SADC HYCOS PHASE II PROJECT. Final Report STRATEGIC AND OPTIMUM NETWORK DESIGN FOR THE SADC-HYCOS PHASE II PROJECT

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1 SADC HYCOS PHASE II PROJECT Final Report STRATEGIC AND OPTIMUM NETWORK DESIGN FOR THE SADC-HYCOS PHASE II PROJECT Prepared by A. Murwira and D. Mazvimavi Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Zimbabwe P.O. Box MP167 Mount Pleasant Harare Zimbabwe

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Background to HYCOS... 4 SADC-HYCOS Phase I... 4 SADC-HYCOS Phase II... 6 Terms of Reference for network design for SADC-HYCOS II... 6 Chapter 2: METHODS The principles of the SADC-HYCOS II network design Identification of needs through a questionnaire survey Allocation of stations to SADC basins and Island States by Areal Weighting Visiting individual Countries Participatory network design workshop Review of planned and ongoing activities Consolidation Validation 14 Chapter 3: ASSESSMENT OF SADC-HYCOS PHASE I & ON-GOING OR PLANNED ACTIVITIES Introduction Assessment of SADC-HYCOS Phase I Planned and Ongoing Activities Okavango Basin Pungwe Basin Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Management and Development (IWRM&D) Save, Buzi, and Ruvuma Basins Project Zambezi Action Plan (ZACPRO 6.2) Additional South African Contribution to SADC-HYCOS Phase I 20 1 P a g e

3 Chapter 4: RESULTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY & PARTICIPATORY DESIGN NETWORK Suggested stations from the questionnaire survey Allocation of stations to basins by areal weighting Stations selected during network design workshops Station Allocation for Phase II and Justification Stations selected after the workshop Modifications done during and after the Project Steering Committee Meeting Summary of stations allocation in relation to strategic objectives Water quality monitoring Groundwater monitoring Utilisation of equipment planned for installation Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS ON THE NETWORK DESIGN Conclusions REFERENCES References APPENDIX Questionnaire List of delegates for the network design workshop List of stations in the designed SADC-HYCOS Phase II network Detailed Basin Maps showing the designed network for SADC-HYCOS Phase II List of stations in the SADC-HYCOS Phase I network P a g e

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful for the inputs provided by member countries, SADC Water Division, SADC- HYCOS PMU, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa and WMO. We are also very grateful to the technical support provided by E. K. Madamombe in the production of this report. 3 P a g e

5 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Background to HYCOS The need to improve the availability of accurate and timely data for water resources planning and management was highlighted during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Agencies responsible for hydrometeorological data collection and dissemination were noted to be: lacking resources for maintaining observation stations, dependent on unreliable telecommunications, using outdated information management systems, and unable to provide timely warning for impending disasters. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the World Bank formulated the World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS) in 1993 with the objective of strengthening the technical and institutional capacities of National Hydrological Services (NHS s) so that they can meet end-user requirements for water related information. WHYCOS aims at establishing a global network of national hydrological observatories, and facilitating dissemination and use of water-related information. An evaluation of WHYCOS resulted in the refocusing from the global to regional and national initiatives aimed at strengthening the capacity of NHS s for providing regional and basin wide information so as to address the needs of the participating countries. This refocusing led to the development of several regional HYCOS projects, e.g. Mediterranean, SADC regions. SADC-HYCOS Phase I The overall objective of SADC-HYCOS Phase I project was to contribute to the regional socioeconomic development through the provision of management tools necessary for sustainable and economic water resources development and management. The project was also expected to provide water resources data and information for decision making on all aspects of Integrated Water Resources Development and Management. The specific objectives were: To provide SADC with one of the necessary tools (information system) for improving regional water resources assessment, monitoring and management for peaceful and sustainable development of the region. To assist participating countries in developing their own national capacity and benefit from the project. To facilitate collaboration with other national, regional and international projects and programs aimed at the modernisation and improvement of water resources information systems in the continental part of the SADC region and at the international level. The activities that were undertaken in order to fulfill the objectives of SADC-HYCOS I include: 4 P a g e

6 Installation of a network of 50 Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) for data collection and transmission at 3 hourly intervals through the Meteosat data collection system. Supporting National Hydrological Services (NHS s) in enhancing the management of national databases by providing software and training. Setting up a regional database of data from DCP network, historical data and information provided by the NHS s and the UNESCO-IHP Southern Africa FIENDproject. Enhancement of regional co-operation among the NHS s, and between the NHS s and the Pilot Regional Centre. An evaluation of SADC-HYCOS Phase I was undertaken in 2002( Rutashobya and Wellens- Mensah, 2002). The outcomes of SADC-HYCOS I include the following: SADC-HYCOS Phase I installed 43 out of the planned 50 DCPs in 10 countries. However some of the DCPs are no longer operational for a variety of reasons which include lack of spares, vandalism, insufficient skills in NHS s due to high staff turn-over resulting in some of the people trained by the project having left the respective NHS s. HYDATA software was provided to all participating countries and NHS s staff were trained on the use of this software. This provided a platform for data management, exchange and dissemination at the regional level. However the actual exchange of data amongst the countries was low by the end of Phase I due to problems with the project website as most of the participating NHS s had difficulties downloading data from this website. A regional electronic network was established and some NHS s were provided with computers and facilities which greatly improved communication among the participating countries and with the Pilot Regional Centre. A regional Database (RDB) consisting of data from the HYCOS project and Southern Africa FRIEND project was developed. Due to high staff turnover some countries have lost a lot of critical technicians/hydrologists who were trained by the project and involved in the operation and maintenance of SADC-HYCOS equipment. It was also felt that the training was not as detailed as most NHS s would have required. It has been recommended to develop a much more detailed training program and to train additional technicians/hydrologist in the NHS s. The design for SADC-HYCOS Phase I network was largely influenced by submissions made by the respective countries, which did not always address the need to have adequate data for management of water resources at the river basin level. It was planned to derive hydrological products from data collected from the Phase I network, but this did not materialize. A major success of SADC-HYCOS Phase I was the enhancement of collaboration among SADC NHS s which created a platform for data exchanges. Real time data technologies and related training were also introduced in some of the NHS s. This was a major step towards modernization of hydrological data collection and transmission. Some of the real-time data collected from the Phase I network were of major benefit in monitoring and managing flooding following the occurrence of Cyclone Eline in P a g e

7 SADC-HYCOS Phase II The general objectives of Phase II are: To include the new SADC Member States which did not participate in or benefited from Phase I of the Project, in particular SADC Island Member States. To undertake a comprehensive review of the hydrological observation network throughout the SADC region and propose appropriate improvements to meet the water resources management needs. To expand the observation network with Meteosat DCPs or other types of hydrological equipment as required. To expand the water resources information systems and to ensure its easy accessibility to all NHS s. (Source: Terms of Reference Document). The above objectives cover all the activities that are planned for Phase II but this document only focuses on the design of a strategic and optimum observation network which is only part of the general objectives. Terms of Reference for network design for SADC-HYCOS II The goal of the network design is to determine a strategic and optimum network for all the transboundary river basins in the SADC Region. The network to be designed should take into account the specific requirements of Island Member states, and special cases which should be included in the HYCOS network. The network should address the following strategic objectives: Hydrological monitoring for basin-wide water resource assessment and planning. Flood and drought monitoring, forecast and mitigation, for management purposes. Water quality and pollution monitoring and control. Monitoring to support environmental and ecological management. Monitor compliance with international agreements between basin states in line with SADC protocol on shared water courses. Groundwater monitoring and management. (Source: Terms of Reference Document). There are currently 15 main international river basins which SADC has identified for the purposes of water resources management in the SADC region (Table 1 & Figure. 1) Table 1: Transboundary river basins occurring in the SADC Region, as well as the respective countries River Basin 6 P a g e SADC Riparian States 1. Congo i. Angola ii. Democratic Republic of Congo. iii. Tanzania iv. Zambia 2. Zambezi i. Angola ii. Botswana iii. Malawi

8 River Basin SADC Riparian States iv. Mozambique v. Namibia vi. Tanzania vii. Zambia viii. Zimbabwe 3. Cunene i. Angola ii. Namibia 4. Cuvelai i. Angola ii. Namibia 5. Okavango i. Angola ii. Botswana iii. Namibia 6. Nile i. Tanzania ii. DRC 7. Ruvuma i. Mozambique ii. Tanzania 8. Limpopo i. Botswana ii. Mozambique iii. South Africa iv. Zimbabwe 9. Save i. Mozambique ii. Zimbabwe 10. Buzi i. Mozambique ii. Zimbabwe 11. Pungwe i. Mozambique ii. Zimbabwe 12. Inkomati i. Mozambique ii. South Africa iii. Swaziland 13. Umbeluzi i. Mozambique ii. South Africa iii. Swaziland 14. Maputo i. Mozambique ii. South Africa iii. Swaziland 15. Orange i. Botswana ii. Lesotho iii. Namibia iv. South Africa The Scope of Work as specified by SADC covered the following aspects: Consulting all relevant SADC-HYCOS documents, including but not limited to, Implementation Phase II documents, Evaluation Report Phase I, as well as the Framework study. Assessing the regional strategic stations under Phase I and making recommendations in line with the strategic objectives outlined above. Visiting all SADC Member States as necessary to collect data and discuss the regional network requirements in order to establish their specific concerns. In 7 P a g e

9 discussions with SADC Member States, engage with all key personnel including heads of Hydrological Services (Steering Committee Members), representatives of River Basin Authorities, etc. Review relevant components of the ongoing and planned activities at various river basins for the purposes of drawing synergies with complementary and compatible activities. Collect any other relevant information that will assist in the optimal network design. (Source: Terms of Reference Document). Figure 1: Transboundary river basins occurring in the SADC Region, as well as the respective countries The Project Management Unit (PMU) informed the Consultants that during Phase II, 50 Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) and about 50 Data Loggers (DL s) will be installed. South Africa also pledged to include 11 DCPs on various tributaries of the Limpopo basin for flood 8 P a g e

10 management and water resources planning. Therefore the major task was to determine the locations of the 50 DCPs and 50 DL s taking into account the locations of 43 DCPs installed during Phase I. The PMU also informed the Consultants that the project would install equipment at existing stations, and not open a new station. Thus the design of the network to be covered in Phase II has to be restricted to stations already existing within the SADC region. 9 P a g e

11 Chapter 2: METHODS The principles of the SADC-HYCOS II network design The main guiding principle that the consultants adopted in the network design is that the resultant network should enable the SADC Member States to achieve the strategic objectives for managing the water resources of the 15 SADC transboundary basins, and those of the Island Member states. In addition, the network should promote the participation of Member States in the SADC-HYCOS Project, and therefore contribute towards regional integration. Since the participation of Member States in the SADC-HYCOS project is a key issue, the design of the network should therefore be participatory and transparent so that the network is owned by the Member States. This requires that Member States mutually agree on priority water resources management problems and the locations in each of the 15 SADC basins at which data for addressing these problems should be collected within the network. Thus, the fundamental principle adopted in this process was that the network design should be participatory and be based on a river basin approach. Thus all the data needs were examined from a river basin point of view. In the case of very large river basins, these were subdivided into sub-basins within which data needs were examined. Since the Project will only install equipment at existing stations, the design of the network has to be restricted to stations already existing within each of the SADC basins. The actual design of the network was accomplished in four stages: Stage 1 - Identification of needs through a questionnaire survey. Stage 2 Allocation of stations to 15 SADC basins, and Island Member States. Stage 3 Participatory Network Design workshops. Stage 4 Consolidation of outputs of Stage 1 to 3. The methods employed at each of the above stages are described below. Identification of needs through a questionnaire survey A questionnaire survey was used to determine the hydrological data needs as perceived by each of the SADC Member States. The questionnaire was distributed by followed by telephone calls from both the Consultants and PMU to ascertain its receipt by the representative of each of the Member States on the Project Steering Committee. The representatives of the Member States were requested to propose stations that would be part of the SADC-HYCOS Phase II network. The questionnaire requested for the following information for each of the stations proposed for inclusion under SADC-HYCOS Phase II: Site identification in terms of river name, location, priority, and accessibility. Description of the existing station such as the type of structure, whether rated or not, purposes for which the data will be used for, the need for a DCP or not. 10 P a g e

12 Description of current instrumentation of the station. Justification for the inclusion of the station in the SADC-HYCOS network. The full questionnaire is included as Appendix 1. A questionnaire that had been translated into French was used for Madagascar. Allocation of stations to SADC basins and Island States by Areal Weighting It was recognized that the submissions from the Member States far exceed the number of DCPs to be installed as each individual state made its submission without knowing submissions by other countries. We therefore developed a geographical area based method to determine an equitable distribution of DCPs among the 15 SADC basins and the Island Member States. This method took into account the number of DCP s already installed in any of these basins during Phase I. The geographical area of each of the basins was used to determine what would be a fair distribution of the combined number of Phase I and Phase II stations with DCPs among the 15 basins. This method also took into account the island states requirements, as well as the effect of South Africa which is not being considered for allocation of DCP s during SADC-HYCOS Phase II. Thus, for the Limpopo River only 50% of its area is considered since the remainder falls within South Africa. Similarly 10% of the area of the Orange is only considered as the remainder is in South Africa, and for the Inkomati Basin, 30% of the area is considered. During Phase I, 43 out of 50 stations were allocated to the 15 SADC shared basins, with the remaining 7 stations not installed in some countries. It was assumed that out of the 50 Phase II DCPs, Mauritius will get one, and Madagascar two. DRC was allocated two DCPs to avoid the extremely large area of the Congo Basin getting all the stations. Thus a total of five Phase II DCPs were excluded from allocation based on areal weighting, and therefore 45 DCPs were allocated in this manner. The combined number of Phase I (50 stations) allocated within the 15 SADC Basins and Phase II stations (45 stations), to be for distribution through areal weighting is 88 DCP stations: Let A = total number of both Phase I and II that each basin should be allocated on the basis of areal weighting. B = the number stations allocated in each basin during Phase I C = the number of stations to be allocated to each basin during Phase II The following equation is therefore used to determine the number of stations to be allocated to each basin during Phase II: 11 P a g e C = A B

13 The unmodified use of this equation results in some basins having a negative number of stations, C. In theory, this means that such basins should give up some of the stations as they already have an excess. However, this is not feasible. When C < zero, it is assumed that the basin will get C = 0 stations. Thus, Let D = the number of requests for stations in each basin made for Phase II during the questionnaire survey by the Member Stations. Then E = C-D which gives an idea of whether in each basin there is a surplus or deficit with regards to allocations. When E = 0 the requests are equal to what is desirable for an equitable distribution based on area, E > 0 the number of requests are fewer than an equitable distribution based on area, E < 0 the countries have made requests far greater for that particular basin than that desirable for equity. The above analysis gives an idea of an equitable distribution of stations among the 15 SADC Basins. However, the network design has also to take into account specific needs that may exist in some basins. For example, some basins may not have existing stations suitable for the strategic objectives of the project. Furthermore, there is a need to ensure that each county participates in the project. Visiting individual Countries The Terms of Reference required the Consultants to visit individual member countries for consultations regarding the stations to be included as part of the Phase II network. In consultation with the PMU, we were of the view that this would result in a non-participatory design of a network, thus resulting in limited transparency. We suggested to the Project Management Unit that since the network was to be designed for improving management of the transboundary SADC basins, it would be desirable to have representatives of the riparian countries meeting and mutually agreeing on where gaps existed in the network. It was further noted that if the SADC-HYCOS System becomes fully operational, then the location of a station within any particular state will not affect the availability of data to all the riparian countries as the data will be accessible in near real-time from the regional database. What is critical is for representatives of member countries to agree on the locations of stations. Therefore, it was agreed that a workshop for the design of the network be conducted with the representatives of the member countries within each basin being the participants, and the Consultants facilitating the development of consensus during station selection. Therefore funds that had originally been budgeted for the travelling and accommodation of 12 P a g e

14 the Consultants to individual countries were instead used to pay for the travelling and accommodation of representatives of member countries during the network design workshops. Thus the Consultants did not visit the individual countries. Below are the details of the participatory network design workshop. Participatory network design workshop Representatives of Member States were invited to a workshop for the design of the network for each of the 15 SADC Basins. The focus group discussion method was used for the selection of stations. This method was selected for the following advantages; Representatives of Member States could exchange views regarding the critical water resources management issues in each basin. Prioritization of stations by the group would result in an optimum and strategic network that is acceptable to the member countries. The method facilitates the development of consensus regarding stations to be included, hence acceptability and ownership of the process by member countries. The network is designed in a transparent and participatory manner. The Consultants prepared maps showing locations of Phase I stations, and locations of stations suggested through questionnaires by Member States for inclusion in Phase II as a guide to the focus group discussions which were facilitated by the Consultants and the PMU. For each of 15 SADC Basins, representatives of all the riparian states determined the major water resources management problems, assessed the adequacy of the existing network in terms of providing information to address these problems, and then identified gaps in the network. The representatives then selected existing stations at the desirable locations to be included in the SADC-HYCOS Phase II Project, and also prioritized these stations using the information summarised from the questionnaire survey, as well as expert knowledge. The number of stations allocated to each of the 15 basins on the basis of areal weighting outlined above was used as a guide to determine the maximum number of DCPs that were to be allocated during the Participatory Network Design Workshops. This procedure was used to avoid a situation whereby the number of DCPs could be exhausted before all the basins had been considered. Review of planned and ongoing activities As part of the terms of reference, the consultants were requested to review current and ongoing projects which have a potential to compliment the SADC-HYCOS Phase II Project. This was done through reviewing relevant project documents and interviewing representatives of member countries that attended the network design workshop. Consolidation This stage of the network design involved the Consultants reviewing if the network emanating from the Participatory Network Design Workshops enabled the achievement of 13 P a g e

15 the strategic objectives set for the SADC-HYCOS network. During the Participatory Network Design Workshops, representatives of Member States determined the stations to be equipped taking into account the gaps in the network. It was therefore possible that more or less of the equipment available would be allocated as each basin was considered independently. The Consultants had therefore to ensure that these allocations matched the available equipment. In the event that the allocations were more than the available DCP s and DL s, the Consultants would eliminate those stations with a lower priority based on the recommendations of the Member States. If there were additional DCPs and DL s after the network design workshops, the Consultants would identify stations to be equipped after examining the adequacy of the network to satisfy the strategic objectives. Validation An attempt on the validation of the designed network firstly involved a comparison of the designed network with the overall station network in SADC for areas where such data was available. The data used was obtained from the FRIEND project database housed at the University of Dar es salaam in Tanzania. Data on the existing station network covered all the mainland basins except of the Congo Basin. The consultants could also not get hold of the data on the overall network of the Island member countries. However, the comparison of the SADC-HYCOS Phase II designed network and the existing stations network served to provide an idea about the context of the designed network within the overall network. Thus, it gives a rough idea of optimality of the designed network. It should be emphasized that the use of the FRIEND project database with the designed network did not influence the final outcome of the network because the FRIEND project database was compiled in the 1990s and the network could have changed since then. Secondly, an attempt was made to visualise the designed network within the context of rainfall and the catchment area data of the SADC basins. This involved plotting the number of stations in the designed network against the long term mean annual rainfall and the catchment area of the SADC basins. This way, it serves to validate the designed network within the framework of these two physical parameters. Rainfall and catchment area are considered important hydrological determinants of runoff. The rainfall data were derived from the Famine Early Warning Systems Network for the whole Southern Africa region ( ). Again, it must be noted that the plotting of the number of stations against rainfall and SADC basin area did not have an influence on the final outcome of the network design but it just serves to put it within a rainfall, basin area context. 14 P a g e

16 Chapter 3: ASSESSMENT OF SADC-H YC O S PHASE I & ON-GOING OR PLANNED ACTIVITIES Introduction As a preamble to the network design process, we assessed the SADC-HYCOS Phase I network. We also assessed the ongoing and planned activities in the basins, as well as a further South African contribution to the SADC-HYCOS Phase I network. Assessment of SADC-HYCOS Phase I The network design approach for Phase I was largely based on country submissions as opposed to the basin approach. Due to the limited number of DCPs available and the selection of stations on a country basis, all the SADC transboundary basins were not adequately covered by the network of Phase I stations (Table 2, Figure. 2). Table 2: Number of stations equipped with DCPs during the Phase I Project. Basin Number of Phase I Stations Buzi 0 Congo 0 Cuvalei 0 Inkomati 0 Cunene 1 Limpopo 10 Maputo 3 Nile 0 Okavango 2 Orange 5 Pungwe 0 Ruvuma 0 Save 2 Umbeluzi 1 Zambezi 19 TOTAL 43 The Phase I network does not cover Buzi, Congo, Cuvalei, Inkomati, Nile, Pungwe, and Ruvuma Basins. There is inadequate coverage of tributaries of the Limpopo Basin occurring within South Africa and Zimbabwe (Figure 2). The upper part of the Okavango Basin from which most of the flow originates, was also not covered. Some of the important tributaries of the Zambezi River such as the Kafue, Luangwa, Gwayi and Sanyati Rivers have a poor or no coverage at all. The same applies to the Save Basin. The lower Zambezi River which experiences flooding frequently causing loss of property and life was not adequately covered. DCPs were allocated for 2 stations on this part of the Zambezi River, but they were not installed. 15 P a g e

17 Island Member States of SADC were not covered by the Phase I network which constrains the participation of these members in the SADC-HYCOS activities. Figure 2: The distribution of the SADC-HYCOS Phase I stations. Thus, it can be concluded that SADC-HYCOS Phase I left some observational gaps in the network. Planned and Ongoing Activities There are on-going projects in the following basins which have aspects dealing with improving hydrometric networks, availability of hydrological data, and training which have the potential to compliment SADC-HYCOS Phase II Project; 16 P a g e

18 Buzi Basin, Okavango Basin, Pungwe Basin, Ruvuma Basin, Save Basin, and Zambezi Basin These projects are described below. Okavango Basin In 2007, the Department of Environmental Affairs of Botswana completed the formulation of Okavango Delta Management Plan with the following goal "to integrate resource management for the Okavango Delta that will ensure its longterm conservation and that will provide benefits for the present and future well being of the people, through sustainable use of its natural resources". The formulation of the plan was done through a project implemented by the Department of Environmental Affairs of Botswana. This project made a provision for the installation of 27 digital water level recorders within the Okavango Delta. A four year USAID funded Okavango Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) Project was started in 2004 with the goal of strengthening the capacity of the Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission (OKACOM). Component 2 of this project has the objective of promoting information and data management for informing river basin management. This will be undertaken through linking databases with relevant information in the three riparian countries. Another activity will be the improvement of the hydrometric network of the Okavango Basin. An evaluation of the existing hydrometric network within the Okavango Basin was undertaken in 2005 as part of this project (USAID/OKACOM, 2005). Discussions were held with staff involved in managing the hydrometric networks in the three riparian countries, and visits were made to selected stations within the Okavango Basin. The three countries agreed that the improvement of the hydrometric network within Angola was a top priority. The IRBM Project will provide data loggers for the following five stations within the Okavango Basin but without telemetry equipment; (i) Cuebe River at Menongue, (ii) Luahaca River at Menongue, (iii) Cuchi River below the confluence with Cutato River, (iv) Cubango River above the confluence with Cutato River, (v) Cutato River. If the road to Cuito Cunavale is improved, then a station on Cuito River will be equipped instead of the Cutato River so that data is available for this sub-basin of the Okavango Basin. It is planned that an additional 6 stations be improved and equipped with data loggers. The IRBM Project will also provide equipment for current meter gauging such as current meters and a boat. Training of Angolan staff on hydrometric data collection, installation and 17 P a g e

19 operation of equipment, and computer use is included in this project. The IRBM Project intends to collaborate with the SADC-HYCOS Phase II Project particularly on training. Some of the gaps currently existing in the hydrometric network of the Okavango Basin will therefore be addressed by the IRBM Project. Pungwe Basin Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Management and Development (IWRM&D) This project is being undertaken by Mozambique and Zimbabwe which are the riparian to the Pungwe River The project is funded by SIDA, the Governments of Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and has the following goal: To strengthen relevant institutions and stakeholders at all the appropriate levels for joint, integrated and sustainable management of water resources in the Pungwe River Basin, and to stimulate and support appropriate development-oriented investments in the basin that contribute to poverty reduction whilst protecting the environment. The following planned activities for this project have the potential to compliment SADC- HYCOS Phase II: Strengthening the capacity of key basin IWRM institutions. Strengthening and expanding stakeholder participation, and increase local IWRM&D capacity in the basin. Ensuring appropriate, efficient, effective and sustainable technical systems and capacities for the collection, management and communication of water resources data, and to improve information systems across the basin. Upgrading and developing relevant mechanisms for effective flood warning, and to establish immediate flood mitigation measures for the most vulnerable communities. Developing a strategy and practical steps to ensure monitoring and preservation of environmental flows into Gorongosa National Park and Lake Urema. Ensuring effective integrated water resources management and appropriate land use practices to support sustainable development in the Pungwe Basin. Supporting local IWRM&D initiatives in the basin with a strong poverty reduction and broader cross-cutting focus, that will simultaneously deepen participatory IWRM processes From the project outline it is evident that Mozambique and Zimbabwe will benefit through the provision of real-time equipment and flood management software as well as training. The number of stations to be equipped for real time monitoring has not yet been decided. It is recommended that stations to be equipped for real time monitoring should compliment the SADC-HYCOS initiatives. Save, Buzi, and Ruvuma Basins Project This is a SADC initiative involving Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and aiming at the implementation of an integrated water resources management 18 P a g e

20 approach, and the development of physical infrastructure which will contribute towards regional integration and poverty reduction. Components of the project will include: Development of river basin strategies. Enhancing knowledge and information support system. Community basin management. Capacity building. The component dealing with enhancement of knowledge and information support system will strengthen networks for hydro-meteorological, groundwater and water quality monitoring as well as the establishment of an operational database, which will compliment the SADC-HYCOS Project. The surface water related activities include establishment of gauging stations, provision of hydrometric equipment, and provision of data management equipment as well as transport facilities for the data collection staff. The groundwater related activities include construction of observation wells, the provision of measuring instruments and data management equipment, and training in their installation and use. For water quality the activities will consist of upgrading laboratories and equipment for water quality analysis. In conjunction with the above activities, basin wide information sharing and decision support tools will be developed. The project documents do not indicate whether some stations will be equipped for real time monitoring. However, the project will complement efforts being made through SADC-HYCOS Project by improving the availability of data for water resources planning and management at the basin scale. Zambezi Action Plan (ZACPRO 6.2) This is SADC initiative in the Zambezi Basin which involves all the riparian countries namely Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The overall objective is To improve integrated water resources management, to facilitate social and economic development, and protection against floods, droughts, water resources pollution and environmental degradation in the Zambezi River basin. ( 19 P a g e

21 The specific objectives of this project that are relevant to the SADC-HYCOS Phase II Project are; To set up an enabling environmental at the regional and national levels for IWRM implementation. To establish water resources management systems which include hydrological and water demand forecasting models and other tools for joint planning and management in the Zambezi Basin. To develop an IWRM strategy for existing and future development plans and management systems. This project has the potential to develop databases which will compliment the SADC-HYCOS Regional Database. In addition forecasting models to be developed will partly use data collected through the SADC-HYCOS Project. Additional South African contribution to SADC-HYCOS Phase I During the steering committee meeting held in Namibia from the 15 th -17 th November, a further complimentary submission of stations was made by South Africa to further densify the SADC-HYCOS network. The Stations were submitted as SADC-HYCOS Phase I stations. A full list of these stations together with the abovementioned SADC-HYCOS Phase I stations are listed in Appendix 5 of this report. 20 P a g e

22 Chapter 4: RESULTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY & PARTICIPATORY DESIGN NETWORK Suggested stations from the questionnaire survey The responses to the questionnaire survey showed that a total of 89 stations were suggested for inclusion in the SADC-HYCOS Phase II network. Table 3 illustrates a summary of the responses to the questionnaire survey. Figure 3 illustrates the geographical distribution of these stations, as well as their geographical relationship with the Phase I stations. Table 3: Classification by SADC Basins and Country of the number of stations suggested for inclusion in Phase II Basin No. of stations Country No. of Stations 1. Buzi 1 Angola 3 2. Congo 8 Botswana 8 3. Cuvelai 2 Democratic Rep of 2 Congo 4. Inkomati 0 Lesotho 4 5. Cunene 1 Malawi 6 6. Limpopo 17 Mauritius 1 7. Maputo 6 Mozambique Nile 1 Namibia 6 9. Okavango 7 Swaziland Orange 6 Tanzania Pungwe 2 Zambia Ruvuma 2 Zimbabwe Save 4 South Africa Umbeluzi Zambezi 32 Mauritius 1 Outside SADC Basins 10 Total The combination of Phase I stations, and Phase II stations suggested through the questionnaire survey shows that parts of the Zambezi Basin occurring in Zambia and Malawi, the Maputo and part of the Orange River in Lesotho will have relatively dense network in comparison to the other basins. 21 P a g e

23 Figure 3: The distribution of the SADC-HYCOS Phase I and the questionnaire suggested SADC- HYCOS Phase II stations. Table 4 shows a summary of the stations suggested through the questionnaire survey by the countries. 22 P a g e

24 Table 4: Country submissions based on the questionnaire survey for Phase II (Coordinates are in decimal degrees based on the WGS 84 spheroid) COUNTRY RIVER NAME PLACE NAME LAT LON Lesotho Senqu Koma- Koma Lesotho Tsoelike Tsoelike Bridge Lesotho Senqu Seaka Bridge Mauritius Plaines Wilhems Trianon Bridge Zimbabwe Runde Tokwe - Runde Confluence Zimbabwe Bubye Bubye Chikwarakwara Zimbabwe Thuli Shashe confluence Zimbabwe Pungwe Katiyo Zimbabwe Odzi Odzi Gorge Zimbabwe Musengezi Aurelia Farm Zimbabwe Gwayi Kamativi Zimbabwe Sanyati Copper queen Zimbabwe Bubye Beitbridge Road (Bubye) Mozambique Pungoe Pungoe Fronteira Mozambique Save Massangena Mozambique Lugela Tacuane Mozambique Lucingo Errego Mozambique Messalo Nungo Mozambique Zambeze Marromeu Mozambique Zambeze Caia Mozambique Maputo Fronteira Oeste Mozambique Montepuez Balama Mozambique Buzi Goonda Mozambique Pungoe Gorongoza Namibia Ekuma Etosha Inflow Namibia Kavango Mukwe Namibia Cuvelai Oshakati Namibia Orange Rosh Pinah Namibia Kunene Ruacana Namibia Fish Seeheim DRC Congo River Kisangani DRC Congo River Kinshasa East Angola Cuito Dirico Angola Kubango Mucundi Angola Zambeze Lumbala Kaquengue Malawi Shire Tengani Malawi Lweya Zanyuka Malawi Linthipe Malapa Malawi North Rukubu Mwakimeme P a g e

25 COUNTRY RIVER NAME PLACE NAME LAT LON Malawi Bua S53 Roadbridge Malawi South Rukubu Mlowe Tanzania Bubu Bahi Tanzania Kikuletwa Tanzania Planting Company Tanzania Kiwira Kyela Tanzania Rufiji Stieglers Gorge Tanzania Ruvu Kifaru Tanzania Malagarasi Taragi Tanzania Luiche Simbo Road Bridge Tanzania Lufiro Ipinda Tanzania Kagera Kyaka Ferry Tanzania Miesi Mikele Tanzania Mtembwa Chipoma Tanzania Ruvuma Marumba Botswana Thaoge Guma Lagoon Botswana Mahalapye Madiba Botswana Thamalakani Maun Bridge Botswana Lotsane Palapye Botswana Chobe Kasane Botswana Nata Nata Botswana Boro Xakue Zambia Lake Bangweulu Samfya Zambia Chambeshi Mbesuma Ferry Zambia Kabompo Kabompo Boma Zambia Kafue Kafironda Zambia Kafue Kipushi Zambia Kafue Machiya Zambia Kafue Mswebi Zambia Kafue Namwala Pontoon Zambia Kalungwishi Chimpempe Bridge Zambia Kalungwishi Olandi Zambia Lake Mweru Nchelenge Zambia Luanginga Kalabo Zambia Luapula Chembe Pontoon Zambia Luongo Mwenda Kashiba Zambia Lusiwasi Masase Zambia Zambezi Chirundu Zambia Zambezi Kaleni Hill Zambia Zambezi Livingstone Pump house Zambia Zambezi Luangwa Boma Zambia Zambezi Senanga South Africa Limpopo Engelhard Dam P a g e

26 COUNTRY RIVER NAME PLACE NAME LAT LON South Africa Limpopo Kanniedood Dam South Africa Limpopo Leniesrus South Africa Limpopo Limpopo/Shashe Confluence South Africa Limpopo Makoppa South Africa Limpopo Mutalebend South Africa Limpopo Nzelele Dam South Africa Limpopo Oxford South Africa Limpopo Pafuri South Africa Limpopo Sterkloop South Africa Limpopo Waterpoort Allocation of stations to basins by areal weighting Table 5 shows the allocation of Phase II stations to the 15 SADC Basins on the basis of areal weighting. For the Congo Basin, only the area occurring in Tanzania has been used. Table 5: Allocation of Phase II stations on the basis of areal weighting Basin Weighting Factor Allocation of Phase I (40) + II (45) Phase I Stn allocated Phase II Allocation (Areal Weighting) Phase II Requests Buzi Congo Tanzania Cuvalei Incomati Cunene Limpopo Maputo Nile Okavango Orange Pungwe Ruvuma Save Umbeluzi Zambezi TOTAL Parts of the Limpopo and Orange Basins occurring outside South Africa would seem to have more stations than would have been allocated using simply areal weighting. The same 25 P a g e

27 applies to the Maputo and Umbeluzi Basins. A comparison of the number of stations that would be allocated through areal weighting, and the number of requests for Phase II stations made by the member countries does not reveal major discrepancies. The number of stations suggested through areal weighting, given in Column 5, was only used by the Consultants during the network design workshop to avoid stations being over subscribed to some basins. The actual number of stations that was allocated to each basin was based on the needs and existence of stations in the respective basin. Stations selected during network design workshops The Network Design workshops were attended by representatives of 9 Member States given in Table 6. Table 6: Countries represented during the April 2006 network design workshop in Johannesburg 1. Angola 2. Botswana 3. Dem Rep of Congo 4. Malawi 5. Namibia 6. Swaziland 7. South Africa 8. Zambia 9. Zimbabwe The names of the representatives are given as Appendix 2. Staff of the Project Management Unit also attended the workshops. Station Allocation for Phase II and Justification During the discussions that took place the participants agreed that there were gaps in the SADC-HYCOS Network. It was also noted that Congo was not part of the SADC-HYCOS Phase I. However, only the part of the basin shared by other SADC states would be considered. On that basis two stations namely, Kinshasa and Kisangani on the Congo River were selected for equipping with DCPs. Data loggers were recommended at other 2 locations to be selected by DRC. It was noted that there was inadequate real-time information on flood flows originating from the Zambian catchment of the Congo Basin, and therefore a station to be equipped with a DCP was selected. The need to have reliable data for the Tanzanian part of the Congo Basin was also noted resulting in two stations being selected for equipping with DL s. Okavango The major contributors of the flows for the Okavango Basin were noted to be the Cubango and Cuito Rivers. For the purposes of issuing flood warnings it was agreed to equip a station on each of these rivers with a DCP. 26 P a g e

28 Cuvelai The Cuvelai River was noted to be important for the maintenance of the environmentally important Etosha Pan, and a station for equipping with a DCP and another with a DL were selected. Zambezi With regards to the Zambezi Basin, participants noted that there was no information about flows of major tributaries draining from Angola. However, the lack of stations on this part of the basin was a major constraint to having real-time data for this part of the Zambezi Basin. The lack of real time data on the part of the Zambezi River flowing through the Barotse Plain was observed to be a problem in accurately forecasting the movement of floods, and therefore a station for equipping with a DCP was selected on this part of the basin. Real-time monitoring of the contributions of the Gwayi and Sanyati Rivers to the Zambezi River was considered necessary, hence equipping a station on each of these rivers with a DCP was agreed upon. Similarly, real-time monitoring of flows on the Upper Luangwa a sub-basin of the Zambezi Basin was agreed upon since floods often affect the lower reaches of this river, and it is currently not possible to issue flood warnings to the affected communities. Flooding was accepted as a major problem on the lower Zambezi River, and therefore real-time monitoring of flows from the Shire River and river levels on the Zambezi River were considered important. Thus a station for equipping with a DCP on the Shire River, and another on the lower Zambezi River were selected. Save, Buzi, Pungwe It was observed that timely flood warnings cannot always be made for the Save River as some of the major tributaries are not monitored in real-time. Thus, two stations on the Runde River and on Odzi Rivers were selected for equipping with DCPs. The Pungwe and Buzi Basins which experience flooding problems have no stations providing real-time data, and therefore stations were selected on each basin for equipping with a DCP. Limpopo The provision of timely flood forecasts on the Limpopo Basin was found to be problematic due to some of the major tributaries not being monitored. It was agreed that the Lotsane, Bubi and Shashe River be monitored in real-time using equipment provided by the SADC- HYCOS Phase II project. The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa will be equipping 11 stations with DCPs using its own resources to monitor important tributaries of the Limpopo Basin in South Africa. These stations will however transmit data using the SADC-HYCOS system, and therefore make data available in real-time to all the SADC Member States. Maputo Gaps were also identified on the Maputo Basin and stations for equipping with DCPs were therefore selected. 27 P a g e

29 Orange Real time data for the Fish River, a tributary of the Orange River was also regarded as important and stations for equipping with DCPs were selected. A total of 39 stations for equipping with DCPs, and 13 stations for DL s were selected by the participants during the Network Design Workshop, and their locations are presented in Figure 5. The names of these stations are given according to the SADC Basin within which they occur in Table 7. Additional details of these stations are given in Appendix 3. Table 7: Stations selected by member countries for equipping with DCPs and DL s during the April 2007 Network Design Workshops in Johannesburg A) ZAMBEZI 1. Zambezi at Matonga (DCP) 2. Zambezi at Lukulu (DL) 3. Gwayi at Gwayi (DCP) 4. Sanyati at Sanyati Bridge (DCP) 5. Zambezi at Muzuma (DL) 6. Kafue at Namwala Pontoon (DCP) 7. Lusemfwa (DCP) 8. Zambezi at Zumbo (DCP) 9. Luangwa at Mfuwe(DCP) 10. Angwa at Musengezi (DCP) 11. Zambezi at Delta (DCP) 12. Shire at Tengani (DCP) 13. North Rukuru at Mwakimeme (DCP) E) OKAVANGO 1. Kubango at Mukundi (DCP) 2. Cuito at Dericu (DCP) 3. Nata at Nata (DCP) G) RUVUMA 1. Ruvuma at Marumba (DCP) 2. Miesi at Mikele (DL) I) LIMPOPO 1. Shashe (DCP) 2. Bubi at the Bridge (DCP) 3. Bubi Chikwarakwara (DL) 4. Lotsane at Palapye (DCP) 5. Notwane at Ramotswa (DCP) DCPs to be made available by SA L)UMBELUZI (None) B) CONGO 1. Malagaras at Taragi (DL) 2. Luiche at Simbo Road (DL) 3. Congo at Kinshasa (DCP) 4. Congo at Kisangani (DCP) 5. DRC - Kabalo (DL) 6. DRC - Ilebo (DL) 7. Chambeshi Pontoon (DCP) C) KUNENE 1. Kunene at Ruacana (DL) D) CUVALEI 1. Oshakati (DCP) 2. Etosha (DL) F) NILE 1. 0 H) BUZI 1. Buzi in Mozambique J) SAVE 1. Runde (DCP) 2. Save downstream Mozambique (DCP) 3. Odzi (DCP) K) PUNGWE 1. Pungwe upstream in Mozambique (DCP) 2. Pungwe at Gorongosa(DCP) 3. Pungwe at Katiyo(DL) M) INKOMATI (None) N) ORANGE O) MAPUTO 28 P a g e

30 1. Senqu at Seaka (DCP) 2. Tsoeleki at Tsoeleki Bridge(DL) 3. Senqu at Koma-Koma (DCP) 4. Orange River at Rosh Pinah (DCP) 5. Fish River at Seeheim(DCP) 1. Maputo river at Fonteira (DCP) 2. Mkhondvo at Nkwene (DCP) 3. Ngwempisi at Mankayane(DCP) 4. Usuthu at Sandlane (DL) The stations given in Table 7 are supposed to serve the following requirements basin-wide water resources assessment and planning, flood and drought monitoring, supporting environmental and ecological management, and monitoring compliance with agreements between basin states. Figure 5: Stations selected for equipping with DCPs and DL s in the SADC-HYCOS Phase II project. Figure 6 shows the location of the final selected stations by purpose. It can be observed that stations that are mainly for flood and water management are mainly in the Zambezi, Pungwe, and Limpopo and Maputo basins. It can also be observed that stations that were selected for explicitly environmental purposes are in the Orange, Cuvalei and Cunene basins. 29 P a g e

31 Figure 6: Stations classified according to main purpose selected for equipping with DCPs and DL s in the SADC-HYCOS Phase II project Stations selected after the workshop An assessment was made of the network developed during the workshop to identify any gaps still existing. The stations given in Table 8 were selected for inclusion in the SADC- HYCOS Phase II network since the equipment planned for installation was not exhausted during the workshop. Figure 5 shows the designed network which includes stations selected after the workshop. 30 P a g e

32 Table 8: Stations selected after the network design workshop Country Basin River Place Equipment DRC Congo To be selected by 4 DL s DRC Angola Okavango Cuito Cuito DCP Cunavale Madagascar To be selected 4 DL s Malawi Zambezi Bua S53 Road DL Bridge Malawi Zambezi Linthipe Malapa DL Mauritius To be selected 2 DL s Mozambique Zambezi Zambezi Caia DCP Tanzania Zambezi Kyela Kiwira DL Zambia Zambezi Lunga Chifumpa DL Zambia Zambezi Muzuma Mwezia School DL The 4 DL s were allocated to the Congo Basin which has a very poorly developed hydrometric network. The major contributors to the flows on the Okavango Basin are the Cubango and Cuito Rivers. A station for equipping with a DCP was selected on the Cubango River at a location just downstream of the high rainfall highlands from which most of the runoff is generated. The stations selected on the Cuito River during the workshop are further downstream close to its confluence with the Cubango River. The Cuito Cunavale location shown in Table 8 is just downstream of the high rainfall region from which most flows originate from. The 2 additional stations in Malawi and the Kyela River at Kiwira station will improve knowledge of inflows into Lake Malawi/Nyasa. The Zambezi River at Caia station is located in the lower Zambezi River which is prone to flooding. This station has been included for monitoring floods. The Lunga River is a major tributary of Kafue River and the station has been selected to improve availability of hydrological data at the regional level for Kafue River which is a major sub-basin of the Zambezi River. Also a station at Muzuma will allow monitoring of water flowing into the Kariba for the purposes of water resources planning and flood monitoring. Modifications done during and after the Project Steering Committee Meeting Congo Basin The Democratic Republic of the Congo presented the locations of the 4 DL s that had been allocated on the Congo Basin and these were accepted (Table 9). In addition, the DRC made the following requests which were accepted; 31 P a g e

33 equipping the station at Ilebo with a DCP instead of the DL which had been allocated during the network design workshop, and the provision of 2 additional DL s so that the total becomes 6 DLs. Table 9: Location coordinates and names of stations within the Congo Basin in the DRC. Basin Station Latitude Longitude E Type Congo Kinshasa Est -4 17' 45'' 15 18' 30'' DCP Congo Kisangani 0 30'20'' 25 11' 30'' DCP Congo Ilebo -4 20' 00'' 20 34' 55'' DCP Congo Kindu -2 57' 10'' 25 55' 45'' DL Congo Mushie - 3 1' 35'' 16 56' 0'' DL Congo Bukama ' 35'' 25 51' 35'' DL Congo Kalemie ' 40'' 29 11' 20'' DL Congo Businga 3 20' 30'' 20 50' 25'' DL Congo Mbandaka 0 4' 0'' 18 15' 45'' DL Maputo-Pongola Basin The proposed Phase II station on the Maputo-Pongola River at Fronteira in Mozambique was noted to be 60 km from the existing Phase I station. The data collected on the proposed Phase II station will therefore not add much value. It was suggested that the Phase II DCP allocated to the Maputo-Pongola Bain at Fronteira should be on a station within the Inkomati Basin. This was accepted. Inkomanti Basin Lack of river flow data for flood monitoring and management, and routine water resources planning and management was highlighted as a problem for the Inkomanti Basin. It was therefore agreed that the DCP that had been proposed for the Maputo-Pongola Basin at Fronteira be installed at a location on the Inkomati River. Mozambique will provide the coordinates of this station. Save Basin During the network design workshop, a DCP had been allocated for installation on Save River at Massangen (21.54º S, 32.95º E) in Mozambique. It was however pointed out that this site is difficult to access, and Mozambique proposed that the equipment earmarked for this location be installed on a station just before the Luangwa River joins Cahora Bassa Dam. This was accepted. Ruvuma Basin The installation of a DCP on the Ruvuma River at Negomana was proposed by Mozambique and this was accepted. Currently, there is no real-time information about flows on the 32 P a g e

34 Ruvuma River. Data from this station will be used for flood management and routine water resources planning and management. Zambezi Basin The Luangwa River was noted to have extremely flashy floods which have frequently caused damages to properties. While there exists a Phase I station at Luangwa Bridge, and a proposed Phase II station on Luangwa River at Mfuwe, Mozambique proposed that an additional station be equipped with a DCP, and this station is just before the Luangwa River joins Cahora Bassa Dam. This proposal was accepted. Nile Basin Part of the Nile Basin occurring within Tanzania is considered as one of the SADC Transboundary Basins. This basin had not been considered during the network design workshop. A station on the Kagera River will therefore be equipped with a DCP on this basin Summary of stations allocation in relation to strategic objectives Table 10 summarises the station allocations in relation to the strategic objectives for surface water. It can be observed that all the stations serve the strategic objective of water resources planning. In addition all the stations serve the strategic objective of monitoring international agreement on shared water courses because the basins considered are all transboundary. The objective of flood monitoring in the SADC basins is also well addressed by stations that are devoted to flood monitoring especially in the flood prone basins that include the Zambezi, Limpopo, Save, Pungwe and others (Table 10, Figure. 6). Table 10: Summary of overall station allocation in relation to the surface water related strategic objectives of the SADC-HYCOS network design. (WRP = Water Resources Planning, FW = Flood Warning, ENV = Environmental Management, INTL = Transbounddary Water Resources Planning and Management). Country SADC Basin Place WRP FW WQ ENV INTL Angola Okavango Cuito Cunavale X X X Angola Okavango Mucundi X X X Botswana Okavango Guma Lagoon X X Botswana Zambezi Kasane X X X Botswana Limpopo Madiba X X X Botswana Okavango Maun Bridge X X X X Botswana Okavango Nata X X Botswana Limpopo Palapye X X X Botswana Limpopo Ramotswa X X X Botswana Okavango Xakue X X DRC Congo Bukama X X X X DRC Congo Businga X X 33 P a g e

35 Country SADC Basin Place WRP FW WQ ENV INTL DRC Congo Ilebo X X X DRC Congo Kalemie X X DRC Congo Kindu X X X DRC Congo Kinshasa East X X X DRC Congo Kisangani X X X DRC Congo Mbandaka X X X DRC Congo Mushie X X X Lesotho Orange Koma- Koma X X X Lesotho Orange Seaka Bridge X X X Lesotho Orange Tsoelike Bridge X X X Malawi Zambezi Malapa X X Malawi Zambezi Mwakimeme X X Malawi Zambezi S53 Road Bridge X X Malawi Zambezi Tengani X X Mauritius Mauritius Trianon B X X X Mozambique Zambezi Caia X X X Mozambique Maputo Fronteira X X X Mozambique Buzi Goonda X X X Mozambique Pungwe Gorongoza X X X Mozambique Zambezi Luangwa X X X Mozambique Ruvuma Negomana X X Mozambique Pungwe Pungoe Fronteira X X X Mozambique Zambezi Zumbo X X Namibia Cuvelai Etosha In X X X Namibia Cuvelai Oshakati X X X Namibia Orange Rosh Pinah X X X X Namibia Kunene Ruacana X X X Namibia Orange Seeheim X X X X South Africa Limpopo Engelhard Dam X X X X South Africa Luvubu/ Kanniedood Dam X X X X Letaba South Africa Limpopo Leniesrus X X X X South Africa Limpopo Limpopo/Shashi X X Confluence South Africa Limpopo Makoppa X X X X South Africa Limpopo Mutalebend X X X X South Africa Limpopo Nzelele Dam X X X X South Africa Oliphants Oxford X X X X South Africa Limpopo Pafuri X X X X South Africa Limpopo Sterkloop X X X X South Africa Limpopo Waterpoort X X X X Swaziland Maputo Mankayane X X Swaziland Maputo Nkwene X X Swaziland Maputo Sandlane X X Tanzania Zambezi Kiwira X X Tanzania Ruvuma Mikele X X Tanzania Congo Simbo Road Bridge X X Tanzania Congo Taragi X X Zambia Zambezi Chifumpa X X X Zambia Zambezi Lukulu X X Zambia Congo Mbesuma Ferry X X X 34 P a g e

36 Country SADC Basin Place WRP FW WQ ENV INTL Zambia Zambezi Mwezia School X X X Zambia Zambezi Namwala Pontoon X X X Zambia Zambezi Ndevu Camp X X X Zimbabwe Zambezi Aurelia Farm X X X Zimbabwe Limpopo Beitbridge Road X X X X (Bubye) Zimbabwe Limpopo Bubye Chikwarakwara X X X Zimbabwe Zambezi Copper Queen X X X X Zimbabwe Zambezi Kamativi X X X X Zimbabwe Pungwe Katiyo X X X Zimbabwe Save Odzi Gorge X X X Zimbabwe Limpopo Shashe Confluence X X X X Zimbabwe Save Tokwe-Runde Confluence X X X Okavango Basin The selected stations at Cubango River at Mucundi and Cuito at Cuito Cunavale will enable monitoring of flows produced from the high rainfall region (700 to 1400 mm/year) for which most of the runoff on this basin originate from. The combination of Phase I station, Kubango River at Rundu and Phase II station at Cuito River at Derico should enable prediction of flows and floods into the Okavango Delta. The Phase I Okavango River at Mohembo provided critical information about inflows and floods into the Okavango Delta. Thus station on this basin will facilitate achievement of the following strategic objectives; (a) basin wide water resources assessment, (b) monitoring floods flows, and (c) supporting environmental and ecological management. Cuvelai Basin The Cuvelai River at Oshakati will enable real-time monitoring of floods flows in this densely populated region of Namibia. The station at Ekuma River at Etosha will facilitated achievement of (a) basin wide water resources assessment, and (b) supporting environmental and ecological management. Cunene The Phase I DCP on Cunene River at Queve facilitates basin wide water resources assessment, while the Phase II station on Cunene River at Ruacana will facilitate transboundary water management. Save The DCP on Odzi River at Odzi Bridge will improve the monitoring of river flows originating from the high rainfall Eastern Highlands in Zimbabwe. These flows contribute substantially to flooding on the lower Save River in both Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Some of the floods that affect Mozambique originate from the Runde River, and therefore the Phase II DCP on the Runde River at the Tokwe confluence will improve monitoring of flows originating from 35 P a g e

37 this part of the Save Basin. The Phase I DCP station on Save River at Malipati is important for basin water resources assessment, monitoring flood flows into Mozambique, and improvement of transboundary water resources management. The SADC-HYCOS network on the Save Basin will therefore contribute towards the achievement of the following strategic objectives; (a) basin wide water resources assessment, (b) provision of flood warnings, and (c) transboundary water resources management. Buzi The Buzi Basin was not included during Phase I of the SADC-HYCOS Project. The station selected will be mainly for (a) monitoring of floods, and (b) for basin-wide water resources assessment. The station selected will enable monitoring of mostly half of the basin, and therefore the provision of flood warnings for flows originating form the other part will not be possible. Pungwe The Pungwe Basin was not covered during Phase I. Transboundary management of water resources of this basin which provides part of the water for Mutare in Zimbabwe is important. The headwaters of this river are located on the Eastern Highlands which is a very high rainfall region. The DCP station selected at the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border enables monitoring of flood flows originating from this high rainfall region. The second DCP station located at Gorongosa will provide data necessary for (a) environmental management of the Gorongosa National Park, and (b) flood management on the lower part of the Pungwe River which is prone to flooding. Ruvuma The DCP station selected is located on the Ruvuma River along a section at which this river forms a boundary between Mozambique and Tanzania. Thus data from this station will improve the transboundary management of water resources of this basin. In addition the station will enable both countries to provide flood warnings to communities located along the lower part of this river. Thus the stations selected address the following strategic objectives; (a) basin-wide water resources assessment, and (b) flood management. Zambezi The Phase I DCP on Zambezi River at Chavuma, Phase II Zambezi River at Matonga, and Phase I Zambezi River at Kabompo will provide data necessary for monitoring inflows into the Barotse Plain and flooding along the section from the Barotse Plain up to the confluence with the Chobe River. The Phase I DCP s on the Zambezi River at Katima Mulilo, and Chobe River at Ngoma Bridge provide data necessary for monitoring floods into the Chobe and Caprivi Swamps. Data from these two stations can be used for predicting flooding along the Zambezi River up to the Phase I station at Nana s Farm. Data from the Zambezi River at Nana s Farm, Gwayi River at Kamativi (Phase II) and Sanyati River at Sanyati Bridge (Phase II) will form the basis of real-time monitoring of inflows into 36 P a g e

38 Lake Kariba. These data will therefore be used for flood management and basin-wide water resources assessment. The following rivers which have SADC-HYCOS stations provide substantial flows into Cahora Bassa Dam; Kafue River, Luangwa, Mazowe, and Musengezi. The SADC-HYCOS stations on these rivers provide data necessary for managing flood flows into Cahora Bassa Dam and subsequently the lower Zambezi River sub-basin. The same stations will also be used for basin-wide water resources assessment. The Manyame River and Ruenya River contribute substantial inflows to the lower Zambezi River sub-basin, but are currently not covered by the SADC-HYCOS network. The SADC-HYCOS stations on Lake Malawi/Nyasa, Shire River, and Zambezi River at Tete, and Zambezi River at Caia (Phase II) and at Marromeu (Phase II) will facilitate the provision of flood management data on the very lower Zambezi River section which is prone to flooding. The SADC-HYCOS network within the Zambezi River basin will contribute towards the achievement of the following strategic objectives; (a) basin-wide water resources assessment, and (b) flood management. Limpopo Flooding on the Limpopo River particularly in Mozambique is a major problem. The SADC- HYCOS stations were primarily selected to improve flooding management on this basin, in addition to facilitating basin-wide water resources assessment. The major tributaries of the Limpopo River such as Shashi, Mzingwane, Bubi and those originating from South Africa will be monitored by the SADC-HYCOS network enabling the provision of forecasts for flood management. Orange Stations for inclusion in the SADC-HYCOS network in Lesotho provide data important for management of the Lesotho Highlands Water Scheme with regards to determining inflows and outflows from dams, including flood management. The stations also provide data that can be used to determine that the respective countries are abiding by the agreements on sharing water on the Orange River. Maputo-Pongola The stations on this basin provide data for basin-wide water resources assessment, monitoring inflows into dams, and transboundary management. Water quality monitoring The participants to the network design workshop were of the view that monitoring of water quality during the SADC-HYCOS Phase I Project was problematic as all the sensors installed at the stations were damaged when the rivers were dry since most of the rivers in southern Africa are not perennial. The project manager suggested the procurement of portable water 37 P a g e

39 quality testing kits in SADC-HYCOS Phase II which will be distributed to each of the member countries and the participants concurred. Water quality monitoring will then be done at some of the stations equipped with DCPs. Water quality data collected will be made available to the Regional Database so that other member countries have access to these data. This study however recommends that water quality monitoring be undertaken at some of the stations presented in Table 11. Table 11: Stations recommended for water quality monitoring Basin Country Station Purpose Zambezi Zambia Zambezi River at Matonga Zambia Zambezi River at Nana s Farm Zimbabwe Gwayi River at Kamativi Zimbabwe Sanyati River at Sanyati Bridge Zambia Luangwa River at Luangwa Bridge Establishment of quality of inflows into the Barotse Plains Determination of quality of inflows to the mid-zambezi River including Lake Kariba Determination of quality of inflows to the mid-zambezi River including Lake Kariba Determination of quality of inflows to the mid-zambezi River including Lake Kariba Determination of quality of inflow to the lower-zambezi River Mozambique Zambezi River at Tete Determination of quality of outflows from Cahora Bassa and flows to the lower Zambezi Malawi Shire River at Liwonde Malawi Lake Malawi at Monkey Bay Malawi Lake Malawi at Chilumba Determination of quality of outflows from Lake Malawi and flows to the lower Zambezi River Determination of water quality of Lake Malawi Determination of water quality of Lake Malawi Malawi Nkhata Bay Determination of water quality of Lake Malawi Congo Democratic Republic Congo of Congo River at Kinshasa Determination of quality of the Congo River flows into the oceans. Democratic Republic of Congo River at Determination of water quality of 38 P a g e

40 Congo Kisangani the Congo River Tanzania Malagaras River at Taragi Determination of effects of rapid land use changes on quality of water within the Malagaras wetlands an important bird area. Cuvelai Namibia Cuvelai River at Etosha Okavango Namibia Kubango River at Rundu Botswana Okavango River at Mohembo Limpopo South Africa Limpopo River any of the stations monitoring rivers from South Africa Save Zimbabwe Save River at Save Gorge Pungwe Mozambique Pungwe River at Gorongosa Determination of quality of flows into the Etosha Pan. Determination of quality of flows of the mid-kubango River Determination of quality of inflows into the Okavango Delta To establish quality of water coming from industrialized or agriculturally developed catchments. Monitoring quality of flows into Mozambique. Determination of quality of inflows into the Gorongosa National Park Maputo- Pongola Swaziland Great Usuthu at Siphofaneni Monitor quality of flows into Mozambique Orange Lesotho Orange River downstream of Khatse Dam Determination of quality of outflows from Katse Dam and inflows into South Africa. Namibia Fish River at Ai-Ais Monitor quality of inflows into Orange River from Namibia Stations presented in Table 11 were selected for the following reasons: The river flows into an important wetland area. The station is located close to the point where a river flows into another country and therefore the data will enable environmental management of the river at the transboundary level. The river drains areas that are highly developed with a potential for affecting water quality. 39 P a g e

41 Groundwater monitoring The meeting agreed that in order to achieve the strategic objective for groundwater monitoring, such monitoring should be done on preferably transboundary aquifers. In the case where there is no such aquifer, the member country has to identify an aquifer of national importance. It was decided that each member country should select an aquifer with an observational borehole which will be provided with a data logger for monitoring groundwater levels. For most of the countries, groundwater monitoring is not the responsibility of the agency undertaking surface water monitoring. Representatives of member countries agreed that they were going to discuss with their groundwater counterparts to identify within each country a major aquifer to be monitored. SADC-HYCOS Phase II will provide a data logger to each country for groundwater monitoring. The aquifer selected has to have an existing observation borehole. Data collected at the selected aquifer will be made available to the Regional Database so that they are accessible to all the member countries. Utilisation of equipment planned for installation The network designed resulted in the utilization of 41 DCPs and 30 DLs for river flow monitoring. The distribution of this equipment by basin and country is given in Table 12 and 13. The Zambezi Basin which is shared by 8 of the SADC countries has been allocated the highest number of stations that will be equipped by the Phase II Project. The Congo Basin which is the largest has the second highest number of stations selected for installation of equipment. Other important basins shared by more than 2 countries are the Limpopo, Okavango, and the Orange have each 5 stations selected. The number of stations selected in each basin therefore reflected the intensity of water resources management problems, with basin shared by several countries having the highest number of stations. Table 12: Distribution of SADC-HYCOS Phase I and II stations among the SADC Basins. Basin Phase I Stations Phase II Stations Total Phase II Total Phase I & II DCP DCP DL DCP & DL DCP & DL Buzi Congo Cunene Cuvalei Inkomati Limpopo (SA contribution) Maputo Nile Okavango Orange Pungwe Ruvuma Save Umbeluzi Zambezi P a g e

42 Mauritius Madagasc ar Total The distribution of SADC-HYCOS stations by country shows that landlocked countries have tended to get the highest number of stations (Table 13) since all the rivers in such countries are part of the SADC Transboundary basins. Each of the SADC Member States with the exception of South Africa has been allocated some equipment which will facilitate the participation of all the countries in the SADC-HYCOS Project. South Africa will have 11 of its stations on the Limpopo Basin providing data in real-time to the SADC-HYCOS, and will therefore be participating in the SADC-HYCOS. The participation of all SADC Member States in the SADC-HYCOS Project is one of the goals, and the network designed will contribute towards the achievement of this goal. Table 13: Distribution of Phase I and II SADC-HYCOS Stations among the SADC Countries Phase I Phase II Stations Total Phase II Phase I & II DCP DL DCP & DL DCP & DL Angola Botswana DRC Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia South Africa Requested not to be considered for allocation Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Total The design of the network has resulted in the allocation of 44 out of the 50 DCPs planned for purchasing, and, 42 out of 50 planned DLs as shown in Table 13 below. 41 P a g e

43 Table 13: Utilization of equipment planned for installation Aspect monitored Type of Equipment DCP DL Surface water monitoring Groundwater monitoring 0 14 Total The project plans to procure about 50 DCPs and 50 DL. The remaining equipment not yet allocated to stations can be used to address needs that may arise when installation begins or for spares. Figure 7 illustrates the location of the designed SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in relation to the network of stations that were selected for inclusion in the UNESCO Southern Africa FRIEND Project. Stations were selected for inclusion in the FRIEND Project on the basis of the reliability of their measurements and availability of long-term data. Thus although the FRIEND Project did not include all the stations in each of the countries, the stations included are considered important at least for basin-wide water resources assessment. Stations selected for the SADC-HYCOS network are generally located towards the lower part of the basins. Information about hydrological conditions in the upper parts of the basin can be obtained from monitoring done at stations in the upper parts of the basin, although not in real-time. The SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations are strategically located in transboundary basins so as to meet the strategic objectives of flood warning and management, basin-wide water resources management, and transboundary water resources management. 42 P a g e

44 Figure 7: The designed SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in relation to the existing network of stations and SADC-HYCOS Phase I stations. Further analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between the designed network and the spatial rainfall distribution and catchment area for the purpose of validation. Figure 8 summarises the overall relationship between the number of stations allocated in the SADC-HYCOS Phase II design and the long term mean annual rainfall, as well as the SADC basin areas. It can be observed that the number of stations allocated increase with increasing rainfall and increasing catchment area. This indicates that in relation to these two important physical determinants of runoff, the designed network is largely optimal. It must be emphasised that this serves as a validation exercise with no direct impact on the final design. However, it serves to contextualise the designed network. 43 P a g e

45 44 P a g e Figure 8: Number of stations allocated under SADC-HYCOS Phase II network design in relation to the long-term mean annual rainfall and the catchment area of the SADC basins.

46 Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS ON THE NETWORK DESIGN Conclusions The coverage of Phase I and II stations should enable Member States to reasonably and largely optimally undertake real-time monitoring of flooding and providing flood forecasts on the major rivers within the SADC region. Data collected will be useful for water resources assessment. A significant number of the stations are located close to national boundaries which facilitates monitoring for compliance with relevant treaties. The provision of kits for water quality monitoring and availability of these data at the Regional Database will facilitate environmental management and pollution control by Member States. It will be important that some of the water quality monitoring be undertaken on the selected SADC-HYCOS stations The availability of data on groundwater level on selected important aquifers will enable member countries to get an appreciation of the changes over time in groundwater throughout the region. It has to be emphasized that the equipment provided by the SADC-HYCOS Project is not likely to address all the data needs at the national level. The SADC Region covers an area of 9.86 million km 2, and with 100 DCPs the network has a density of 98,600 km 2 per DCP which is still a very coarse coverage. The continued increase in the number of stations providing data in real-time is recommended for those case where such data is necessary. This applies mostly to management of flooding. An examination of the network shows that the Congo Basin with an area of about 3.2 million km 2 will have 12 SADC-HYCOS stations which are not adequate to cover all the hydrological data needs. This basin requires special attention aimed at expanding the hydrometric network. Tributaries of the Zambezi River originating from Angola are not being monitored and yet they are important in terms of their contribution to the flows particularly when floods occur. The expansion of the network on this part is also recommended. The designed network is deemed largely optimal for the following reasons: the network was designed in a participatory manner which largely reflects the collective needs of the SADC member countries.; the network largely addresses the five strategic objectives set out for the network design The network complements the overall existing station network by boosting the transboundary water monitoring capability for the purposes of meeting various strategic objectives. 45 P a g e

47 Finally the benefits from the network will greatly depend on the availability of human, technical, and financial resources for operating and maintaining the stations which each of the Member States is willing to commit. Each country has therefore a responsibility to maintain the equipment provided for the benefit of all the Member States. 46 P a g e

48 REFERENCES References Department of Environmental Affairs, Draft Final Okavango Management Plan (HOORC, 2006). Department of Environmental Affairs, Gaborone. Rutashobya, D.G. and Wellens, J SADC-HYCOS Evaluation Mission Report. European Union, and Southern African Development Community. SADC Shared Watercourses Support for Buzi, Save and Ruvuma River Basins: Appraisal Report Pungwe Basin Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Project: Draft Final 2006 USAID/OKACOM (2005), Improving hydrometric systems: Institutional and training assessment for hydrological monitoring. Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission. 47 P a g e

49 APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaire 48 P a g e

50 49 P a g e

51 50 P a g e

52 51 P a g e

53 52 P a g e

54 53 P a g e

55 54 P a g e

56 APPENDIX 2: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS FOR THE NETWORK DESIGN WORKSHOP List of delegates for the network design workshop LIST OF DELEGATES NAME SURNAME COUNTRY TELEPHONE Smart Moalosi Botswana Victor Lehmann Namibia Zione Uka Malawi Dumisani Mndzebele Swaziland Peter Chola Zambia Jean-marie Kileshye Onema Democratic Republic of Congo Paulo Mendes Angola Amon Murwira Zimbabwe Elisha Madamombe Zimbabwe Dominic Mazvimavi Zimbabwe Felix Wulff South Africa Musariri Musariri SADC-HYCOS PMU Stefan Van Biljon SADC-HYCOS PMU P a g e

57 APPENDIX 3: LIST OF STATIONS IN THE DESIGNED NETWORK SADC-H YC O S PHASE II (Coordinates are in decimal degrees based on WGS84 Spheroid, Lat = Latitude, Long = Longitude ) Country List of stations in the designed SADC-HYCOS Phase II network SADC Basin River Place Instrumen t Type Long Lat Mean Rain (mm) Total Basin Area (km2) Station Catchmen t (km2) Proportio n of Basin Mozambique Buzi Buzi Goonda DCP DRC Congo Congo Ilebo DCP DRC Congo Congo Kinshasa East DCP DRC Congo Congo Kisangani DCP DRC Congo Lualaba Bukama DL DRC Congo Mongala Businga DL DRC Congo Lukuga Kalemie DL DRC Congo Congo Kindu DL DRC Congo Congo Mbandaka DL DRC Congo Congo Mushie DL Tanzania Congo Malagaras Taragi DCP Tanzania Congo Luiche Simbo Road DL Bridge Zambia Congo Chambeshi Mbesuma Ferry DCP Namibia Cuvelai Cuvelai Oshakati DCP Namibia Cuvelai Ekuma Etosha In DL Namibia Kunene Kunene Ruacana DL Botswana Limpopo Lotsane Palapye DCP Botswana Limpopo Notwane Ramotswa DCP River Botswana Limpopo Mahalapye Madiba DL South Africa Limpopo Letaba Engelhard Dam DCP South Africa Limpopo Mogalakwena Leniesrus DCP South Africa Limpopo Limpopo Limpopo/Shash DCP e Confluence South Africa Limpopo Krokodil Makoppa DCP South Africa Limpopo Mutale Mutalebend DCP South Africa Limpopo Nzelele Nzelele Dam DCP South Africa Limpopo Limpopo Pafuri DCP South Africa Limpopo Limpopo Sterkloop DCP South Africa Limpopo Sand Waterpoort DCP South Africa Limpopo Limpopo Beit Bridge DCP Zimbabwe Limpopo Bubye Bubye Bridge DCP Zimbabwe Limpopo Bubye Bubye DCP Chikwarakwara Zimbabwe Limpopo Shashe Shashe DCP confluence South Africa Limpopo Tshinane Kanniedood DCP Dam South Africa Limpopo Oliphants Oxford DCP Mozambique Maputo Maputo Fronteira DCP Swaziland Maputo Usuthu Sandlane DL P a g e

58 Country SADC Basin River Place Instrumen t Type Long Lat Mean Rain (mm) Total Basin Area (km2) Station Catchmen t (km2) Proportio n of Basin Mauritius Mauritius Plaines W Trianon B DCP Botswana Okavango Nata Nata DCP Tanzania Nile Kagera Kyaka Ferry DCP Angola Okavango Cuito Cuito Cunavale DCP Angola Okavango Cubango Mucundi DCP Botswana Okavango Thaoge Guma Lagoon DL Botswana Okavango Thamalakane Maun Bridge DL Botswana Okavango Boro Xakue DL Lesotho Orange Senqu K o ma - K o ma DCP Lesotho Orange Senqu Seaka Bridge DCP Lesotho Orange Tsoelike Tsoelike Bridge DL Namibia Orange Orange Rosh Pinah DCP Namibia Orange Fish Seeheim DCP Mozambique Pungwe Pungwe Gorongoza DCP Mozambique Pungwe Pungwe Pungoe DCP Fronteira Zimbabwe Pungwe Pungwe Katiyo DL Mozambique Ruvuma Ruvuma Negomana DCP Tanzania Ruvuma Miesi Mikele DL Zimbabwe Save Odzi Odzi Gorge DCP Zimbabwe Save Runde Tokwe-Runde DCP Confluence Botswana Zambezi Chobe Kasane DL Malawi Zambezi North Rukuru Mwakimeme DCP Malawi Zambezi Shire Tengani DCP Malawi Zambezi Linthipe Malapa DL Malawi Zambezi Bua S53 Road DL Bridge Mozambique Zambezi Zambezi Caia DCP Mozambique Zambezi Luangwa Luangwa DCP Mozambique Zambezi Zambezi Zumbo DCP Tanzania Zambezi Kyela Kiwira DL Zambia Zambezi Kafue Namwala DCP Pontoon Zambia Zambezi Luangwa Ndevu Camp DCP Zambia Zambezi Lunga Chifumpa DL Zambia Zambezi Zambezi Lukulu DL Zambia Zambezi Muzuma Mwezia School DL Zambia Zambezi Little Zambezi Matonga DCP Zimbabwe Zambezi Musengezi Aurelia Farm DCP Zimbabwe Zambezi Sanyati Copper Queen DCP Zimbabwe Zambezi Gwayi Kamativi DCP Swaziland Maputo Mkhondv o Nkwene DCP Swaziland Maputo Ngwempis i Mankayane DCP P a g e

59 APPENDIX 4: Detailed Basin Maps showing the designed network for SADC-H YCO S Phase II Detailed Basin Maps showing the designed network for SADC- HYCOS Phase II Figure A: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Congo Basin 58 P a g e

60 Figure B: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Zambezi Basin Figure C: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Limpopo Basin 59 P a g e

61 Figure D: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Orange Basin 60 P a g e

62 Figure E: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Save Basin. 61 P a g e

63 Figure F: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Buzi Basin. 62 P a g e

64 Figure G: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Okavango Basin 63 P a g e

65 Figure H: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Cuvalei Basin 64 P a g e

66 Figure I: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Cunene Basin 65 P a g e

67 Figure J: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Ruvuma Basin 66 P a g e

68 Figure K: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Pungwe Basin 67 P a g e

69 Figure L: Location of SADC-HYCOS Phase II stations in the Maputo Basin 68 P a g e

70 APPENDIX 5: LIST OF STATIONS IN THE SADC-HYC O S PHASE I (Coordinates are in decimal degrees based on WGS84 Spheroid, Lat = Lati t u d g e =, Longitude L ) o n List of stations in the designed SADC-HYCOS Phase I network Country SADC Basin River Place Instrument Long Lat T y p e Angola Bengo Bengo Cabiri DCP Angola Catumbela Catumbela Biopio DCP Angola Cuanza Cuanza Cambambe DCP Angola Cunene Cunene Xangongo DCP Angola Queve Queve Cachoeiras Da DCP Bingo Angola Zambezi Luena Luena DCP Botswana Limpopo Limpopo Buffel's Drift DCP Botswana Limpopo Notwane Gabarone Dam DCP Botswana Limpopo Limpopo Seleka Farm DCP Botswana Okavango Okavango Mohembo DCP Lesotho Caledon S/Phuthiatsana Masianokeng DCP Lesotho Orange Malibamatso Kao DCP Lesotho Orange Senqu Mokhotlong DCP Lesotho Orange Makhaleng Qaba DCP Lesotho Orange Malibamatso Katse Dam DCP Malawi Zambezi Shire Liwonde DCP Malawi Zambezi Lake Malawi Monkey Bay DCP Malawi Zambezi Lake Malawi Chilumba DCP Malawi Zambezi Songwe Mwandenga DCP Malawi Zambezi Ro Sandama DCP Malawi Zambezi Lake Malawi Nkhata Bay DCP Mozambique Limpopo Limpopo Combomune DCP Mozambique Limpopo Maputo Madubula 1 DCP Mozambique Maputo Limpopo Pafuri DCP Mozambique Pungoe Pungoe Bue Maria DCP (Fronteira) Mozambique Save Save Vila Franca de DCP Save Mozambique Zambezi Zambezi Tete DCP Mozambique Zambezi Zambezi Marromeu DCP Namibia Chobe Chobe Ngoma Gate DCP Namibia Okavango Okavango Rundu DCP Namibia Orange Fish Ai-Ais DCP Namibia Zambezi Zambezi Katima Mulilo DCP P a g e

71 Country SADC Basin River Place Instrument Long Lat T y p e Namibia Zambezi Kwando Kongola DCP South Africa Inkomati Komati Hooggenoeg DCP South Africa Inkomati Crocodile Ten Bosch DCP South Africa Inkomati Komati Komatipoort DCP South Africa Inkomati Crocodile Riverside DCP South Africa Inkomati Sabie Lower Sabie DCP South Africa Inkomati Sabie Kruger Nat. DCP Park, Skukuza South Africa Limpopo Korkodil Kalkheuwel DCP South Africa Limpopo Krokodil Nooitgedacht DCP South Africa Limpopo Olifants Kruger Nat. DCP Park, Mamba South Africa Limpopo Great-Letaba Letaba Ranch DCP South Africa Limpopo Great-Letaba Black Heron DCP Dam South Africa Orange Vaal Orkney DCP South Africa Orange Vaal Schoemansdrif DCP South Africa Orange Vaal Klipplaatdrift DCP South Africa Orange Vaal Goose Bay DCP Canyon South Africa Orange Vet Nooitgedacht DCP South Africa Orange Vet Vaalkoppie DCP South Africa Orange Sand Bloudrift DCP South Africa Orange Sand Allemanskraal DCP Dam South Africa Orange Groot-vet Erfenis Dam DCP South Africa Orange Riet Zoutpansdrift DCP South Africa Orange Modder Glen DCP South Africa Orange Vals Tweefontein DCP South Africa Orange Vals Therons Bridge DCP South Africa Orange Vals Lindley DCP South Africa Orange Renoster Arriesrust DCP South Africa Orange Renoster Koppies Dam DCP South Africa Orange Ash Tunnel outlet DCP from Katse South Africa Orange Vaal De Hoop DCP South Africa Orange Vaal Outflow from DCP Bloemhof Dam South Africa Orange Vaal Schmidtsdrif DCP South Africa Orange Vaal Bloemhof Dam DCP South Africa Orange Orange Aliwal-North DCP South Africa Orange Kornet Maghaleen DCP South Africa Orange Orange Oranjedraai DCP South Africa Orange Kraai Roodewal DCP South Africa Orange Senque Katse Dam DCP South Africa Orange Little Caledon The Poplars DCP P a g e

72 Country SADC Basin River Place Instrument Long Lat T y p e South Africa Orange Caledon Outflow at DCP Welbedacht Dam South Africa Orange Caledon Ficksburg DCP Bridge South Africa Orange Caledon Wilgedraai DCP South Africa Orange Caledon The Poplars DCP South Africa Orange Caledon Welbedacht DCP Dam South Africa Orange Orange Marksdrift DCP South Africa Orange Orange Dooren Kuilen DCP South Africa Orange Orange Roodepoort DCP South Africa Orange Orange Gariepdam DCP South Africa Orange Orange Vanderkloof DCP Dam South Africa Orange Orange Zeekoebaart DCP South Africa Orange Orange Katlani DCP South Africa Orange Orange Boegoeberg DCP Dam South Africa Orange Orange Vioolsdrif DCP South Africa Orange Orange Brand Karos DCP South Africa Orange Riet Spruit Kaalplaats DCP Swaziland Ngwavuma Ngwavuma Lubuli DCP Swaziland Umbeluzi Black Umbeluzi Croydon Bridge DCP Swaziland Usuthu Great Usuthu Siphofaneni DCP Swaziland Usuthu Great Usuthu Bhunya DCP Tanzania Pangani Pangani Korogwe DCP Tanzania Rufiji Great Ruaha Msembe DCP Tanzania Ruvu Ruvu Morogoro Bdg DCP Tanzania Wami Wami Mandera DCP Tanzania Zambezi Ruhuhu Masigira DCP Zambia Zambezi Zambezi Chavuma Pump DCP St. Zambia Zambezi Zambezi Smith's Bridge DCP Zambia Zambezi Zambezi Nana's Farm DCP Zambia Zambezi Kafue Kafue Hook Bridge DCP Zambia Zambezi Kabompo Watopa Pontoon DCP Zambia Zambezi Luangwa Luangwa Bridge DCP Zimbabwe Limpopo Mzingwane Doddieburn DCP Zimbabwe Limpopo Nuanetsi Malapati Bridge DCP Zimbabwe Save Save Save Gorge DCP Zimbabwe Zambezi Mazowe Camp Old Mazowe DCP Bridge Zimbabwe Zambezi Manyami Nyakapupu DCP P a g e