). The electric power system plays an essential role in transporting and allowing the use of this energy, and much controversy surrounds the question of the true hosting capacity of the grid when it comes to DG. This book introduces systematic and transparent methods for quantifying the effect of DG on the power system, either at a specific grid location or in the grid as a whole. It shows how to calculate and increase the hosting capacity for different types of networks and various types of DG, with emphasis on wind power, solar power, and combined heat and power. This book is the first to explain the background of the "hosting capacity approach" using the existing power system as a starting point and considering how DG changes the performance of the system when no additional measures are taken and to provide numerous examples. The heart of the book outlines the problems surrounding the integration of DG in detail: increased risk of overload and increased losses; increased risk of overvoltages; increased levels of power quality disturbances; incorrect operation of the protection; and the impact on power system stability and operation. Specific solutions are discussed, ranging from building more lines and using power electronics control to smart grids and microgrids. Theoretical models and research results are also presented. This is also the first book to go into detail on both the "shallow" and "deep" impact of DG; it describes the impact of small generation on the distribution system and on the operation of the transmission system. Emphasizing that the introduction of DG should not result in unacceptable performance of the power grid, the authors discuss several improvements that could be made in the network, on either the production or consumption side, to enable this. Integration of Distributed Generation in the Power System is an important resource for engineers and researchers working on power systems and the connection/integration of DG to the power system; equipment manufacturers; wind power developers; government regulators; and undergraduate and postgraduate students in the power engineering and energy fields. Contents: PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 SOURCES OF ENERGY Wind Power Status Properties Variations in Wind Speed Variations in Production Capacity The Weibull Distribution of Wind Speed Power Distribution as a Function of the Wind Speed 22

2 2.1.7 Distribution of the Power Production Expected Energy Production Solar Power Status Properties Space Requirements Photovoltaics Location of the Sun in the Sky Cloud Coverage Seasonal Variations in Production Capacity Fast Variations with Time Combined Heat and Power Status Options for Space Heating Properties Variation in Production with Time Correlation Between CHP and Consumption Hydropower Properties of Large Hydro Properties of Small Hydro Variation with Time Tidal Power Wave Power Geothermal Power Thermal Power Plants Interface with the Grid Direct Machine Coupling with the Grid Full Power Electronics Coupling with the Grid Partial Power Electronics Coupling to the Grid Distributed Power Electronics Interface Impact of the Type of Interface on the Power System 80

3 2.9.6 Local Control of Distributed Generation 81 CHAPTER 3 POWER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE Impact of Distributed Generation on the Power System Changes Taking Place Impact of the Changes How Severe Is This? Aims of the Power System Hosting Capacity Approach Power Quality Voltage Quality Current Quality Multiple Generator Tripping Voltage Quality and Design of Distributed Generation Normal Operation; Variations Normal Events Abnormal Events Hosting Capacity Approach for Events Increasing the Hosting Capacity 100 CHAPTER 4 OVERLOADING AND LOSSES Impact of Distributed Generation Overloading: Radial Distribution Networks Active Power Flow Only Active and Reactive Power Flow Case Study 1: Constant Production Case Study 2: Wind Power Case Study 3: Wind Power with Induction Generators Case Study 4: Solar Power with a Hotel Minimum Consumption Overloading: Redundancy and Meshed Operation Redundancy in Distribution Networks Meshed Operation Redundancy in Meshed Networks 119

4 4.4 Losses Case Study 1: Constant Production Case Study 2: Wind Power Increasing the Hosting Capacity Increasing the Loadability Building New Connections Intertrip Schemes Advanced Protection Schemes Energy Management Systems Power Electronics Approach Demand Control Risk Based Approaches Prioritizing Renewable Energy Dynamic Loadability 139 CHAPTER 5 VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE VARIATIONS Impact of Distributed Generation Voltage Margin and Hosting Capacity Voltage Control in Distribution Systems Voltage Rise Owing to Distributed Generation Hosting Capacity Induction Generators Measurements to Determine the Hosting Capacity Estimating the Hosting Capacity Without Measurements Choosing the Overvoltage Limit Sharing the Hosting Capacity Design of Distribution Feeders Basic Design Rules Terminology An Individual Generator Along a Medium Voltage Feeder Low Voltage Feeders Series and Shunt Compensation 166

5 5.4 A Numerical Approach to Voltage Variations Example for Two stage Boosting General Expressions for Two Stage Boosting Single Stage Boosting Microgeneration Tap Changers with Line Drop Compensation Transformer with One Single Feeder Adding a Generator Calculating the Hosting Capacity Multiple Feeders from the Same Transformer Probabilistic Methods for Design of Distribution Feeders Need for Probabilistic Methods The System Studied Probability Density and Distribution Functions Distributions of Functions of Random Variables Mean and Standard Deviation Normal Distributions Stochastic Calculations Using Measurements Generation with Constant Production Adding Wind Power Statistical Approach to Hosting Capacity Increasing the Hosting Capacity New or Stronger Feeders Alternative Methods for Voltage Control Accurate Measurement of the Voltage Magnitude Variations Allowing Higher Overvoltages Risk Based Approach to Overvoltages Overvoltage Protection Overvoltage Curtailment Dynamic Voltage Control Compensating the Generator s Voltage Variations Distributed Generation with Voltage Control 211

6 Coordinated Voltage Control Increasing the Minimum Load 221 CHAPTER 6 POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES Impact of Distributed Generation Fast Voltage Fluctuations Fast Fluctuations in Wind Power Fast Fluctuations in Solar Power Rapid Voltage Changes Very Short Variations Spread of Voltage Fluctuations Voltage Unbalance Weaker Transmission System Stronger Distribution System Large Single Phase Generators Many Single Phase Generators Low Frequency Harmonics Wind Power: Induction Generators Generators with Power Electronics Interfaces Synchronous Generators Measurement Example Harmonic Resonances Weaker Transmission Grid Stronger Distribution Grid High Frequency Distortion Emission by Individual Generators Grouping Below and Above 2 khz Limits Below and Above 2 khz Voltage Dips Synchronous Machines: Balanced Dips Synchronous Machines: Unbalanced Dips Induction Generators and Unbalanced Dips 287

7 6.7 Increasing the Hosting Capacity Strengthening the Grid Emission Limits for Generator Units Emission Limits for Other Customers Higher Disturbance Levels Passive Harmonic Filters Power Electronics Converters Reducing the Number of Dips Broadband and High Frequency Distortion 298 CHAPTER 7 PROTECTION Impact of Distributed Generation Overcurrent Protection Upstream and Downstream Faults Hosting Capacity Fuse Recloser Coordination Inverse Time Overcurrent Protection Calculating the Fault Currents Upstream Faults Downstream Faults Induction Generators, Power Electronics, and Motor Load Calculating the Hosting Capacity Busbar Protection Excessive Fault Current Generator Protection General Requirements Insufficient Fault Current Noncontrolled Island Operation Islanding Detection Harmonic Resonance During Island Operation Protection Coordination Increasing the Hosting Capacity Dedicated Feeder 359

8 7.8.2 Increased Generator Impedance Generator Tripping Time Current Setting Adding an Additional Circuit Breaker Directional Protection Differential or Distance Protection Advanced Protection Schemes Islanding Protection 365 CHAPTER 8 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OPERATION Impact of Distributed Generation Fundamentals of Transmission System Operation Operational Reserve and (N 1) Criterion Different Types of Reserve Automatic or Manual Secondary Control Frequency Control, Balancing, and Reserves The Need for Reserves Primary Control and Reserves Secondary Control and Reserves Tertiary Control and Reserves Impact of Decay in Production on Reserves Prediction of Production and Consumption Restoration after a Blackout Voltage Stability Short Term Voltage Stability Long Term Voltage Stability Kinetic Energy and Inertia Constant Frequency Stability Angular Stability One Area Against the Infinite Grid Impact of Distributed Generation: Before the Fault Impact of Distributed Generation: During the Fault 430

9 8.9.4 Impact of Distributed Generation: Critical Fault Clearing Time Impact of Distributed Generation: After the Fault Impact of Distributed Generation: Importing Area Fault Ride Through Background Historical Cases Immunity Requirements Achieving Fault Ride Through Storage HVDC and Facts Increasing the Hosting Capacity Alternative Scheduling of Reserves Increasing the Transfer Capacity Large Scale Energy Storage Distributed Generation as Reserve Consumption as Reserve Requirements on Distributed Generation Reactive Power Control Probabilistic Methods Development of Standard Models for Distributed Generation 464 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS 465 BIBLIOGRAPHY 471 INDEX 497 Ordering: Order Online - Order by Fax - using the form below Order by Post - print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland.

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