City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Recirculated Draft EIR

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1 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center 3.9 This section describes the existing noise setting and potential effects from project implementation on the project site and its surrounding area. Descriptions and analysis in this section are based on information provided by the March 2015 Impact Analysis (NIA) prepared by Urban Crossroads, Inc. The NIA is included in this as Appendix H. As part of the, a revised Traffic Impact Analysis was also prepared (Appendix I), which takes into account an additional 19 cumulative projects that were not previously analyzed. The results of the updated Opening Year Cumulative (2016) and Horizon Year (2035) traffic conditions indicated that the inclusion of the additional 19 cumulative projects would not result in any new traffic impacts beyond what was previously disclosed; therefore, the roadway noise assumptions in this analysis remain unchanged Existing Conditions Fundamentals can be simply defined as unwanted sound. Sound becomes unwanted when it interferes with normal activities, when it causes actual physical harm or when it has adverse effects on health. is measured on a logarithmic scale of sound pressure level known as a decibel (db). A weighted decibels (dba) approximate the subjective response of the human ear to broad frequency noise source by discriminating against very low and very high frequencies of the audible spectrum. They are adjusted to reflect only those frequencies, which are audible to the human ear. Exhibit presents a summary of the typical noise levels and their subjective loudness and effects that are described in more detail below. Range of Since the range of intensities that the human ear can detect is so large, the scale frequently used to measure intensity is a scale based on multiples of 10, the logarithmic scale. The scale for measuring intensity is the decibel scale. Each interval of 10 decibels indicates a sound energy ten times greater than before, which is perceived by the human ear as being roughly twice as loud. The most common sounds vary between 40 dba (very quiet) to 100 dba (very loud). Normal conversation at three feet is roughly at 60 dba, while loud jet engine noises equate to 110 dba at approximately 100 feet, which can cause serious discomfort. Descriptors Environmental noise descriptors are generally based on averages, rather than instantaneous, noise levels. The most commonly used figure is the equivalent level (L eq ). Equivalent sound levels are not measured directly but are calculated from sound pressure levels typically measured in A weighted decibels (dba). The equivalent sound level (L eq ) represents a steady state sound level containing the same total energy as a time varying signal over a given sample period. In addition, the hourly L eq is the noise metric used to collect short term noise level measurement samples and to estimate the 24 hour Community Equivalent Levels (CNEL). FirstCarbon Solutions 3.9 1

2 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center The CNEL is the weighted average of the intensity of a sound, with corrections for time of day, and averaged over 24 hours. The time of day corrections require the addition of 5 decibels to dba L eq sound levels in the evening from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m., and the addition of 10 decibels to dba L eq sound levels at night between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m. These additions are made to account for the noise sensitive time periods during the evening and night hours when sound appears louder. CNEL does not represent the actual sound level heard at any particular time, but rather represents the total sound exposure. Traffic Prediction According to the Highway Traffic Analysis and Abatement Policy and Guidance, provided by the Federal Highway Administration, the level of traffic noise depends on three primary factors: (1) the volume of the traffic, (2) the speed of the traffic, and (3) the vehicle mix within the flow of traffic. Generally, the loudness of traffic noise is increased by heavier traffic volumes, higher speeds, and a greater number of trucks. A doubling of the traffic volume, assuming that the speed and vehicle mix do not change, results in a noise level increase of 3 dba. The vehicle mix on a given roadway may also have an effect on community noise levels. As the number of medium and heavy trucks increases and becomes a larger percentage of the vehicle mix, adjacent noise level impacts will increase. Vehicle noise is a combination of the noise produced by the engine, exhaust, and tires on the roadway. Control control is the process of obtaining an acceptable noise environment for a particular observation point or receptor by controlling the noise source, transmission path, receptor, or all three. This concept is known as the source path receptor concept. In general, noise control measures can be applied to any and all of these three elements. Ground Absorption To account for the ground effect attenuation (absorption), two types of site conditions are commonly used in traffic noise models, soft site, and hard site conditions. Soft site conditions account for the sound propagation loss over natural surfaces such as normal earth and ground vegetation. A drop off rate of 4.5 dba per doubling of distance is typically observed over soft ground with landscaping, as compared with a 3.0 dba drop off rate over hard ground such as asphalt, concrete, stone and very hard packed earth. Based on our experience, soft site conditions better reflect the predicted noise levels. In addition, Caltrans research has shown that the use of soft site conditions is more appropriate for the application of the FHWA traffic noise prediction model used in this analysis. Barrier Attenuation Effective noise barriers can reduce noise levels by 10 to 15 dba, cutting the loudness of traffic noise in half. A noise barrier is most effective when placed close to the noise source or receptor. barriers, however, do have limitations. For a noise barrier to work, it must be high enough and long enough to block the view of the noise source. Community Response to Approximately 10 percent of the population has a very low tolerance for noise and will object to any noise not of their making. Consequently, even in the quietest environment, some complaints will occur FirstCarbon Solutions

3 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Another 25 percent of the population will not complain even in very severe noise environments. Thus, a variety of reactions can be expected from people exposed to any given noise environment. Despite this variability in behavior on an individual level, the population as a whole can be expected to exhibit the following responses to changes in noise levels. An increase or decrease of 1.0 dba cannot be perceived except in carefully controlled laboratory experiments. A 3.0 dba increase may be perceptible outside of the laboratory. An increase of 5.0 dba is often necessary before any noticeable change in community response (i.e., complaints) would be expected. Community responses to noise may range from registering a complaint by telephone or letter, to initiating court action, depending upon each individual s susceptibility to noise and personal attitudes about noise. Several factors are related to the level of community annoyance including: Fear associated with noise producing activities Socio economic status and educational level of the receptor receptor s perception that they are being unfairly treated Attitudes regarding the usefulness of the noise producing activity Receptor s belief that the noise source can be controlled Recent studies have shown that changes in long term noise levels are noticeable, and are responded to by people. For example, about 10 percent of people exposed to traffic noise of 60 dba will report being highly annoyed with the noise, and each increase of one dba is associated with approximately two percent more people being highly annoyed. When traffic noise exceeds 60 dba or aircraft noise exceeds 55 dba, people begin complaining. Group or legal actions to stop the noise should be expected to begin at traffic noise levels near 70 dba and aircraft noise levels near 60 dba. Land Use Compatibility With Some land uses are more tolerant of noise than others. For example, schools, hospitals, churches, and residences are more sensitive to noise intrusion than are commercial or industrial activities. As ambient noise levels affect the perceived amenity or livability of a development, so too can the mismanagement of noise impacts impair the economic health and growth potential of a community by reducing the area s desirability as a place to live, shop, and work. For this reason, land use compatibility with the noise environment is an important consideration in the planning and design process. Existing Levels To assess the existing noise level environment, eight long term 24 hour measurements were taken at noise sensitive receiver locations in the project study area. The noise receiver locations were selected to describe and document the existing noise environment within the project area. The noise level measurements were collected by Urban Crossroads, Inc. on Monday March 25 th, 2013, Thursday, May 29 th, 2014, and Tuesday, September 16 th, Exhibit provides the boundary of the project site and the noise level measurement locations. FirstCarbon Solutions 3.9 3

4 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Measurement Procedure and Criteria To describe the existing noise environment, the hourly noise levels were measured during typical weekday conditions over a 24 hour period. By collecting individual hourly noise level measurements, it is possible to describe the daytime and nighttime hourly noise levels and calculate the 24 hour CNEL. The March 25, 2013 long term 24 hour noise readings were recorded using five Quest DL Pro data logging Type 2 noise dosimeters. The Quest DL noise dosimeters were calibrated using a Quest QC 10 calibrator. All noise meters were programmed in fast mode to record noise levels in A weighted form. The May 29, 2014 and September 16, 2014 long term noise readings were recorded using Piccolo Type 2 integrating sound level meter and dataloggers. The Piccolo sound level meters were calibrated using a Larson Davis calibrator, Model CAL 150. All noise meters were programmed in slow mode to record noise levels in A weighted form. The sound level meters and microphone were equipped with a windscreen during all measurements. All noise level measurement equipment meets American National Standards Institute (ANSI) specifications for sound level meters (Standard S /S1.4a 1985). Measurement Locations To describe the existing noise environment, it is not necessary to collect measurements at each individual building or residence, because each receiver measurement represents a group of buildings that share acoustical equivalence. In other words, the area represented by the receiver shares similar shielding, terrain, and geometric relationship to the reference noise source. Receivers represent a location of noise sensitive areas and are used to estimate the future noise level impacts. Collecting reference ambient noise level measurements at the nearby sensitive receiver locations allows for a comparison of the before and after project noise levels and is necessary to assess the potential cumulative noise impacts. Measurement Results To describe the existing ambient noise environment, the noise measurements presented below focus on the average or equivalent sound levels (L eq ). The equivalent sound level (L eq ) represents a steady state sounds level containing the same total energy as a time varying signal over a given sample period. Table identifies the average hourly daytime (7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) and nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) noise levels at each noise level measurement location. Appendix H provides a summary of the existing hourly ambient noise level observed during the daytime and nighttime period. The background ambient noise levels in the project area are dominated by the transportation related noise associated with the arterial roadway network. This includes the auto and heavy truck activities near the noise level measurement locations. Secondary background ambient noise is also included in the noise level measurements. However, these impacts are generally overshadowed by the nearby vehicular traffic noise levels FirstCarbon Solutions

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9 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table 3.9 1: Long Term (Ambient) Level Measurements Observer Location 1 Date Distance from Project Site (feet) L1 3/25/2013 1,823 L2 5/29/2014 1,224 L3 9/16/ L4 9/16/ L5 9/16/ L6 9/16/ L7 5/29/ L8 9/16/ Description Northwest of the project site along Sierra Ave. near existing residential homes, south of Summit Ave. Northwest of the project site along Sierra Ave. near existing residential homes North of the project site along Sierra Ave., east of existing residential homes. West of the project site across Sierra Ave., and south of Clubhouse Dr. near existing residential homes. West of the project site across Sierra Ave. near existing residential homes. East of Sierra Ave. along the western project site boundary. West of the southern project site boundary across Sierra Ave. at existing residential homes. Southwest of the project site across Sierra Ave. near existing residential homes. Hourly Level (L eq dba) 2 Daytime (7am to 10pm) Nighttime (10pm to 7am) CNEL Notes: 1 See Exhibit for the location of the noise level measurement locations. 2 Energy (logarithmic) average hourly levels. The long term measurements printouts are included in Appendix H. Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, Vibration Fundamentals Groundborne vibrations consist of rapidly fluctuating motions within the ground that have an average motion of zero. The effects of groundborne vibrations typically only cause a nuisance to people, but at extreme vibration levels, damage to buildings may occur. Although groundborne vibration can be felt outdoors, it is typically only an annoyance to people indoors where the associated effects of the shaking of a building can be notable. Groundborne noise is an effect of groundborne vibration and only exists indoors, since it is produced from noise radiated from the motion of the walls and floors of a room and may consist of the rattling of windows or dishes on shelves. FirstCarbon Solutions 3.9 9

10 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Vibration Descriptors Several different methods are used to quantify vibration amplitude such as the maximum instantaneous peak in the vibrations velocity, which is known as the peak particle velocity (PPV) or the root mean square (RMS) amplitude of the vibration velocity. Because of the typically small amplitudes of vibrations, vibration velocity is often expressed in decibels; it is denoted as LV. LV is based on the RMS velocity amplitude. A commonly used abbreviation is VdB, which in this text, is when LV is based on the reference quantity of 1 microinch per second. Vibration Perception Typically, developed areas are continuously affected by vibration velocities of 50 VdB or lower. These continuous vibrations are not noticeable to humans whose threshold of perception is around 65 VdB. Off site sources that may produce perceptible vibrations are usually caused by construction equipment, steel wheeled trains, and traffic on rough roads, while smooth roads rarely produce perceptible groundborne noise or vibration. Acceptable vibration levels for an office environment would be 84 VdB and 78 VdB for residential uses during the day. Vibration Propagation The propagation of groundborne vibration is not as simple to model as airborne noise. This is because noise in the air travels through a relatively uniform median, while groundborne vibrations travel through the earth, which may contain significant geological differences. There are three main types of vibration propagation: surface, compression, and shear waves. Surface waves, or Rayleigh waves, travel along the ground s surface. These waves carry most of their energy along an expanding circular wave front, similar to ripples produced by throwing a rock into a pool of water. P waves, or compression waves, are body waves that carry their energy along an expanding spherical wave front. The particle motion in these waves is longitudinal (i.e., in a push pull fashion). P waves are analogous to airborne sound waves. S waves, or shear waves, are also body waves that carry energy along an expanding spherical wave front. However, unlike P waves, the particle motion is transverse, or side to side and perpendicular to the direction of propagation. As vibration waves propagate from a source, the vibration energy decreases in a logarithmic nature and the vibration levels typically decrease by 6 VdB per doubling of the distance from the vibration source. As stated above, this drop off rate can vary greatly depending on the soil; but has been shown to be effective enough for screening purposes, in order to identify potential vibration impacts that may need to be studied through actual field tests. Construction Related Vibration Level Prediction There are no federal, state, or local regulatory standards for groundborne vibration. However, various accepted criteria have been established to assist in the evaluation of vibration impacts. For instance, Caltrans has developed vibration criteria based on potential structural damage risks and human annoyance. Caltrans criteria for the evaluation of groundborne vibration levels, with regard to structural damage and human annoyance, are provided in Table and Table 3.9 3, respectively. The criteria differentiate between transient and continuous/frequent sources. Transient sources of groundborne vibration include intermittent events, such as blasting. Continuous and frequent events include the operations of equipment, including construction equipment, and vehicle traffic on roadways FirstCarbon Solutions

11 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table 3.9 2: Damage Potential to Buildings at Various Groundborne Vibration Levels Structure and Condition Extremely Fragile Historic Buildings, Ruins, Ancient Monuments Transient Sources Vibration Level (in/sec ppv) Continuous/Frequent Intermittent Sources Fragile Buildings Historic and Some Old Buildings Older Residential Structures New Residential Structures Modern Industrial/Commercial Buildings Note: Transient sources create a single isolated vibration event, such as blasting. Intermittent sources include impact pile drivers, pogo stick compactors, crack and seat equipment, and vibratory compaction equipment. Source: California Department of Transportation, Table 3.9 3: Annoyance Potential to People at Various Groundborne Vibration Levels Human Response Transient Sources Vibration Level (in/sec ppv) Continuous/Frequent Intermittent Sources Barely Perceptible Distinctly Perceptible Strongly Perceptible Severe Note: Transient sources create a single isolated vibration event, such as blasting or drop balls. Intermittent sources include impact pile drivers, pogo stick compactors, crack and seat equipment, and vibratory compaction equipment. Source: California Department of Transportation, The groundborne vibration criteria recommended by Caltrans for evaluation of potential structural damage is based on building classifications, which take into account the age and condition of the building. For residential structures and newer buildings, Caltrans considers a minimum peak particle velocity (ppv) threshold of 0.25 inch per second (in/sec) for transient sources and 0.04 in/sec for continuous/frequent sources to be sufficient to protect against building damage. Continuous groundborne vibration levels below approximately 0.02 in/sec ppv are unlikely to cause damage to any structure. In terms of human annoyance, continuous vibrations in excess of 0.04 in/sec ppv and transient sources in excess of 0.25 in/sec ppv are identified by Caltrans as the minimum perceptible level for FirstCarbon Solutions

12 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center ground vibration. Short periods of ground vibration in excess of 2.0 in/sec ppv can be expected to result in severe annoyance to people. Short periods of ground vibration in excess of 0.1 in/sec ppv (0.2 in/sec ppv within buildings) are considered barely perceptible and the minimum level at which annoyance would be anticipated to occur. Existing Sensitive Receptors To assess the long term operational and short term construction noise impacts, the following seven sensitive receiver locations were identified, as shown on Exhibit Sensitive receivers are generally defined as locations where people reside or where the presence of unwanted sound could otherwise adversely affect the use of the land. sensitive land uses are generally considered to include schools, hospitals, single family dwellings, mobile home parks, churches, libraries, and recreation areas. Moderately noise sensitive land uses typically include multi family dwellings, hotels, motels, dormitories, out patient clinics, cemeteries, golf courses, country clubs, athletic/tennis clubs, and equestrian clubs. Land uses that are considered relatively insensitive to noise include business, commercial, and professional developments. Land uses that are typically not affected by noise include: industrial, manufacturing, utilities, agriculture, natural open space, undeveloped land, parking lots, warehousing, liquid and solid waste facilities, salvage yards, and transit terminals. Sensitive receivers in the vicinity of the project site include the single family residential homes located at receiver locations R1 R7. The closest noise sensitive receiver is represented by location R4 at a distance of approximately 143 feet west of the project site Regulatory Setting Federal Regulations The adverse impact of noise was officially recognized by the federal government in the Control Act of 1972, which serves three purposes: Promulgating noise emission standards for interstate commerce Assisting state and local abatement efforts Promoting noise education and research The Federal Office of Abatement and Control (ONAC) were initially tasked with implementing the Control Act. However, the ONAC has since been eliminated, leaving the development of federal noise policies and programs to other federal agencies and interagency committees. For example, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration limits noise exposure of workers to 90 db L eq or less for 8 continuous hours or 105 db L eq or less for 1 continuous hour. The Department of Transportation assumed a significant role in noise control through its various operating agencies. The Federal Aviation Administration regulates noise of aircraft and airports. Surface transportation system noise is regulated by a host of agencies, including the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). Transit noise is regulated by the federal Urban Mass Transit Administration, while freeways that are part of the interstate highway system are regulated by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Finally, the federal government actively advocates that local jurisdictions use their land use regulatory authority to arrange new development in such a way that noise sensitive uses are either prohibited from being sited adjacent to a highway or, alternately that the developments are planned and constructed in such a manner that potential noise impacts are minimized FirstCarbon Solutions

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15 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Since the federal government has generally preempted the setting of standards for noise levels that can be emitted by the transportation sources, the City is restricted to regulating the noise generated by the transportation system through nuisance abatement ordinances and land use planning. State Regulations The State of California regulates freeway noise, sets standards for sound transmission, provides occupational noise control criteria, identifies noise standards, and provides guidance for local land use compatibility. State law requires that each county and city adopt a General Plan that includes a Element that is prepared according to guidelines adopted by the Governor s Office of Planning and Research. The purpose of the Element is to limit the exposure of the community to excessive noise levels. In addition, the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requires that all known environmental effects of a project be analyzed, including environmental noise impacts. Under CEQA, a project has a potentially significant impact if the project exposes people to noise levels in excess of thresholds, which can include standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance. State of California Building Code The State of California s noise insulation standards are codified in the California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Building Standards Administrative Code, Part 2, and the California Building Code. These noise standards are applied to new construction in California for the purpose of controlling interior noise levels resulting from exterior noise sources. The regulations specify that acoustical studies must be prepared when noise sensitive structures, such as residential buildings, schools, or hospitals, are developed near major transportation noise sources, and where such noise sources create an exterior noise level of 60 dba CNEL or higher. Acoustical studies that accompany building plans for noise sensitive land uses must demonstrate that the structure has been designed to limit interior noise in habitable rooms to acceptable noise levels. For new residential buildings, schools, and hospitals, the acceptable interior noise limit for new construction is 45 dba CNEL. Local Regulations City of Fontana General Plan The City of Fontana has adopted a Element of the General Plan to control and abate environmental noise, and to protect its citizens from excessive exposure to noise. The Element specifies the maximum allowable unmitigated exterior noise levels for new developments impacted by transportation noise sources such as arterial roads, freeways, airports, and railroads. In addition, the Element identifies noise policies designed to protect sensitive receivers, or degrade quality of life. The City has identified the following policies in the General Plan Element: Element Goal 3. Our City s residents are protected from the negative effects of spill over noise in our community. Policy 3.1. Residential land uses and areas identified as noise sensitive shall be protected from excessive noise from non transportation sources including industrial, commercial, and residential activities. FirstCarbon Solutions

16 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Policy 3.3. Industrial uses shall not exceed commercial or residential stationary source noise standards at the most proximate land uses, as appropriate. (Industrial noise may spill over to proximate industrial uses so long as the combined noise does not exceed the appropriate industrial standards.) Policy 3.5. Construction shall be performed as quietly as feasible when performed in proximity to residential or other noise sensitive land uses. To support these policies, the City supports the following actions: Action 3.8. Require that new industrial and commercial land uses consider the noise from on site operations (including unloading/loading activities) and its potential impacts on vacant land slated for subsequent sensitive use development during the environmental review process Action 3.9. Require that new industrial and commercial land uses design their sites so as to route truck/train traffic as far as possible from adjoining, more sensitive uses. Alternatively, require these facilities to provide acoustic shielding (e.g., sound walls) to protect more sensitive land uses from on site vehicle movement. Action Require that new industrial and commercial land uses orient their loading docks so as to maintain the maximum distance from adjoining, more sensitive land uses. Alternatively, require these facilities to provide acoustic shielding (e.g., sounds walls of enclosed docks) for onsite loading operations. Land Use Compatibility The policies in the Element consider land use compatibility and identify exterior noise level compatibility standards for transportation related noise. According to the City s Land Use Compatibility for Community Exposure, noise sensitive land uses such as residences and schools are normally acceptable with exterior noise levels below 60 dba CNEL and conditionally acceptable with noise levels below 70 dba CNEL. Industrial, Manufacturing, Utilities and Agriculture land uses are normally acceptable with exterior noise levels below 75 dba CNEL and conditionally acceptable with exterior noise levels below 80 dba CNEL. Based on these guidelines, an exterior noise level of 65 dba CNEL is generally considered the maximum exterior noise level for noise sensitive receivers. Refer to Exhibit below. Transportation The City of Fontana General Plan identifies an exterior noise level standard of 65 dba CNEL to control transportation related noise impacts for noise sensitive residential land uses. While the exterior transportation noise standards for noise sensitive uses are based on a 24 hour value, the City is aware that some land uses are not occupied on a 24 hour basis, and a descriptor (such as L dn or CNEL) may be overly restrictive for these types of sensitive land uses. Such uses may include, but are not limited to, schools, libraries, and churches. In these cases, a more appropriate standard would consider the time of occupancy of the land use. Here, the City recommends the use of a 65 dba, 12 hour L eq (L eq (12)) that includes those hours of actual use (if a facility is to be used in excess of 12 hours per day, the CNEL standard should be used) FirstCarbon Solutions

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19 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Fontana Municipal Code To analyze noise impacts originating from a designated fixed location or private property such as the project site, area source (stationary source) noise such as idling trucks, delivery truck activities, parking, backup alarms, refrigerated containers or reefers, as well as loading and unloading of dry goods are typically evaluated against standards established under the City s Municipal Code. Operational Standards Traditionally, operational noise impacts are governed by the City of Fontana Municipal Code, Chapter 18, Article II (Sections through 18 67). The City s noise control guidelines for determining and mitigating non transportation or stationary noise source impacts from operations in neighboring residential areas are found in the Zoning and Development Code (Section ). For residential zoning districts, Section indicates that no use shall create or cause to create any sound which exceeds the ambient noise standards outlined in Table A. The performance standards limit the maximum allowable exterior noise level to 65 dba. Construction Standards The City of Fontana has set restrictions to control noise impacts associated with the construction of the proposed project. According to Section 18 63(b)(7): Construction or repairing of buildings or structures, construction activity is limited: between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays except in the case of urgent necessity in the interest of public health and safety, and then only with a permit from the building inspector, which permit may be granted for a period not to exceed three days or less while the emergency continues and which permit may be renewed for periods of three days or less while the emergency continues. If the building inspector should determine that the public health and safety will not be impaired by the erection, demolition, alteration or repair of any building or structure or the excavation of streets and highways within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., and if he shall further determine that loss or inconvenience would result to any party in interest, he may grant permission for such work to be done on weekdays within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., upon application being made at the time the permit for the work is awarded or during the progress of the work. While the City establishes limits to the hours during which construction activity may take place, neither the City s General Plan or Municipal Code establish numeric maximum acceptable construction source noise levels at potentially affected receivers, which would allow for a quantified determination of what CEQA constitutes a substantial temporary or periodic noise increase. To allow for a quantified determination of what the Control Ordinance constitutes as a loud, excessive, impulsive or intrusive sound or noise that annoys or disturbs persons of ordinary sensibilities due to construction activity, relevant quantified construction noise standards established in other cities within the County of San Bernardino were used in this analysis to assess the project construction noise levels at nearby sensitive receivers. FirstCarbon Solutions

20 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Vibration Standards The City of Fontana Zoning and Development Code establishes vibration standards in Section which state: No use shall create or cause to be created any activity that causes a vibration that can be felt beyond the property line with or without the aid of an instrument. To assess vibration impacts from the project site at nearby sensitive receptors, this analysis relies on the County of San Bernardino vibration standards. County of San Bernardino Development Code Construction Standards The County of San Bernardino has set restrictions to control noise impacts associated with the construction activities of the proposed project. According to Section (g) of the Development Code, the following activities are exempt from the regulations of the noise standards: Temporary construction maintenance, repair, or demolition activities between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m., except Sundays and Federal holidays. While the County of San Bernardino limits the hours of construction activity, it does not specifically address construction noise limits. Within the County of San Bernardino, construction noise level limits of 65 dba L eq are identified in the following cities: Rancho Cucamonga, Adelanto, and Chino. While not enforceable regulations within the City of Fontana, the construction noise limits identified by other cities in the County provide an acceptable threshold for determining the relative significance of project construction noise levels at the nearby sensitive receivers located in the City of Fontana. For the purposes of this analysis, the noise impacts from the construction activities at the project site are evaluated based on the acceptable threshold of 64 dba L eq. Vibration Standards The County of San Bernardino Development Code, Section (c)(2), states that vibration from the following sources is exempt from the regulations of the Standards: Temporary construction maintenance, repair, or demolition activities between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m., except Sundays and Federal holidays. However, to assess the potential impacts on sensitive receivers within the project study area, this analysis will use the County of San Bernardino vibration standards found in Section of the Development Code. The Code states that : No ground vibration shall be allowed that can be felt without the aid of instruments at or beyond the lot line, nor shall any vibration be allowed which produces a particle velocity greater than or equal to two tenths inches per second measures at or beyond the lot line Thresholds of Significance According to the CEQA Guidelines Appendix G Environmental Checklist, to determine whether noise impacts are significant environmental effects, the following questions are analyzed and evaluated. Would the project result in: a) Exposure of persons to or generation of noise levels in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies? (See Impact NOI 1 below.) FirstCarbon Solutions

21 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center b) Exposure of persons to or generation of excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels? (See Impact NOI 2 below.) c) A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the project? (See Impact NOI 3 below.) d) A substantial temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the project? (See Impact NOI 4 below.) e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? (See Section 4, Effects Found not to be Significant.) f) For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? (See Section 4, Effects Found not to be Significant.) g) Contribute to cumulative noise impacts in the area? (See Impacts NOI 1 to NO1 4, below in this section.) While the CEQA Guidelines and the City of Fontana General Plan guidelines provide direction on noise compatibility and establish noise standards by land use type that are sufficient to assess the significance of noise impacts under Impact NOI 1, they do not define the levels at which increases are considered substantial for use under Impacts NOI 2, NOI 3 and NOI 4. Under CEQA, consideration must be given to the magnitude of the increase, the existing ambient noise levels, and the location of noise sensitive receptors in order to determine if a noise increase represents a significant adverse environmental impact. Unfortunately, there is not completely satisfactory way to measure the subjective effects of noise or of the corresponding reactions of annoyance and dissatisfaction. This is primarily because of the wide variation in individual thresholds of annoyance and differing individual experiences with noise. Thus, an important way of determining a person s subjective reaction to a new noise is the comparison of it to the existing environment to which one has adapted the so called ambient environment. In general, the more a new noise exceeds the previously existing ambient noise level, the less acceptable the new noise will be judged. With this in mind, the Federal Interagency Committee on (FICON) developed guidance to be used for the assessment of project generated increases in noise levels that take into account the ambient noise level. The FICON recommendations are based on studies that relate aircraft noise levels to the percentage of persons highly annoyed by aircraft noise. Although the FICON recommendations were specifically developed to assess aircraft noise impacts, these recommendations are often used in environmental noise impact assessments involving the use of cumulative noise exposure metrics, such as the average daily noise level (i.e., CNEL). For example, if the ambient noise environment is quiet (<60 dba) and the new noise source greatly increases the noise levels, an impact may occur even though the noise criteria might not be exceeded. Therefore, for the purpose of this analysis, a readily perceptible 5 dba or greater project related noise level increase is considered a significant impact when nearby noise sensitive receivers FirstCarbon Solutions

22 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center or affected. According to the FICON, in areas where the without project noise levels range from 60 to 65 dba a 3 dba barely perceptible noise level increase appears to be appropriate for most people. When the without project noise levels already exceed 65 dba, any increase in community noise louder than 1.5 dba or greater is considered a significant impact if noise sensitive receivers are affected, since it likely contributes to an existing noise deficiency. Therefore, for the purpose of this analysis, a readily perceptible 5 dba or greater project related noise level increase is considered a significant impact when nearby noise sensitive receivers are affected. According to the FICON, in areas where the without project noise levels range from 60 to 65 dba a 3 dba barely perceptible noise level increase appears to be appropriate for most people. When the without project noise levels already exceed 65 dba, any increase in community noise louder than 1.5 dba or greater is considered a significant impact if noise sensitive receivers are affected, since it likely contributes to an existing noise deficiency. Table 3.9 4, below, provides a summary of the potential noise impact significance criteria. Table 3.9 4: Significance of Impacts Without Project Level (CNEL) Potential Significant Impact < 60 dba 5 dba or more dba 3 dba or more > 65 dba 1.5 dba or more Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis. impacts shall be considered significant if any of the following occur as a direct result of the proposed development: If the off site traffic noise impacts at nearby noise sensitive receivers adjacent to roadways conveying project traffic: Are less than 60 dba and the project creates a readily perceptible 5 dba or greater project related noise level increase; or Range from 60 to 65 dba and the project creates a barely perceptible 3 dba or greater project noise level increase; or Already exceed 65 dba, and the project creates a community noise level impact of greater than 1.5 dba. If project related construction activities: Occur anytime other than between the permitted hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays except in the case of urgent necessity in the interest of public health and safety, and then only with a permit from the building inspector, which permit may be granted for a period not to exceed three days or less while the emergency continues and which permit may be renewed for periods of three days or less while the emergency continues. If the building inspector should determine that the public health and safety will not be impaired by the erection, demolition, alteration or repair of any building or structure or the excavation of streets and highways FirstCarbon Solutions

23 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., and if he shall further determine that loss or inconvenience would result to any party in interest, he may grant permission for such work to be done on weekdays within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., upon application being made at the time the permit for the work is awarded or during the progress of the work. (City of Fontana Municipal Code, Section 18 63(b)(7); or Exceed the maximum acceptable threshold for determining the relative significance of project construction noise levels of 65 dba L eq (as established by other cities in the County of San Bernardino). If short term project generated construction source vibration levels: Exceed the County of San Bernardino maximum acceptable vibration standard of 0.2 inches per second (in/sec) at noise sensitive receiver locations (County of San Bernardino Development Code, Section (c)(2). Methodology for Analysis The following outlines the methods and procedures used to model and analyze the future traffic noise environment. FHWA Traffic Prediction Model The estimated roadway noise impacts from vehicular traffic were calculated using a computer program that replicates FHWA Traffic Prediction Model FHWA RD (the FHWA Model ). The FHWA Model arrives at a predicted noise level through a series of adjustments to the Reference Energy Mean Emission Level (REMEL). Adjustments are then made to the REMEL to account for: the roadway classification (e.g., collector, secondary, major or arterial), the roadway active width (i.e., the distance between the center of the outermost travel lanes on each side of the roadway), the total average daily traffic (ADT), the travel speed, the percentages of automobiles, medium trucks, and heavy trucks in the traffic volume, the roadway grade, the angle of view (e.g., whether the roadway view is blocked), the site conditions ( hard or soft relates to the absorption of the ground, pavement, or landscaping), and the percentage of total ADT which flows each hour throughout a 24 hour period. Off site Traffic Prediction Model Inputs Table shows the off site roadway parameters used to assess the project s off site transportation noise impacts. Table shows the 16 study area roadway segments, the distance from the centerline to adjacent land use based on the functional roadway classifications according to the City of Fontana General Plan Circulation Element, and the vehicle speeds. For the purpose of this analysis, soft site conditions were used to analyze the traffic noise impacts within the project study area. Soft site conditions account for the sound propagation loss over natural surfaces such as normal earth and ground vegetation. The Existing, Year 2016, and Year 2035 average daily traffic volumes used for this study are provided on Table and were provided by the Traffic Impact Analysis (TIA) prepared for the project (Appendix I). Table presents the time of day (daytime, evening and nighttime) vehicle splits. According to the TIA prepared for the project, the project is expected to generate a net total of approximately 1,004 trip ends per day (actual vehicles) with 66 AM peak hour trips and 72 PM peak FirstCarbon Solutions

24 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center hour trips. The net project trip generation includes 383 truck trip ends per day with 18 AM peak hour truck trips and 24 PM peak hour truck trips. While the traffic volumes presenting the TIA are expressed as Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) trips, the Impact Analysis relies on the net project trips to accurately account for the effect of individual truck trips on the study area roadway network. To quantify the off site noise levels, the project truck trips were added to the heavy truck category in the FHWA noise prediction model. The addition of the project related truck trips increases the percentage of heavy trucks in the vehicle mix. This approach recognizes that the FHWA noise prediction model is significantly influenced by the number of heavy trucks in the vehicle mix. The 383 daily project truck trip ends were assigned to the 16 individual off site study area roadway segments based on the estimated project truck trip distribution percentages. Using the project truck trips in combination with the project trip distribution, it is possible to calculate the number of additional project truck trips and vehicle mix percentages for each of the study area roadway segments. Table 3.9 8, 3.9 9, and describe the distribution of traffic flow by vehicle type (vehicle mix) by roadway segment for each of the off site project traffic conditions. Table 3.9 5: Off site Roadway Parameters ID Roadway Segment Adjacent Land Use 1 Distance from Centerline to Nearest Adjacent Land Use (feet) 2 1 Sierra Avenue North of Summit Avenue Residential Sierra Avenue South of Summit Avenue Residential Sierra Avenue North of Clubhouse Drive Residential Sierra Avenue North of Driveway 2 Residential Sierra Avenue North of Driveway 3 Residential Sierra Avenue North of Driveway 3 Residential Sierra Avenue South of Sierra Lakes Parkway Regional Mixed Use Sierra Avenue South of I 210 WB ramps Commercial Sierra Avenue South of I 210 EB Ramps Commercial Mango Avenue South of Driveway 4 Regional Mixed Use Mango Avenue South of Driveway 4 Regional Mixed Use Mango Avenue South of Driveway 6 Regional Mixed Use Mango Avenue North of Sierra Lakes Parkway Regional Mixed Use Summit Avenue West of Sierra Avenue Residential Sierra Lakes Parkway East of Sierra Avenue Regional Mixed Use Sierra Lakes Parkway East of Mango Avenue Regional Mixed Use Notes: 1 Source: City of Fontana General Plan Land Use Map, January Distance to adjacent land use is based upon the right of way distances for each functional roadway classification provided in the General Plan Circulation Element. Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, Vehicle Speed (mph) FirstCarbon Solutions

25 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center The Existing, Year 2016, and Year 2035 conditions average daily traffic volumes used for this analysis and presented on Table were provided by the Traffic Impact Analysis prepared by Urban Crossroads, Inc. in October Table provides the time of day (daytime, evening and nighttime) vehicle splits. Table 3.9 6: Average Daily Traffic Volumes ID Roadway Segment 1 Sierra Avenue North of Summit Avenue 2 Sierra Avenue South of Summit Avenue 3 Sierra Avenue North of Clubhouse Drive Average Daily Traffic Existing Year 2016 Year 2035 No Project No Project With Project No Project With Project 11,400 15,900 16,120 41,000 41,220 13,100 20,000 20,420 49,200 49,620 13,100 19,500 19,920 49,200 49,620 4 Sierra Avenue North of Driveway 2 N/A 22,800 23,210 50,600 51,010 5 Sierra Avenue North of Driveway 3 N/A 22,800 23,210 50,600 51,010 6 Sierra Avenue North of Driveway 3 16,000 22,800 23,220 50,600 51,020 7 Sierra Avenue South of Sierra Lake Parkway 8 Sierra Avenue South of I 210 WB Ramps 9 Sierra Avenue South of I 210 EB Ramps 31,600 40,300 41,490 74,200 75,390 31,200 39,700 40,255 61,900 62,455 32,800 41,300 41,405 76,600 76, Mango Avenue South of Driveway 4 N/A 1,600 2,040 2,000 2, Mango Avenue South of Driveway 5 N/A 1,600 2,240 2,000 2, Mango Avenue South of Driveway 6 N/A 1,600 2,680 2,000 3, Mango Avenue North of Sierra Lakes Parkway N/A 1,600 2,680 3,400 4, Summit Avenue West of Sierra Avenue 6,000 9,900 10,000 13,900 14, Sierra Lakes Parkway 16 Sierra Lakes Parkway East of Sierra Avenue 11,700 14,200 15,275 12,400 13,475 East of Mango Avenue 6,400 6,800 6,905 8,700 8,805 Note: N/A=Roadway segment does not exist for this scenario. Source: Urban Crossroads, Traffic Impact Analysis, October Table 3.9 7: Existing Time of Day Vehicle Splits Vehicle Type Motor Vehicle Type Autos Medium Trucks Heavy Trucks Daytime (7 a.m. to 7 p.m.) 73.40% 78.92% 75.08% FirstCarbon Solutions

26 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table (cont.): Existing Time of Day Vehicle Splits Motor Vehicle Type Vehicle Type Autos Medium Trucks Heavy Trucks Evening (7 p.m. to 10 p.m.) 13.37% 10.09% 3.56% Night (10 p.m. to 7 a.m.) 13.23% % Total: 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, (24 hour vehicle mix count taken at Sierra Avenue north of Sierra Lakes Parkway on May 13, 2014). Table 3.9 8: Existing Conditions Traffic Flow by Vehicle Type (Vehicle Mix) Roadway Autos Medium Trucks No Project Heavy Trucks All Segments 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, (24 hour vehicle mix count taken at Sierra Avenue north of Sierra Lakes Parkway on May 13, 2014). Total FirstCarbon Solutions

27 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table 3.9 9: Year 2016 Conditions Traffic Flow by Vehicle Type (Vehicle Mix) ID Roadway Segment Autos Medium Trucks No Project Heavy Trucks Total Autos With Project 1 Sierra Avenue n/o Summit Av % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.45% 5.54% 2.01% % 2 Sierra Avenue s/o Summit Av % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.53% 5.40% 1.98% % 3 Sierra Avenue s/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.53% 5.40% 1.98% % 4 Sierra Avenue s/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.56% 5.40% 1.94% % 5 Sierra Avenue s/o Clubhouse Dr % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.52% 5.50% 1.94% % 6 Sierra Avenue s/o Sierra Lakes Pkwy % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.47% 5.51% 1.97% % 7 Sierra Avenue s/o 210 WB Ramps 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.44% 5.48% 2.05% % 8 Sierra Avenue s/o 210 EB Ramps 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.48% 5.55% 2.05% % 9 Sierra Avenue s/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.48% 5.58% 2.02% % 10 Mango Avenue s/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.13% 4.83% 1.94% % 11 Mango Avenue w/o Sierra Av % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.83% 4.40% 3.04% % 12 Mango Avenue w/o Sierra Av % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.52% 4.01% 3.47% % 13 Mango Avenue w/o Sierra Av % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.52% 4.01% 3.47% % 14 Summit Avenue e/o Sierra Av % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.54% 5.54% 1.92% % 15 Sierra Lakes Pkwy. w/o Mango Av % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.51% 5.30% 2.19% % 16 Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Mango Av % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.51% 5.52% 1.97% % Sources: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, (24 hour vehicle mix count taken at Sierra Avenue north of Sierra Lakes Parkway on May 13, 2014); Urban Crossroads, Traffic Impact Analysis, Medium Trucks Heavy Trucks Total FirstCarbon Solutions

28 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table : Year 2016 Conditions Traffic Flow by Vehicle Type (Vehicle Mix) ID Roadway Segment Autos Medium Trucks No Project Heavy Trucks Total Autos With Project 1 Sierra Av. n/o Summit Avenue 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.46% 5.57% 1.97% % 2 Sierra Av. s/o Summit Avenue 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.49% 5.55% 1.95% % 3 Sierra Av. n/o Clubhouse Drive 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.49% 5.55% 1.95% % 4 Sierra Av. n/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.51% 5.55% 1.94% % 5 Sierra Av. n/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.51% 5.55% 1.94% % 6 Sierra Av. s/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.49% 5.56% 1.95% % 7 Sierra Av. s/o Sierra Lakes Parkway 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.47% 5.53% 2.00% % 8 Sierra Av. s/o I 210 WB Ramps 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.45% 5.56% 1.99% % 9 Mango Av. s/o I 210 EB Ramps 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 10 Mango Av. S/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.19% 4.95% 2.86% % 11 Summit Av. s/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.78% 4.58% 2.64% % 12 Clubhouse Dr. s/o Driveway % 5.59% 1.94% % 92.51% 4.22% 3.27% % 13 Mango Avenue n/o Sierra Lakes Parkway 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.50% 4.65% 2.85% % 14 Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Sierra Avenue 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.52% 5.55% 1.92% % 15 Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Sierra Avenue 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.51% 5.27% 2.22% % 16 Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Mango Avenue 92.47% 5.59% 1.94% % 92.50% 5.54% 1.96% % Sources: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, (24 hour vehicle mix count taken at Sierra Avenue north of Sierra Lakes Parkway on May 13, 2014); Urban Crossroads, Traffic Impact Analysis, October Medium Trucks Heavy Trucks Total FirstCarbon Solutions

29 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Vibration Assessment This analysis focuses on the potential groundborne vibration associated with vehicular traffic and construction activities. Groundborne vibration levels from automobile traffic are generally overshadowed by vibration generated by heavy trucks that roll over the same uneven roadway surfaces. However, due to the rapid drop off rate of groundborne vibration and the short duration of the associated events, vehicular traffic induced groundborne vibration is rarely perceptible beyond the roadway right of way, and rarely results in vibration levels that cause damage to buildings in the vicinity. However, while vehicular traffic is rarely perceptible, construction has the potential to result in varying degrees of temporary ground vibration, depending on the specific construction activities and equipment used. Ground vibration levels associated with various types of construction equipment are provided on Table Based on the representative vibration levels presented for various construction equipment types, it is possible to estimate the human response (annoyance) using the following vibration assessment methods defined by the FTA. To describe the human response (annoyance) associated with vibration impacts the FTA provides the following equation: PPV equip = PPV ref x (25/D) 1.5 Table : Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment Equipment PPV (in/sec) at 25 feet Small Bulldozer Jackhammer Loaded Trucks Large Bulldozer Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, Project Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures This section discusses potential impacts associated with the proposed project and provides mitigation measures where necessary. Levels in Excess of Standards Impact NOI 1: The project could result in exposure of persons to or generation of noise levels in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies. Impact Analysis [CEQA Threshold 12(a)] Construction Impacts The City of Fontana has set restrictions to control noise impacts associated with construction of the project. According to Section 18 63(b)(7) of the Fontana Municipal Code: The erection (including FirstCarbon Solutions

30 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center excavating) demolition, alteration or repair of any building or structure other than between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays except in the case of urgent necessity in the interest of public health and safety, and then only with a permit from the building inspector, which permit may be granted for a period not to exceed three days or less while the emergency continues and which permit may be renewed for periods of three days or less while the emergency continues. If the building inspector should determine that the public health and safety will not be impaired by the erection, demolition, alteration or repair of any building or structure or the excavation of streets and highways within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., and if he shall further determine that loss or inconvenience would result to any party in interest, he may grant permission for such work to be done on weekdays within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., upon application being made at the time the permit for the work is awarded or during the progress of the work. While the City s Municipal Code limits the hours of construction activities, it does not specifically address construction noise limits. While the City establishes limits to the hours during which construction activity may take place, neither the City s General Plan nor Municipal Code establish numeric maximum acceptable construction source noise levels at potentially affected receivers, which would allow for a quantified determination of what CEQA constitutes a substantial temporary or periodic noise increase. To allow for a quantitative determination of what the Control Ordinance constitutes as a loud, excessive, impulsive, or intrusive sound or noise that annoys or disturbs persons of ordinary sensibilities due to construction activity, relevant quantified construction noise standards established in other cities within the County of San Bernardino were used in this analysis to assess the project construction noise levels at nearby sensitive receivers. Within the County of San Bernardino, construction noise level limits of 65 dba L eq are identified in several cities (refer to the Regulatory Setting). Therefore, 65 dba L eq shall be used as an acceptable threshold for determining the relative significance of project construction noise levels at the nearby sensitive receivers located in the City of Fontana. Construction is expected to commence in fall of 2015 and would last through May generated by construction equipment, including trucks, power tools, concrete mixers, and portable generators, can reach high levels. Project construction is expected to occur in five stages: site preparation, grading, building construction, paving, and architectural coating. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has published a national database of construction equipment reference noise emission levels. The database, provides a comprehensive list of the noise generating characteristics for specific types of construction equipment. In addition, the database provides an acoustical usage factor to estimate the fraction of time each piece of construction equipment is operating at full power (i.e., its loudest condition) during a construction operation. The usage factor is a key input variable of the RCNM noise prediction model that is used to calculate the average L eq noise levels based on the L max noise levels measured at a distance of 50 feet. Table provides the reference noise levels and usage factors used to estimate the construction noise level impacts by construction stage FirstCarbon Solutions

31 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table : Construction Equipment Reference Levels Equipment Usage Factor 1 (L max dba) Reference Level at 50 Feet Rubber Tired Dozer 40% 79 Grader 40% 85 Rubber Tired Dozer 40% 79 Tractor/Loader/Backhoe 40% 78 Excavator 40% 81 Pavers 50% 77 Rollers 20% 80 Paving Equipment 40% 76 Forklift 20% 75 Generator Sets 50% 81 Generator Sets 50% 81 Cranes 16% 81 Welder 40% 74 Notes: 1 Estimates the fraction of time each piece of equipment is operating at full power during a construction operation. Source: FHWA's Roadway Construction Model, January Estimates the fraction of time each piece of equipment is operating at full power during a construction operation. Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, levels generated by heavy construction equipment can range from approximately 70 dba L max to noise levels in excess of 100 dba L max when measured at 50 feet. However, these noise levels diminish with distance from the construction site at a rate of 6 dba per doubling of distance. For example, a noise level of 78 dba L max measured at 50 feet from the noise source to the receptor would be reduced to 72 dba L max at 100 feet from the source to the receptor, and would be further reduced to 66 dba L max at 200 feet from the source to the receptor. The construction noise levels, including the number and mix of construction equipment by construction phase, are consistent with the data used to support the construction emissions in the Air Quality Impact Analysis prepared for the project (Appendix A). Using the stationary source RCNM noise prediction model, calculations of the project construction noise level impacts at the seven noise receiver locations were completed. The analysis shows that the highest construction noise level impacts will occur during grading construction activities at the edge of the project site. As shown on Table , the unmitigated peak construction noise levels are expected to range from 50.6 dba to 72.7 dba L eq. The construction noise analysis shows that the nearby sensitive residential receivers will likely experience a significant, temporary/periodic increase above the existing ambient noise due to project construction activities. FirstCarbon Solutions

32 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table : Unmitigated Construction Equipment Level Summary Receiver 1 Distance to Property Line (feet) Site Prep. Construction Stage Hourly Level (dba L eq ) Grading Building Const. Paving Arch. Coating Peak 2 Potential Significant Impact? 3 R1 1, No R2 1, No R Yes R Yes R Yes R Yes R No Notes: 1 receiver locations are shown on Exhibit Estimated construction noise levels during peak operating conditions. 3 Does the peak construction noise level exceed the acceptable stationary noise standard of 65 dba L eq? Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, Based on the construction noise analysis provided in Table , the unmitigated project construction noise levels at receiver locations R3 to R6 will exceed the 65 dba L eq noise level limit for stationary source noise. Temporary noise mitigation measures NOI a through NOI e are needed to reduce the potential construction noise impacts to a level of less than significant. With the installation of temporary exterior noise control barriers (i.e. mitigation measure NOI b) with a minimum attenuation of 10 dba at the perimeter of the project site, noise levels at the nearby residential receivers are expected to be less than significant. Table provides the mitigated peak construction noise levels are expected to range from 40.6 dba to 62.7 dba L eq with the attenuation provided by the temporary construction noise barriers and will not exceed the City of Fontana 65 dba L eq stationary noise level limit. Therefore, with the incorporation of mitigation measures NOI a through NOI e, short term construction noise impacts would be less than significant. Receiver 1 Table : Mitigated Construction Equipment Level Summary Unmitigated Peak Construction Levels (dba L eq ) 2 Temporary Barrier Attenuation (dba) Mitigated Peak Construction Levels (dba L eq ) 3 Potential Significant Imapct? 4 R No R No R No R No Notes: 1 receiver locations are shown on Exhibit Estimated construction noise levels during peak operating conditions as shown on Table Peak construction noise levels with the recommended temporary noise barrier attenuation of 10 dba at potentially impacted receivers. 4 Does the peak construction noise level exceed the acceptable stationary noise standard of 65 dba L eq? Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, FirstCarbon Solutions

33 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Though construction noise is temporary, intermittent and of short duration, and will not present any long term impacts, the following practices would reduce any noise level increases produced by the construction equipment to the nearby noise sensitive residential land uses. Level of Significance Before Mitigation Potentially significant impact. Mitigation Measures MM NOI 1a Prior to approval of grading plans and/or issuance of building permits, plans shall include a note indicating that noise generating project construction activities shall only occur between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays except in the case of urgent necessity in the interest of public health and safety, and then only with a permit from the building inspector, which permit may be granted for a period not to exceed three days or less while the emergency continues and which permit may be renewed for periods of three days or less while the emergency continues. If the building inspector should determine that the public health and safety will not be impaired by the erection, demolition, alteration or repair of any building or structure or the excavation of streets and highways within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., and if he shall further determine that loss or inconvenience would result to any party in interest, he may grant permission for such work to be done on weekdays within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., upon application being made at the time the permit for the work is awarded or during the progress of the work. The project construction supervisor shall ensure compliance with the note and the City shall conduct periodic inspection at its discretion. MM NOI 1b Install temporary noise control barriers that provide a minimum noise level attenuation of 10.0 dba when project construction occurs near existing noise sensitive structures. The noise control barrier must present a solid face from top to bottom. The noise control barrier must be high enough and long enough to block the view of the noise source. Unnecessary openings shall not be made. The noise barriers must be maintained and any damage promptly repaired. Gaps, holes or weaknesses in the barrier or openings between the barrier and the ground shall be promptly repaired. The noise control barriers and associated elements shall be completely removed and the site appropriately restored upon the conclusion of the construction activity. MM NOI 1c During all project site construction, the construction contractors shall equip all construction equipment, fixed or mobile, with properly operating and maintained mufflers, consistent with manufacturers standards. The construction contractor shall place all stationary construction equipment so that emitted noise is directed away from the noise sensitive receivers nearest the project site. FirstCarbon Solutions

34 MM NOI 1d MM NOI 1e City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center The construction contractor shall locate equipment staging in areas that will create the greatest distance between construction related noise sources and noise sensitive receivers nearest the project site (i.e., at the center) during all project construction. The construction contractor shall limit haul truck deliveries to the same hours specified for construction equipment (between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays). The project Applicant shall prepare a haul route exhibit for review and approval by the City of Fontana Planning Division and Engineering Department prior to commencement of construction activities. The haul route exhibit shall design delivery routes to minimize the exposure of sensitive land uses or residential dwellings to delivery truck related noise. Level of Significance After Mitigation Less than significant impact. Off site Transportation Impacts To assess the off site transportation CNEL noise level impacts associated with development of the project, noise contours were developed based on the TIA prepared for the project (Appendix I) contour boundaries represent the equal levels of noise exposure and are measured in CNEL from the center of the roadway. contours were developed for the following traffic scenarios: Existing Without Project: This scenario refers to the existing present day noise conditions, without the project. Year (2016) Without/With Project: This scenario refers to the background noise conditions at future Year 2016 without and with the proposed project. The With Project scenario corresponds to Year 2016 conditions representing 597,818 square feet of high cube warehouse/distribution center, and includes all cumulative projects identified in the Traffic Impact Analysis. Year (2035) Without/With Project: This scenario refers to the background noise conditions at future Year 2035 without and with the proposed project. This scenario corresponds to 2035 conditions, and includes all cumulative projects identified in the Traffic Impact Analysis. Traffic Contours To quantify the project's traffic noise impacts on the surrounding off site project area, the changes in traffic noise levels on 16 roadway segments surrounding the project site were calculated based on the changes in the average daily traffic volumes. The noise contours were used to assess the project s incremental traffic related noise impacts at land uses adjacent to roadways conveying project traffic. Based on the off site noise impact significance criteria provided in Section above, a significant off site traffic noise level impact occurs when the without project noise levels at nearby noise sensitive receivers: Are less than 60 dba and the project creates a readily perceptible 5 dba or greater project related noise level increase, or: FirstCarbon Solutions

35 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Range from 60 to 65 dba and the project creates a barely perceptible 3 dba or greater project noise level increase, or; Already exceed 65 dba, and the project creates a community noise level impact of greater than 1.5 dba. contours represent the distance to noise levels of a constant value and are measured from the center of the roadway for the 70, 65, and 60 dba noise levels. The noise contours do not take into account the effect of any existing noise barriers or topography that may affect ambient noise levels. Additionally, since the noise contours reflect modeling of vehicular noise along project area roadways, they appropriately do not reflect noise contribution from the surrounding commercial and industrial uses within the project area. A summary of the traffic noise contours for each of the five traffic scenarios is provided in Appendix H. Existing Project Traffic Level Contributions Table presents the existing without project conditions CNEL noise levels. The table shows that the unmitigated exterior noise levels are expected to range from 66.1 dba to 78.9 dba CNEL. This shows that the existing without project noise levels on the 16 off site study area roadway segments already exceed the City of Fontana 65 dba CNEL exterior noise level standards for residential use. FirstCarbon Solutions

36 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table : Existing Without Project Conditions Contours ID Road Segment Adjacent Land Use 1 Distance to Contour from Centerline (Feet) 70 dba CNEL 65 dba CNEL 60 dba CNEL CNEL at Nearest Adjacent Land Use (dba) 2 1 Sierra Ave. n/o Summit Av. Residential Sierra Ave. s/o Summit Av. Residential Sierra Ave. n/o Clubhouse Dr. Residential Sierra Ave. n/o Driveway 2 Residential n/a n/a n/a n/a 5 Sierra Ave. n/o Driveway 3 Residential n/a n/a n/a n/a 6 Sierra Ave. s/o Driveway 3 Residential Sierra Ave. s/o Sierra Lakes Pkwy. Regional Mixed Use Sierra Ave. s/o 210 WB Ramps Commercial Sierra Ave. s/o I 210 EB Ramps Commercial Mango Ave. s/o Driveway 4 Regional Mixed Use n/a n/a n/a n/a 11 Mango Ave. s/o Driveway 5 Regional Mixed Use n/a n/a n/a n/a 12 Mango Ave. s/ Driveway 6 Regional Mixed Use n/a n/a n/a n/a 13 Mango Ave. n/o Sierra Lakes Pkwy Regional Mixed Use n/a n/a n/a n/a 14 Summit Ave. w/o Sierra Av. Residential Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Sierra Ave. Regional Mixed Use RW Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Mango Ave. Regional Mixed Use RW Notes: 1 Source: City of Fontana General Plan Land Use Map, June The CNEL is calculated at the boundary of the right of way of each roadway and the property line of the nearest adjacent land use. n/a = Roadway segment does not exist for this scenario. FirstCarbon Solutions

37 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Year 2016 Project Off site Traffic Level Contributions Table presents a comparison of the Year 2016 without and with project conditions CNEL noise levels. Table shows that the unmitigated exterior noise levels are expected to range from 63.8 dba to 80.0 dba CNEL without the project. Table presents the Year 2016 with project conditions noise level contours that are expected to range from 65.6 dba to 80.2 dba CNEL. As shown on Table the project is expected to generate an unmitigated exterior noise level increase of up to 3.2 dba CNEL on two of the study area roadway segments: Mango Avenue south of Driveway 6 and Mango Avenue north of Sierra Lakes Parkway. Based on the criteria previously discussed and a review of the data on Table , the project s contribution to the Year 2016 without project noise levels is considered a potentially significant impact if nearby residential receivers are affected. However, the adjacent land uses to these roadway segments are not noise sensitive, and therefore, the off site traffic noise impacts for Year 2016 conditions would be less than significant. FirstCarbon Solutions

38 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table : Year 2016 Off site Project Related Traffic Impacts ID Road Segment Adjacent Land Use 1 CNEL at Adjacent Land Use (dba) Without Project With Project Project Addition 1 Sierra Ave. n/o Summit Av. Residential No 2 Sierra Ave. s/o Summit Av. Residential No 3 Sierra Ave. n/o Clubhouse Dr. Residential No 4 Sierra Ave. n/o Driveway 2 Residential No 5 Sierra Ave. n/o Driveway 3 Residential No 6 Sierra Ave. s/o Driveway 3 Residential No 7 Sierra Ave. s/o Sierra Lakes Pkwy. Regional Mixed Use No 8 Sierra Ave. s/o 210 WB Ramps Commercial No 9 Sierra Ave. s/o I 210 EB Ramps Commercial No 10 Mango Ave. s/o Driveway 4 Regional Mixed Use No 11 Mango Ave. s/o Driveway 5 Regional Mixed Use No 12 Mango Ave. s/ Driveway 6 Regional Mixed Use Yes 13 Mango Ave. n/o Sierra Lakes Pkwy Regional Mixed Use Yes 14 Summit Ave. w/o Sierra Av. Residential No 15 Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Sierra Ave. Regional Mixed Use No 16 Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Mango Ave. Regional Mixed Use No Notes: 1 Source: City of Fontana General Plan Land Use Map, June Significance of Cumulative Impacts. Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, Potential Significant Impact? 2 FirstCarbon Solutions

39 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Year 2035 Project Off site Traffic Level Contributions Table provides a comparison of the Year 2035 without and with project conditions CNEL noise levels. The table shows that the unmitigated exterior noise levels are expected to range from 64.8 dba to 82.7 dba CNEL. Year 2035 with project conditions unmitigated noise contours are expected to range from 66.3 dba to 82.8 dba CNEL. Overall, the project is expected to generate an unmitigated exterior noise level increase of up to 2.7 dba. Additionally, one of the study area roadway segments, Mango Avenue north of Sierra Lakes Parkway, will experience a potentially significant noise impact of up to 1.7 dba. Based on the criteria in Section above, for the opening Year 2035 conditions, the project s contribution to the Year 2035 without project noise levels is considered a potentially significant impact if nearby residential receivers are affected. However the adjacent land use to the roadway segment is not noise sensitive, thus the off site traffic noise impacts for Year 2035 conditions would be less than significant. FirstCarbon Solutions

40 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table : Year 2035 Off site Project Related Traffic Impacts ID Road Segment Adjacent Land Use 1 CNEL at Adjacent Land Use (dba) Without Project With Project Project Addition 1 Sierra Ave. n/o Summit Av. Residential No 2 Sierra Ave. s/o Summit Av. Residential No 3 Sierra Ave. n/o Clubhouse Dr. Residential No 4 Sierra Ave. n/o Driveway 2 Residential No 5 Sierra Ave. n/o Driveway 3 Residential No 6 Sierra Ave. s/o Driveway 3 Residential No 7 Sierra Ave. s/o Sierra Lakes Pkwy. Regional Mixed Use No 8 Sierra Ave. s/o 210 WB Ramps Commercial No 9 Sierra Ave. s/o I 210 EB Ramps Commercial No 10 Mango Ave. s/o Driveway 4 Regional Mixed Use No 11 Mango Ave. s/o Driveway 5 Regional Mixed Use No 12 Mango Ave. s/ Driveway 6 Regional Mixed Use No 13 Mango Ave. n/o Sierra Lakes Pkwy Regional Mixed Use Yes 14 Summit Ave. w/o Sierra Av. Residential No 15 Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Sierra Ave. Regional Mixed Use No 16 Sierra Lakes Pkwy. e/o Mango Ave. Regional Mixed Use No Notes: 1 Source: City of Fontana General Plan Land Use Map, June Significance of Cumulative Impacts. Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, Potential Significant Impact? 2 FirstCarbon Solutions

41 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Operational Impacts This section analyzes the potential stationary source operational noise and vibration impacts at nearby receiver locations resulting from the development of the proposed project. Since the future tenants of the project are currently unknown, the operational noise analysis assumed that the proposed warehouse distribution building would be operational 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. It was also assumed that operational activities would primarily be conducted within the enclosed building, with the exception of traffic movement, parking, and the loading and unloading of trucks at designated loading bays. The operational noise impacts associated with the project are expected to include idling trucks, delivery truck activities, parking, backup alarms, refrigerated containers or reefers, as well as loading and unloading of dry goods. The locations of the operational noise sources are shown on Exhibit Exhibit shows the location of the seven noise receiver locations used to assess the operational noise impacts. Sensitive receivers in the vicinity of the project site include the single family residential homes located at receiver locations R1 to R7 (see Exhibit 3.9 3). The closest noise sensitive receiver is represented at location R4 at a distance of approximately 143 feet west of the project site. This analysis does not account for any special noise generators that may occupy the building, inside or outside of the proposed location. Special noise generators may consist of outdoor compressors, air scrubbers, emergency generators, or outdoor amplification (speakers). This noise analysis is intended to describe noise level impacts associated with the expected typical warehouse and distribution storage operations at the project site. Operational Standards The project operational noise impacts are governed by the City of Fontana Municipal Code, Chapter 18, Article II (Sections through 18 67). The City of Fontana noise control guidelines for determining and mitigating non transportation or stationary noise source impacts from operations in neighboring residential areas are found in the Zoning and Development Code (Section ). For residential zoning districts, Section indicates that no use shall create or cause to be created any sound which exceeds the ambient noise standards outlined in Table A. The performance standards limit the maximum allowable exterior noise level to 65 dba L eq. Operational Reference Levels Since the future tenants of the project are presently unknown, the project noise levels were estimated based on reference noise level measurements of a similar logistics warehouse building. The reference noise levels are intended to describe the expected operational noise sources that may include idling trucks, delivery truck activities, parking, backup alarms, refrigerated containers or reefers, as well as loading and unloading of dry goods. To estimate the project off site operational noise impacts associated with the project, reference noise level measurements were collected from an existing logistics warehouse operation of similar size and containing similar operational noise sources. On Tuesday, January 22, 2013, Urban Crossroads collected long term 24 hour operational noise level measurements at the at Veg Fresh Farms and FedEx distribution facility located at 500 East Orangethorpe Avenue in the City of FirstCarbon Solutions

42 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Anaheim, California. The Veg Fresh Farms and FedEx distribution center noise level measurements represent a typical weekday logistics warehouse operation consisting of over 150 loading docks. Since the reference noise level measurements include the use of refrigerated containers or reefers that may not reflect the actual tenant operations at the project, the analysis may conservatively overstate the project operational noise levels. At a distance of 25 feet from the reference loading docks noise source and with an estimated noise source height of 8 feet, the 24 hour measurements produced an exterior reference noise level of 69.1 dba L eq. While the specific noise levels at the project site would depend on the actual tenant, the intensity, and the daytime/nighttime hours of operation, a reference noise level of 69.1 dba L eq is used in this analysis to describe the project s operational noise level impacts. Project Operational Levels Using the 69.1 dba L eq reference noise level to represent the project s operational activities, it is possible to estimate the project s operational noise levels at the project site (direct project impacts) and at each of the fifteen noise receiver locations and estimate the project contribution (cumulative project impacts). The operational noise level calculations shown on Table identify the distance from the reference noise source to the noise receivers, the distance attenuation, the noise barrier attenuation, and the estimated project related hourly noise levels. The existing noise barriers located in the project area are shown in Exhibit 3.9 5, and the proposed noise barrier locations at the project site are shown on Exhibit The hourly noise levels associated with the project operations are expected to generate a direct project noise level impact ranging from 25.8 dba to 38.7 dba L eq. Table : Operational Level Projections (dba L eq ) Receiver Location 1 Project 2 ( dba L eq ) Distance From Source To Receiver (Feet) 3 Distance Attenuation 4 (dba L eq ) Barrier Attenuation 5 (dba) Hourly Levels 6 (dba L eq ) R , R , R R R R R Notes: 1 See Exhibit for the noise receiver and noise source locations. 2 The reference hourly noise level measurements represents the noise levels associated with idling trucks, delivery truck activities, parking, backup alarms, refrigerated containers or reefers, as well as loading and unloading of dry goods. Reference noise level measurements were collected from the existing 24 hour operations of Veg Fresh Farms and FedEx distribution facility located at 500 East Orangethorpe Avenue in the City of Anaheim. The reference noise level measurements were collected on Tuesday, January 22, Estimated distances to nearest loading dock activities. 4 levels diminish at a rate 6 dba per doubling of distance and a reference distance of 25 feet. 5 Calculated noise barrier attenuation provided by the existing barriers. 6 Estimated project stationary source noise levels. Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, FirstCarbon Solutions

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47 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Operational Impacts The operational noise level projections for each receiver near the project site are shown on Table Table shows a comparison of the project operational noise level projections with the City of Fontana noise standards for residential land uses. The off site operational noise level calculations shown on Table and Table identify the cumulative project impacts to daytime and nighttime project noise level impacts. Table : Operational Level Compliance (dba L eq ) Receiver Location 1 Land Use 2 Standards (dba L eq ) 3 Daytime 7am 10pm Nighttime 10pm 7am Project Operational Levels 4 (dba L eq ) Daytime 7am 10pm Compliance 5 Nighttime 10pm 7am R1 Residential Yes Yes R2 Residential Yes Yes R3 Residential Yes Yes R4 Residential Yes Yes R5 Residential Yes Yes R6 Residential Yes Yes R7 Residential Yes Yes Notes: 1 See Exhibit 9 A for the noise receiver and noise source locations. 2 Source: City of Fontana General Plan Land Use Map, June City of Fontana Zoning and Development Code, Section , Table A. 4 Estimated project stationary source noise levels as shown on Table Do the estimated project stationary source noise levels meet the City of Fontana exterior noise level standards on the affected land uses? Project Only Impacts The project only operational noise level projections, shown on Table , account for the distance attenuation provided due to geometric spreading, when sound from a localized stationary source (i.e., a point source) propagates uniformly outward in a spherical pattern. With geometric spreading, sound levels attenuate (or decrease) at a rate of 6 db for each doubling of distance from a point source. The direct project operational noise levels shown on Table , with the attenuation provided by the existing noise barriers shown on Exhibits and 3.9 6, will not exceed the City of Fontana noise level standards at the residential land uses adjacent to the project site, and therefore, the project will create a less than significant direct project noise level impact on the adjacent land uses. Cumulative Project Operational Impacts To describe daytime and nighttime cumulative operational noise impacts, the project only noise levels were compared to the existing ambient noise level measurements shown on Table By combining the project only (direct) noise level projections with the existing ambient noise level measurements, it is possible to identify the future noise levels represented by the combined project FirstCarbon Solutions

48 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center and ambient noise levels. The combined noise levels can then be used to calculate the cumulative project contribution to the ambient noise conditions. The expected daytime and nighttime cumulative project operational impacts at the fifteen receiver locations are presented on Tables and The difference between the combined project and ambient noise levels and the existing ambient noise levels were compared with the cumulative significance criteria. The analysis shows that the project will not contribute to the existing ambient noise levels during daytime or nighttime hours. Table : Daytime (7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) Operational Level Impacts (dba L eq ) Receiver Location 1 Total Project Operational Level 2 Measurement Location 3 Reference Ambient Levels 4 Combined Project and Ambient 5 Project Contribution 6 Potential Cumulative Significant Impact? 7 R L No R L No R L No R L No R L No R L No R L No Notes: 1 See Exhibit for the sensitive receiver locations. 2 Total project operational noise levels. 3 Reference noise level measurement locations. 4 Observed daytime ambient noise levels. 5 Represents the combined ambient conditions plus the project activities. 6 The noise level increase expected with the addition of the proposed project activities. 7 Cumulative Significant Impacts. Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, Table : Nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) Operational Level Impacts (dba L eq ) Receiver Location 1 Total Project Operational Level 2 Measurement Location 3 Reference Ambient Levels 4 Combined Project and Ambient 5 Project Contribution 6 Potential Cumulative Significant Impact? 7 R L No R L No R L No R L No FirstCarbon Solutions

49 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table (cont.): Nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) Operational Level Impacts (dba L eq ) Receiver Location 1 Total Project Operational Level 2 Measurement Location 3 Reference Ambient Levels 4 Combined Project and Ambient 5 Project Contribution 6 Potential Cumulative Significant Impact? 7 R L No R L No R L No Notes: 1 See Exhibit for the sensitive receiver locations. 2 Total project operational noise levels. 3 Reference noise level measurement locations. 4 Observed nighttime ambient noise levels. 5 Represents the combined ambient conditions plus the project activities. 6 The noise level increase expected with the addition of the proposed project activities. 7 Cumulative Significant Impacts. Source: Urban Crossroads, Impact Analysis, Thus, as stated, the analysis demonstrates that there would be no impacts relating to operational noise associated with the proposed project such as idling trucks, deliver truck activities, parking, backup alarms, refrigerated containers or reefers, as well as loading and unloading of dry goods. The normal operation of the project will not exceed the City of Fontana standards for stationarysource noise impacts. Level of Significance Before Mitigation Less than significant impact. Mitigation Measures No mitigation is required. Level of Significance After Mitigation Less than significant impact. FirstCarbon Solutions

50 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Excessive Groundborne Vibration Impact NOI 2: The project would not result in exposure of persons to or generation of excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels. [CEQA Threshold 12(b)] Impact Analysis Short Term Construction Impacts Construction activities can result in varying degrees of ground vibration, depending on the equipment and methods used, distance to the affected structures, and soil type. It is expected that groundborne vibration from project construction activities would cause only intermittent, localized intrusion. The project s construction activities most likely to cause vibration impacts are: Heavy Construction Equipment: Although all heavy mobile construction equipment has the potential of causing at least some perceptible vibration while operating close to building, the vibration is usually short term and is not of sufficient magnitude to cause building damage. It is not expected that heavy equipment such as large bulldozers would operate close enough to any residences to cause a vibration impact. Trucks: Trucks hauling building materials to construction sites can be sources of vibration intrusion if the haul routes pass through residential neighborhoods on streets with bumps or potholes. Repairing the bumps and potholes generally eliminates the problem. Groundborne vibration levels resulting from construction activities occurring within the project site were estimated by data published by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). Construction activities that would occur within the project site are expected to include grading, which would have the potential to generate low levels of groundborne vibration. Using the vibration source level of construction equipment provided in Table and the construction vibration assessment methodology published by the FTA, it is possible to estimate the project vibration impacts. Table presents the expected project vibration levels at each of the seven sensitive receiver locations shown in Exhibit Table : Construction Equipment Vibration Levels Receiver 1 Distance to Property Line (In Feet) Small Bulldozer Jackhammer Receiver PPV Levels (in/sec) 2 Loaded Trucks Large Bulldozer Peak Vibration County of San Bernardino Standards (PPV in/sec) 3 Potential Significant Impact? 4 R1 1,787 ft No R2 1,230 ft No R3 239 ft No R4 143 ft No R5 146 ft No R6 153 ft No FirstCarbon Solutions

51 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Table (cont.): Construction Equipment Vibration Levels Receiver 1 Distance to Property Line (In Feet) Small Bulldozer Jackhammer Receiver PPV Levels (in/sec) 2 Loaded Trucks Large Bulldozer Peak Vibration County of San Bernardino Standards (PPV in/sec) 3 Potential Significant Impact? 4 R7 689 ft No Notes: 1 receiver locations are shown on Exhibit Based on the Vibration Source Levels of Construction Equipment included on Table Source: Section of the County of San Bernardino Development Code. 4 Do the vibration levels at each receiver exceed the County of San Bernardino Development Code maximum acceptable vibration standard of 0.2 in/sec? Based on the reference vibration levels provided by the FTA, a large bulldozer represents the peak source of vibration with a reference level of PPV in/sec at a distance of 25 feet. At distances ranging from 143 to 1,787 feet from the project site, construction vibration levels are expected to approach a PPV of in/sec. Project construction is not expected to generate vibration levels exceeding the County of San Bernardino maximum acceptable vibration standards at the nearby residential receivers, as shown on Table , and therefore will not exceed the City of Fontana Zoning and Development Code vibration standards which state: No use shall create or cause to be created any activity that causes a vibration that can be felt beyond the property line with or without the aid of an instrument. Further, impacts at the site of the closest sensitive receiver are unlikely to be sustained during the entire construction period, but will occur rather only during the time that heavy construction equipment is operating adjacent to the project site perimeter. Moreover, construction at the project site will be restricted to daytime hours consistence with City requirements, thereby eliminating potential vibration impact during the sensitive nighttime hours. On this basis the potential for the project to result in exposure of persons to, or generation of, excessive ground borne vibration is determined to be less than significant. The proposed project s construction and operational vibration levels would not exceed annoyance thresholds. Because vibration is a highly localized phenomenon, there would be no possibility for vibration associated with the project to combine with vibration from other projects because of their distances from the project site. Therefore, the proposed project would not contribute result in a cumulatively significant vibration impact. Long Term Operational Impacts Although the human threshold of perception for vibration is around 65 VdB, human response to vibration is not usually significant unless the vibration exceeds 70 VdB. Truck vibration levels are dependent on vehicle characteristics, load, speed and pavement condition. Typical vibration levels for heavy trucks on normal traffic speeds can reach levels below 65 VdB. Truck deliveries transiting on site will be travelling at very low speeds so it is expected that delivery truck vibration impacts nearby homes would be less than significant. Therefore, long term operational vibration impacts would be less than significant. FirstCarbon Solutions

52 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Level of Significance Before Mitigation Less than significant impact. Mitigation Measures No mitigation measures are required. Level of Significance After Mitigation Less than significant impact. Permanent Increase in Ambient Levels Impact NOI 3: The project would not result in a substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the project. [CEQA Threshold 12(c)] Impact Analysis Off site Transportation Impacts To quantify the project's traffic noise impacts on the surrounding off site project area, the changes in traffic noise levels on 16 roadway segments surrounding the project site were calculated based on the changes in the average daily traffic volumes. The off site noise contours were used to assess the proposed project's incremental traffic related cumulative noise impacts at land uses adjacent to roadways conveying project traffic. Year 2016 Project Off site Traffic Level Contributions Table (above) presents a comparison of the Year 2016 without and with project conditions CNEL noise levels. The table shows that the unmitigated exterior noise levels are expected to range from 63.8 dba to 80.0 dba CNEL. Year 2016 with project conditions unmitigated noise contours are expected to range from 65.6 dba to 80.2 dba CNEL. Overall, the project is expected to generate an unmitigated exterior noise level increase of up 3.2 dba on two of the study area roadway segments: Mango Avenue south of Driveway 6 and Mango Avenue north of Sierra Lakes Parkway. Thus the project s contribution to the Year 2016 without project noise levels is considered potentially significant if nearby residential receivers are affected. However, the adjacent land uses to these roadway segments are not noise sensitive, and therefore, the off site traffic noise impacts for Year 2016 conditions will be less than significant. Year 2035 Project Off site Traffic Level Contributions Table provides a comparison of the Year 2035 without and with project conditions CNEL noise levels. The table shows that the unmitigated exterior noise levels are expected to range from 64.8 dba to 82.7 dba CNEL. Year 2035 with project conditions unmitigated noise contours are expected to range from 66.3 dba to 82.8 dba CNEL. Overall, the project is expected to generate an unmitigated exterior noise level increase of up to 2.7 dba. In addition, one of the study area roadway segments, Mango Avenue north of Sierra Lakes Parkway, will experience a potentially significant noise impact of up to 1.7 dba CNEL. Based on the criteria in Section above, the project s contribution to the Year 2035 without project noise levels is considered a potentially significant impact if nearby residential receivers are affected. However, the adjacent land use to the FirstCarbon Solutions

53 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center roadway segment is not noise sensitive, and therefore, the off site traffic noise impacts for Year 2035 conditions will be less than significant. Cumulative Project Traffic Impacts As previously discussed, overall, the project is expected to generate an unmitigated exterior noise level increase of up to 2.7 dba CNEL. The cumulative traffic noise analysis indicates that the project s contributions to roadway noise levels will cause a less than significant impact at the future project area roadway segments on Mango Avenue since the adjacent land uses are not noise sensitive. This analysis shows that the project would create a less than significant cumulative noise level impact on all project area roadway segments. Operational Impacts Since the future tenants of the project are currently unknown, the operational noise analysis assumed that the proposed logistics warehouse building would be operational 24 hours per day, seven days per week. It was also assumed that operational activities would primarily be conducted within the enclosed building, with the exception of traffic movement, parking, and the loading and unloading of trucks at designated loading bays. Although the proposed building is not necessarily expected to accommodate tenants that require cold storage (refrigeration), this analysis assumes that the buildings could house a tenant that uses cold storage. The operational noise impacts associated with the project are expected to include idling trucks, delivery truck activities, parking, backup alarms, refrigerated containers or reefers, as well as loading and unloading of dry goods. Exhibit shows the location of the seven noise receiver locations used to assess the operational noise impacts. Furthermore, the locations of the operational noise sources are shown on Exhibit To describe the daytime and nighttime cumulative operational noise impacts, the project only noise levels were compared to the existing ambient noise level measurements shown on Table By combining the project only (direct project impacts) noise level projections with the existing ambient noise level measurements, it is possible to identify the future noise levels represented by the combined project and ambient noise levels. The combined noise levels can then be used to calculate the cumulative project contribution to the ambient noise conditions. The expected daytime and nighttime cumulative project operational noise impacts at the nine receiver locations are shown on Table and Table The difference between the combined project and ambient noise levels and the existing ambient noise levels were then compared with the cumulative significance criteria. The analysis shows that the project would contribute an operational noise level impact of up to 0.0 dba L eq (or no increase) at the nearby receiver locations. Therefore, the project would not increase ambient noise levels in the project area. The analysis demonstrates that the operational noise impacts associated with the project such as idling trucks, delivery truck activities, parking, backup alarms, refrigerated containers or reefers, as well as loading and unloading of dry goods would be less than significant. Of the 33 total cumulative projects that were identified, 19 of them are on the other side of the 210 Freeway and therefore would not combine with project noise to create a substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels. The other 14 cumulative projects are likewise located at a sufficient distance from the project site to avoid the combined effects of operational noise. Moreover, FirstCarbon Solutions

54 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center stationary noise and transportation noise are localized phenomena, and there is very limited potential for other projects to contribute to cumulative noise impacts beyond transportation related noise, which would not be cumulatively significant. As such, the proposed project, in conjunction with other projects, would not make a cumulatively considerable contribution to any permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity. Level of Significance Before Mitigation Less than significant impact. Mitigation Measures No mitigation is required. Level of Significance After Mitigation Less than significant impact. Temporary or Periodic Increase in Ambient Levels Impact NOI 4: The project could result in a temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the project. [CEQA Threshold 12(d)] Impact Analysis The City of Fontana has set restrictions to control noise impacts associated with construction of the project. According to Section 18 63(b)(7) of the Fontana Municipal Code: The erection (including excavating) demolition, alteration or repair of any building or structure other than between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays except in the case of urgent necessity in the interest of public health and safety, and then only with a permit from the building inspector, which permit may be granted for a period not to exceed three days or less while the emergency continues and which permit may be renewed for periods of three days or less while the emergency continues. If the building inspector should determine that the public health and safety will not be impaired by the erection, demolition, alteration or repair of any building or structure or the excavation of streets and highways within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., and if he shall further determine that loss or inconvenience would result to any party in interest, he may grant permission for such work to be done on weekdays within the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., upon application being made at the time the permit for the work is awarded or during the progress of the work. While the City s Municipal Code limits the hours of construction activities, it does not specifically address construction noise limits. While the City establishes limits to the hours during which construction activity may take place, neither the City s General Plan nor Municipal Code establish numeric maximum acceptable construction source noise levels at potentially affected receivers, which would allow for a quantified determination of what CEQA constitutes a substantial temporary or periodic noise increase. To allow for a quantitative determination of what the Control Ordinance constitutes as a loud, excessive, impulsive, or intrusive sound or noise that annoys or disturbs persons of ordinary sensibilities due to construction activity, relevant quantified construction noise standards established in other cities within the County of San Bernardino were used in this analysis to assess the project construction noise levels at nearby sensitive receivers FirstCarbon Solutions

55 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Within the County of San Bernardino, construction noise level limits of 65 dba L eq are identified in several cities (refer to the Regulatory Setting). Therefore, 65 dba shall be used as an acceptable threshold for determining the relative significance of project construction noise levels at the nearby sensitive receivers located in the City of Fontana. Using the stationary source RCNM noise prediction model, calculations of the project construction noise level impacts at the seven noise receiver locations were completed. The analysis shows that the highest construction noise level impacts will occur during grading construction activities at the edge of the project site. As shown on Table , the unmitigated peak construction noise levels are expected to range from 50.6 to 72.7 dba L eq. The construction noise analysis shows that the nearby sensitive residential receivers will likely experience a significant, temporary/periodic increase above the existing ambient noise due to project construction activities. Based on the construction noise analysis provided in Table , the unmitigated project construction noise levels at receiver locations R3 to R6 will exceed the City of Fontana 65 dba L eq noise level limit for stationary source noise. Temporary noise mitigation measures NOI a through NOI e are needed to reduce the potential construction noise impacts to a level of less than significant. With the installation of temporary exterior noise control barriers (i.e. mitigation measure NOI b) with a minimum attenuation of 10 dba at the perimeter of the project site, noise levels at the nearby residential receivers would be reduced to less than significant. Table , above, shows the mitigated peak construction noise levels are expected to range from 40.6 to 62.7 dba L eq with the attenuation provided by the temporary construction noise barriers and will not result in an increase that would exceed the City of Fontana 65 dba L eq stationary noise level limit. Therefore, with the incorporation of mitigation, short term construction noise impacts would be less than significant. With regard to cumulative impacts, noise impacts tend to be localized; therefore, the area near the project site (approximately 0.25 mile) would be the area most affected by project activities. The precise construction schedules for the 33 cumulative projects that were identified are not known; however, it is highly unlikely that a substantial number of the cumulative projects would be constructed simultaneously, given that the projects are at widely varying stages of approval and development. Even if some of the construction schedules were to overlap with the project, all of the cumulative project sites are located a sufficient distance from the project that distance would diminish any additive effects. Construction noise would generally be limited to daytime hours and would be short term in duration. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that construction noise from the proposed project would not combine with noise from other development projects to cause cumulatively significant noise impacts. Likewise, other planned and approved projects would be required to evaluate construction noise impacts and implement mitigation, if necessary, to minimize noise impacts pursuant to local regulations. Level of Significance Before Mitigation Potentially significant impact. FirstCarbon Solutions

56 City of Fontana Sierra Lakes Commerce Center Mitigation Measures Mitigation Measures NOI 1a through NOI 1e are required. Level of Significance After Mitigation Less than significant impact FirstCarbon Solutions