RICE PEST SURVEILLANCE

Transcription

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2 MANUAL FOR RICE PEST SURVEILLANCE National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture Implementation Project Coordination Pest Surveillance Coordination : Natural Resources Management Division, ICAR, New Delhi : Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad : National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi and Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad

3 NICRA Contributors Bentur JS, Jhansi Lakshmi V : Directorate of Rice Research (DRR) Sampathkumar M Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Ramasubramanian GV, Jayaraj T : Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu Sidde Gowda DK : University of Agricultural Sciences Mandya, Karnataka Sanjay Sharma : Directorate of Research, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Sarao PS : Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, Punjab Roy SK : Rice Research Station, Chinsura West Bengal Patil AS, Vaishali S : Regional Agriculture Research Station Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Karjat, Maharashtra Rao MS, Prasad YG, Prabhakar M : Central Research Institute for Dryland Desai S Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad Tanwar RK, Garg DK, Singh Niranjan : National Centre for Integrated Pest Kanojia AK, Singh SK, Singh SP Management (NCIPM), New Delhi Sathyakumar S, Mehta Neelam Singh Rajendra, Singh Dharmendra and Vennila S Technical Assistance : Ghosh Vishal and Kumari Alpana Published by : Dr. O.M. Bambawale, Director NCIPM, New Delhi Dr. B. Venkateswaralu, Director CRIDA, Hyderabad Dr. B.C. Viraktamath, Director DRR, Hyderabad Citation NICRA team of rice pest surveillance Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance. Jointly published by National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture and Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad. 40 pp. Printed at M/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi

4 NICRA Foreword Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched the National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) with three pronged objectives of strategic research, technology demonstrations and capacity building during Assessment of the impact of climate change simultaneous with formulation of adaptive strategies is the major focal point across all sectors of agriculture, dairying and fisheries. Evolving climate resilient agricultural technologies that would increase farm production and productivity vis-à-vis continuous management of natural and manmade resources constitute an integral part of sustaining agriculture in the era of climate change. Plant protection deserves prime importance in crop production because of the fact that potential yields of crops are limited by pest groups of various categories viz.,insects, diseases, weeds, nematodes and rodents. Since pests are biotic natural resources of Earth, their interdependent interactions amongst system variables are equally influenced by the factors of climate change. Climatic effects on pests could be direct as well as crop mediated. NICRA recognized the importance of pest risks associated with climate change and provided a research platform across crops of rice, pigeon pea, groundnut, tomato and mango during its first phase of implementation under eleventh plan. Assessing the changing pest scenario, mapping of vulnerable regions of pest risks and to evolve preventive as well as curative pest management strategies as adaptation towards climatic stress have been emphasized. Among many approaches to study impact of climate change on pests, the long term trend analysis of their association with climate is important. Most often the available historical datasets lack continuity and their holistic retrieval is cumbersome. Availability of information technological tools has made it possible to create centralized database of desired resources and associated activities with ease, in turn making scientific analyses and inferences more meaningful. In case of studies relating to pest dynamics, it is essential to streamline methods of surveillance through carefully designed data recording formats relating to crops, pests, and production and protection practices in addition to weather. Implementation of pest surveillance across seven different rice growing agro ecologies under NICRA offers per se heterogeneity of climate, upon comparison helps to draw the underlying mechanism of the observed pest status. Analyses with weather would further aid in delineating climate effects on pests. Making pest surveillance operational through provision of pest scouts and data entry operators make it possible to capture quality data at field level guided by scientific staff. Production of Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance has been a part of systematic attempt to give specific skills to the users to undertake sampling relating to rice pests. I appreciate the team work of the rice plant protection specialists of the nation, and wish that the research outcome would be useful for the present and future of rice pest management. (Dr. A. K. Singh) (Deputy Director General, Natural Resource Management, ICAR, New Delhi)

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6 NICRA Contents Foreword 1. Introduction 1 2. Surveillance plan and procedures Nursery surveillance General information for Nursery Data sheet for nursery insect pests and diseases 2 Yellow stem borer egg mass 3 Hispa adults 3 Thrips damage 3 Blast Main field surveillance selection of fixed fields Experimental/Research station Fields of farmers General information for fixed fields Specific guidelines for observations in fixed fields 5 Plant observations Hills 5 Total tillers 6 Total leaves 6 Panicle bearing tillers 6 Insect pests Stem borer damage (Dead heart & White ear) 7 Leaf folder damage 7 Thrips damage 8 Case worm damaged leaves 8 Hispa damaged leaves 8 Hispa adults 9 Brown plant hopper 9 BPH tiller damage 9 BPH plant damage 9 White backed plant hopper 10 Zig-zag leafhopper 10 Green leafhopper 10 White leafhopper 10 Gall midge 11 Leaf mite 11 Panicle mite 11

7 NICRA Swarming caterpillar 12 Rice horned caterpillar 12 Yellow hairy caterpillar 12 Stink bug 13 Gundhi bug 13 Blue beetle 13 Black bug 14 Other pests 14 Beneficials Green mirid bug 14 Rove beetle 15 Ground beetle 15 Wolf spider 15 Diseases Leaf blast 16 Sheath blight 16 Bacterial leaf blight 16 Brown spot 17 Sheath rot 17 Tungro virus 17 Bakanae 18 False smut 18 Sampling with sweep nets Lady bird beetles 19 Web spinning spiders 19 Unusual pest events Rat damage 20 Crab damage Additional details to be recorded for fixed fields 20 Plant protection sprays 20 Fertilizer management 20 Weather of the week 20 YSB moth catch Random field survey Field selection for random survey Guidelines for pest observations Recording of species composition of stem borers Dead heart 22 White ear 22 Yellow stem borer 22 White stem borer 22 Pink stem borer 23

8 NICRA Dark headed borer 23 Striped stem borer Record of meteorological information Observation of insects trapped in light traps of insects caught in light traps 23 Yellow stem borer 23 Pink stem borer 24 White stem borer 24 Dark headed borer 24 Gall midge 24 Green leafhopper 24 BPH 25 WBPH 25 White leafhopper 25 Zig-zag leafhopper 25 Leaf folder 25 Green mirid bug 26 Coccinellids 26 Black bug 26 Ear head bug 26 Swarming caterpillar moth General instructions 27 Annexures I. Schedule for surveillance 28 II. Nursery survey (Proforma 1- Part I) 29 III. Nursery survey (Proforma 1- Part II) 30 IV. General information for fixed fields (Proforma 2) 31 V. Data sheet for pest surveillance (Proforma 3) 32 VI. Meteorological information (Proforma 4) 37 VII. Record of light trap catches at experimental station 38 (Proforma 5) VIII. Scientific names of important rice pests and beneficials 39

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10 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance 1. Introduction Importance of Indian rice cultivation arises out of its contribution towards food and livelihood security for millions of consumers and producers. Rice is cultivated under dry, wet and semi dry systems covering diverse ecosystems such as irrigated, rainfed, low and upland, hill, shallow lowland, deep water, semi deep water and saline alkaline etc., spread across many States and Union Territories together numbering 25. Rice production in the country fluctuates in relation to weather during the crop season. Additionally different categories of pests viz., insects, diseases, weeds, nematodes, rats and crabs cause direct and/or indirect damage at various crop growth stages resulting in reduction of rice yields. Severity of rice pests is influenced both by crop growth and prevailing weather. In the context of climate change, we expect both the crop in terms of phenology and physiology and the pests in their occurrence and abundance likely to change. Study of impact of climate change on rice crop-pest interactions requires carefully collected data on long term basis. While already available historical data could form an approach for partial study of climate change impacts, formulation and implementation of a robust research strategy combining the present scenario of cropping patterns, cultivars, and production and protection practices across heterogeneous locations over time would yield improved and holistic understanding. National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) has given emphasis to study the pest dynamics in relation to climate change. A plan to study rice pest dynamics in multiple locations over seasons along with other system components including weather was formulated to be implemented through surveillance integrating geographical, field, crop, agronomical and pest management practices. During the eleventh plan, seven rice centers (refer map) that represent dominant rice growing climatic zones have been included under NICRA for pest surveillance. Pre requisite for such surveillance is to devise a plan followed by design of data recording formats suiting to the purpose.the consultative group meeting of identified rice workers under NICRA finalized the structure of rice pest surveillance to be carried out in nursery and fields located at the research/experimental station of the identified rice growing region, and at villages in the fields of farmers. This manual presents the procedures to be followed towards selection of nursery and main fields of rice at the experimental/research stations, and villages besides the methods to be adopted for recording the observation of pests using the data recording formats finalised. 2. Surveillance plan and procedures One field at nursery stage and two main fields each at the experimental station and in ten villages of the region are to be selected for rice pest surveillance. Fixed fields are those fields that once selected in the beginning of the season would be continuously monitored till harvest on weekly basis for pests and diseases 1

11 NICRA using the specified data sheet formats. In addition, a random survey covering eight villages other than the ten selected villages has to be conducted during each week. The schedule of surveillance is given as Annexure I Nursery surveillance One nursery at the experimental station of the identified centre and one at each of the ten selected villages has to be selected for surveillance. General information on nursery (one time information), and on nursery insect pests and diseases (once a week) has to be collected General information for nursery One time collection of general information relating to one selected nursery at the experimental station and 10 across ten villages has to be done using Proforma 1 Part I (Annexure II), which is self explanatory Data sheet for nursery insect pests and diseases Five random spots of one square feet (four in the corners at least 3 feet inside the 2

12 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance borders and one in the centre) have to be used during the weekly observations of the selected nurseries using the Proforma 1-Part II (Annexure III). The procedure for observations is as below. Pest observations in the Nursery (Proforma 1-Part II) Yellow stem borer egg mass Egg mass of stem borer is found on the lower side of leaf blades and the stem, and is buff coloured. Egg masses vary in size and the number of eggs per egg mass also varies. The total number of stem borer egg masses on the seedlings in each spot of one square foot should be counted. Hispa adults The adult is a small, shiny, bluish black beetle measuring about 5.5 mm in length with spines over the body surface. The total number of Hispa adults found in each spot of one square meter on the seedlings should be counted. Thrips damage Yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings and terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base are noticed with presence of nymphs and adults of thrips. Damage should be graded only when more than 1/3 rd rolling of leaves is seen on seedlings in the selected spot following the scale of traces, moderate and severe Stem borer egg masses and single egg mass Hispa adult Thrips damage in nursery 3

13 NICRA Traces: less than 25% of the seedlings showing presence and symptoms of thrips Moderate: 25-50% of the seedlings showing presence and symptoms of thrips Severe: more the 50% of the seedlings showing presence and symptoms of thrips Blast Symptoms of blast are seen on leaves as small grayish spots or as spindle shaped spots with grey centre and brown margins. Drying and death of seedlings occur when numerous spots occur on leaves. Disease should be graded only when more than 1/3 rd infection on of leaves is seen on seedlings in the selected spot following the scale of traces, moderate and severe. Traces : less than 25% of the seedlings showing symptoms of blast Moderate : 25-50% of the plants showing symptoms of blast Severe: more the 50% of the plants showing symptoms of blast Blast disease in traces 2.2. Main field surveillance selection of fixed fields Experimental/Research station Two fixed experimental fields-one unprotected without any plant protection measures (designated as Fixed 1) and the other protected with need based plant protection practices (designated as Fixed 2) are to be used for weekly observations. Area of fields should be near to one acre or as per standards followed at International level Fields of farmers Ten rice growing villages representing the agro-ecology of the identified region in the same and neighboring district, distributed randomly should be selected. In each village, two farmers fields (designated as Fixed 1 and Fixed 2) of near to one acre are to be fixed for weekly observations. Assigning fields of farmers as Fixed 1 and Fixed 2 should be made at time of field selection and same should be maintained from the first observation till the end of season. Care should be taken to select farmers growing common variety (ies) of the region. 4

14 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance General information for fixed fields The geographical, cropping system and agronomical details relating to general information (Proforma 2; Annexure IV) which are self explanatory should be collected once in the beginning of the season from main fields designated as Fixed 1 and Fixed 2 (both at experimental station and farmers fields) Specific guidelines for observations in fixed fields The recording of observations on insect pests and diseases should be initiated in main field from 20 days after transplanting (DAT). Fill in the details on field, field number ( Fixed 1 and Fixed 2), district, taluka, name of the village, date of observation, stage of crop and crop health in the Page 1 of Proforma 3 (Annexure V). Selection of 5 spots for observation in a field For stage of the crop, tick mark appropriate stage at the time of surveillance i.e.tillering or panicle initiation or flowering or grain maturity. For crop health, tick mark appropriate term as to excellent or good or poor based on the status of crop stand in the field relating to crop growth and development. In each field select five spots randomly as shown in the figure (four in the corners, at least 5 feet inside the borders and one in the centre). At each spot select four random hills for recording observations. Thus a total of 20 hills / field would be sampled. Observations relating to plant details, insect pests, beneficials and diseases should be recorded against each of the selected 20 hills from the five spots in page 3 to page 4 of Proforma 3 with due care. The spot and plant selections can be at random during each time of field visit. Plant observations Hills Bunch of tillers emerging from mother shoot (tiller) can be referred as a plant or a hill. Having selected the spot inside the field random selection of a hill has to be made for observations on number of tillers and leaves besides observations on insect pests and diseases. 5

15 NICRA Total tillers Tiller is a shoot including root, stem and leaves with or without panicle. A hill has many tillers with or without panicles depending on the crop stage. In each hill, count the total number of tillers and record. Total leaves Leaves are the leaf blades arranged alternately on a stem of tillers of a plant. In each hill, count the total number of leaves on all the tillers and record. Panicle bearing tillers Panicles are the floral parts that had emerged out of leaf sheath. The panicle may be at flowering, milk stage, dough stage and mature grain stage. In each hill, count the total number tillers possessing panicles of any stage such as flowering, milk stage, dough stage and mature grain stage. Hill with tillers Leaf blades Panicle bearing tillers 6

16 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Insect pests Stem borer damage Dead heart Dead heart is a dried up central shoot of a tiller on the rice plant occurring during the vegetative (seedling to maximum tillering) stage that has been attacked by any one species of stem borers. Dead heart White ear In the grown up rice plants with panicles, the stem borer attack results in white ear - a condition wherein whole panicle becomes dried and discolored. The grains of such panicles are empty or only partially filled. Count dead hearts (dried tillers) at tillering stage and white ear heads after panicle emergence in each hill. Leaf folder damage Rice plants have tubular folded leaves with or without larvae that are pale yellowish to green. Longitudinal and transparent whitish streaks are visible on damaged leaves. Sometimes leaf folder larva fastens the leaf tip to the basal part of leaf. Heavily infested hills appear scorched with many folded leaves. Count the number of folded leaves per hill when more than 30% of a leaf is damaged. Larvae scrape the green tissues of the leaves and the leaves become white and dry. White ear Leaf folder larva and its damage 7

17 NICRA Thrips damage Yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings and terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base are noticed with presence of nymphs and adults of thrips. Once he thrips damage is ascertained, count the number of damaged leaves having the symptoms described above. Case worm damaged leaves Leaves damaged by case worm become whitish and papery. Tubular cases formed by cutting the apical portion of leaves float on water around the plants. The leaves are cut at right angles as with a pair of scissors. Larva if present is pale and translucent with orange head and has filamentous gills on the sides of the body. Count the damaged leaves due to case worm per hill and record. Thrips damage Case worm damage and its larva Hispa damaged leaves Scrapping the chlorophyll by the adults and long winding tunnels into leaves made by the grubs are seen. Affected leaves show whitish and membranous patches along with long axis of leaf or blister near leaf tips. Damaged leaves dry up ultimately. Count the Hispa damaged leaves on each hill and record. Damage due to Hispa 8

18 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Hispa adults Small bluish-black beetles, covered with spines are the Hispa adults. Count the number of adults of Hispa on each hill and record. Hispa adult and its damage Brown plant hopper (nymphs and adults) Two forms of Brown plant hopper (BPH) adults viz., macropterous (long winged) and brachypterous (short winged) are seen. Nymphs and adults are brown in colour with chestnut brown eyes and congregate at the base of the plant above the water level. For BPH, record the total number of hoppers (both nymphs and adults) on all tillers of each hill. BPH nymphs and adults BPH tiller damage Initial damage due to feeding by BPH causes drying of tillers. The tillers turn brown and lodge. For tiller damage, count the number of damaged tillers per hill due to BPH. BPH plant damage Affected hill dries up and gives a scorched appearance called hopper burn. For BPH plant damage, record hill damage as yes if all tillers are completely dried or no if partial or no damage is seen. Tiller and hill damage by BPH Hopper burn due to BPH 9

19 NICRA Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) Nymphs are white in colour with yellow pronotum and possess a diamond like marking on the thorax. They congregate at the base of the plant above the water level. Count the number of nymphs and adults of WBPH in each hill. Care must be taken to differentiate between BPH and WBPH. Count them from the base of the plant above the water level. WBPH nymphs and adults Zig-zag leafhopper Nymphs have brown patches on the vertex, deep brown thorax and white abdomen. Adult hoppers have characteristic zigzag white and brown pattern on the fore wings. Green leafhopper (GLH ) Many species of GLH are found. Nymphs are pale to yellowish green. Adults are wedge shaped and green with or without black spots. All species invariably have black patch on wing tips. Zig-zag leafhopper adult GLH nymphs and adults White leafhopper Largest of all hoppers, having central black spot on the vertex of head. Faint brown lines are seen on the forewings. Hoppers other than BPH and WBPH viz.,zig-zag leafhopper, green and white leafhoppers, if found should be counted together and filled under other hoppers. Count the number of nymphs and adults of all hoppers other than BPH and WBPH in each hill. 10

20 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Gall midge Gall midge infestation results in formation of a tube like gall that is similar to onion leaf or silver-shoot. Gall is a silvery white hollow tube, 1 cm wide and cm long. Infested tillers produce no panicles. Count the number of silver shoots having appearance of onion leaves/hill. Onion leaf due to gall midge Leaf mite Feeding takes place behind the leaf sheath. The feeding lesion can be detected by cinnamon to chocolate-brown discoloration of the leaf sheath. Look for the presence of mites on leaves and symptoms. Record for presence as 1 or absence as 0 against each sampled hill. Panicle mite The panicle mite is not visible to the naked eye, and a minimum 20X hand lens is required to observe the mite inside of the leaf sheath. The mites are clear to strawcolored. When population levels are low the mite is found feeding on internal surfaces of leaf sheaths, but when population levels are high, the mite can be found on all plant parts, including the kernel. Necrotic bands and spots are developed on rice grains and leaf sheaths when mite populations are large. Symptoms should be confirmed with the presence of the panicle mites as described above. Leaf mite damage Panicle mite damage Look for the presence of panicle mites along 11

21 NICRA with symptoms and record for presence as 1 or absence as 0 against each sampled hill. Swarming caterpillar Leaves are cut in large scale with presence of caterpillars. Severe infestation gives cattle grazing appearance to the field. Mature larvae or caterpillars are nearly 4 cm long and are green, gray, or brown in colour with dull dark dorsal and sub-dorsal longitudinal stripes. Two rows of C-shaped black spots are visible along the backs. Count total number of caterpillars and damaged leaves in each hill and record them separately. Swarming caterpillar damage at seedling stage and its larva Rice horned caterpillar Due to its characteristic feeding leaf margins as well as leaf tips are devoured; leaf tissues and veins are removed. The larva or caterpillar is yellow-green with two pairs of horn like processes-a pair of red horn like processes on the head and another pair of yellow processes in the anal end. Count total number of caterpillars and damaged leaves in each hill and record them separately. Larva of horned caterpillar Yellow hairy caterpillar Defoliation of leaves with presence of larvae of yellow hairy caterpillar. Caterpillar is yellowish brown with red stripes, orange head and tufts of hairs all over the body. Count the number of caterpillars and damaged leaves in each hill. Yellow hairy caterpillar 12

22 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Stink bug Bugs are straw-colored, one fourth (1/4) to half (1/2) inch long, somewhat elongated and flattened with forward pointing spines on the shield-like segment behind the head. Count the number of nymphs and adults together on each hill and record. Stink bug nymph Gundhi bug Nymphs are green to brown. Adults are slender with long legs and antennae. Count the number of nymphs and adults together on each hill and record. Adult and nymph of Gundhi bug Blue beetle Adults are elongated, dark bluish green and shiny with striations on the elytra. Grubs are white with brown head and with tubular processes at tip of abdomen. Often grubs are found in aggregations. Count the number of immature stages and adults together on each hill and record. Adult and grubs of blue beetle 13

23 NICRA Black bug Nymphs are brown and yellow with black spots and adults are shiny dark brown to black, and are found in groups at the base of plants. Count the number of nymphs and adults together on each hill and record. Black bug adults Other pests Write the name of any other insect pests not included in the data sheet. Provision to enter maximum of three species is made in the data sheet. Count the number of the insects (stage specific) or the damage depending on the pest and specify also the units such as number of leaves or tillers or panicles or hills. If the insects belong to Hemiptera, count both adults and nymphs together and record. If the insect stage is caterpillar count the number and record. In addition, if the damage is noticed on leaves or tillers or panicles count them and record. Reporting should be made separately. Entry into database through software is not possible. Beneficials Green mirid bug Adults are light green and slender (about seven to nine mm long), with long legs and antennae. Nymphs are completely green in colour. Brown mirids are also common but are different from green mirids and need not to be counted. Count and record total number of younger and adult stages in each hill and record. Mirid bug adult 14

24 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Rove beetle Adult rove beetles are brown, reddishbrown, or black with gray markings on the wings and abdomen. Beetles are slender with slender elongate bodies. Count and record total number of adults in each hill and record. Ground beetle This group of beetles varies in size (1/8 to 1 inch), shape and color. Most are flattened, dark brown, hard-bodied beetles with many fine lengthwise ridges on their wing covers (elytra). Count and record total number of ground beetles in each hill. Adult rove beetle Adult ground beetle Wolf spider Wolf spiders range from about 1/2 inch to 2 inches in length, hairy, and are typically brown to gray in color with various markings or lines. Count and record the total number of younger and adult stages in each hill. Wolf spider with egg sac 15

25 NICRA Diseases The identity of the diseases has to be established before scoring for severity. Leaf blast Leaf lesions are spindle - shaped and often develop grayish centers and coalesce on leaves.lesions initially appear as graygreen and water-soaked with a darker green border that expand rapidly to several centimeters in length. Older lesions often become light tan in color with necrotic borders. Sheath blight Initial lesions are small, ellipsoidal or ovoid, greenish-gray and water-soaked. Older lesions are elliptical or ovoid with a grayish white center with light brown to dark brown margin. Lesions reach the uppermost leaf under favorable conditions. Lesions may coalesce forming bigger lesions with irregular outline and may cause the death of the whole leaf. Lesions due to blast Bacterial leaf blight ( BLB ) Seedling wilt is noted 1-3 weeks after transplanting. Leaves wilt and roll up and become grayish green to yellow. On mature plants leaves turn yellow or pale yellow. Water-soaked to yellowish stripes on leaf blades or starting at leaf tips that later increase in length and width with a wavy margin are seen. Appearance of bacterial ooze that looks like a milky or opaque dewdrop on young lesions is common. Sheath blight Wilting and graying to yellowing of leaves due to BLB 16

26 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Brown spot Infected seedlings have small, circular or oval, brown lesions, which may girdle the coleoptiles and cause distortion of the primary and secondary leaves (symptom is called seedling blight). Young or underdeveloped lesions on older leaves are small and circular, dark brown or purplish brown. A fully developed lesion on older leaves is oval, brown with gray or whitish center with reddish brown margin. When infection is severe, the lesions may coalesce, killing large areas of affected leaves. Brown spot Sheath Rot Infection occurs on the uppermost leaf sheath enclosing the young panicles at late booting stage. Initial symptoms are oblong or somewhat irregular spots or lesions, cm long, with dark reddish brown margins and gray centre. Lesions may also consist of diffuse reddish brown discoloration in the sheath. Tungro virus Leaves turn yellow or orange yellow. Stunting and slightly reduced tillering are always associated. Observe lesions/leaf drying/disease spots from tip to downward on the leaf margin first to properly identify the diseases based on the symptoms described above. Estimate the leaf area covered by disease on a hill (0-100%). Assign index value for all the observed diseases as per the per cent leaf area affected based on scale given below. Tungro virus 17

27 NICRA Index value Incidence 0 No incidence 1 < 1% 3 1-5% % % % Bakanae Infected plants are several inches taller than normal plants in the field. Plants are thin with yellowish green leaves and pale green flag leaves. Seedlings die at early tillering stage. Plants at maturity have partially filled or empty grains. Based on the above described symptoms, confirm the Bakanae disease and record the presence (1) or absence (0) of the disease in each hill. Bakanae (indicated by arrow) False smut Disease occurs on developing panicles/ earheads wherein grains are turned to greenish velvety smut balls containing fungal spores that are orange initially later turning to yellowish-green or greenishblack. Few or some grains in the earheads at maturity are found to have smut infection. For false smut, count number of panicles carrying the infection of the disease in each hill and record. False smut 18

28 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Sampling with sweep nets Lady bird beetles Adult beetles are brightly coloured and are oval and convex. Various color forms occur. Beetles could be pests feeding on pollen as well as predators feeding on other insects. The number of lady bird beetle grubs, pupae and adults caught by making a 270 single sweep across plants near to each of the sampling spot using standard insect sweep net should be noted and recorded. One sweep at each spot should be used for simultaneous counting of lady bird beetles (LBB) and web spinning spiders. Adult of lady bird beetle Web spinning spiders Spiders that are web spinners are found amidst silken strands that are shaped differently. Webs may be horizontal or vertical. Depending upon the species, the size and color of adults vary. The number of spider nymphs and adults caught by making a 270 single sweep across plants near to each of the sampling spot using standard insect sweep net should be noted and recorded. One sweep at each spot should be used for simultaneous counting of web spinning spiders and lady bird beetles. Web spinning spider 19

29 NICRA Unusual pest events Rat and crab damages are common at some of the locations and their activity is nocturnal. Rat damage Rat damage is patchy in the fields with symptoms of chopped plants with tillers cut at 45, missing panicles and chewed up grains. Crab damage Plants are cut at ground level and missing tillers are common. Series of burrows in the rice fields are common. When damage to plants occur due to rats or crabs, approximate area affected should be specified in the scale of 1-100% in relation to the field area being sampled Additional details to be recorded for fixed fields Plant protection sprays During each time of visit to the fixed fields ie., once in a week, the plant protection operations taken up against insects, diseases, weeds and use of any biorationals or biopesticides including bioagents, botanicals and microbials along with their name, dosages and number of applications should be collected from the farmer and entered in the table of Page 5 of Proforma 3 (Annexure IV). Fertilizer management During each time of visit to the fixed fields i.e., once in a week the details on application of green manures, farm yard manure (FYM), nutrient spray (micronutrient or hormonal) and general pattern of fertilizer use as to over use or optimal and deficit use should be recorded in the table of Page 5 of Proforma 3 (Annexure IV). Weather of the week Details of weather that is prevailing during the week of surveillance in respect of the farm/village should be stated in an objective pattern of YES or NO. If any other weather pattern prevails other than those mentioned in the table, it can be written against Any other remarks as a short phrase. 20

30 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance YSB moth catch Pheromone traps for yellow stem 3 per fixed field have to be installed both at the experimental station and the fields of farmers in villages. Fix the traps to the supporting pole at a height of one foot above the plant canopy. Install the traps separated by a distance of >75 feet in the vicinity of the selected fixed field. Use a cotton swab dipped in diclorvos inside the polythene bag to kill the insects getting trapped (take care that the insecticide does not come in contact with funnel at any time). If insecticide is not used, see to that the live moths are killed before counting/emptying. Change of lures should be made once in three weeks. During each week of surveillance, the number of moths/trap should be counted and entered. Emptying moths from polybags and ensuring the trap presence/ readiness to replace in case of breakage/missing events should be followed meticulously. Therefore, after initial installation, scouts should carry few traps and lures during each week of surveillance for attending to missing traps immediately Random field survey Installation of funnel trap (Pheromone) Field selection for random survey The survey is to be conducted once in a week (preferably Friday) by scientists alongwith project staff in the area/villages not covered by scouts. During the survey the team will cover about km distance in rice dominated area. During the survey the villages having large area under rice, will be selected randomly. Around 7-8 km distance can be maintained between two villages for survey. In each village one rice field has to be selected for surveillance Guidelines for pest observations The plant and pest observations are to be carried out as per the Proforma 3 (page 1-4) (Annexure V). Only 10 hills are to be observed (2 hills per spot X 5 spots) are to be sampled. Additional details such as plant protection sprays, fertilizer management, and weather of the week and trap installation need not be done for fields of random survey. 21

31 NICRA Recording of species composition of stem borers During the surveillance at selected fields during random survey on 10 hills at five spots, the tillers with symptoms of stem borer viz., dead heart or white ear are to be collected and examined through dissection of the tillers. Dead heart Dead heart is the dried up central shoot of atilleron the rice plant during vegetative (seedling to maximum tillering) stage that have been attacked by any one species of stem borers. White ear In the grown up rice plants with panicles, the stem borer attack results in white ear - a condition wherein whole panicle becomes dried and discolored. The grains of such panicles are chaffy or only partially filled. Dead heart White ear The species of stem borer should be determined based on larval and /or pupal stages present following descriptions given below. of larval and pupal stages of stemborers Yellow stem borer Yellow stem borer (YSB) larva is pale yellow to yellowish green with brown head. Usually one larva/tiller is seen. Pupa is whitish to pale yellowish green enclosed in white silk cocoon. Fresh cocoon is pale brown and turn dark brown later. White stem borer White stem borer (WSB) larvae are milky white and pupae are soft bodied.wsb pupa is paler and whiter than YSB pupae. 22

32 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Pink stem borer Pink stem borer (PSB) larvae are pink and purplish on dorsal side and white at ventral side. Head capsule is orange in color. Larva of PSB Pupa of PSB Dark headed borer Young larvae are grayish white with distinct brown to black head. Grown up larvae are creamy white with purple brown (3 dorsal and 2 lateral) stripes along the body. Striped stem borer Striped borer larvae are dull yellow and have five distinct stripes ( 2 lateral, 2 sub subdorsal, and one median). 3. Record of meteorological information Daily records of weather data from the observatory of the research station or any other nearest location should be collected as per the Proforma 4 (Annexure VI). 4. Observation on insects trapped in light trap The light trap placed amidst rice fields being operated at the experimental station should be examined for insect catches every day. The number of insects (both harmful as well as beneficials) should be recorded using Proforma 5 (Annexure VII) of insects caught in light traps Yellow stem borer Female moths are bright yellow to whitish with black spot in the middle of forewing. Females possess anal tuft of yellow hairs. Male moths are smaller than females. Forewings are grey or light brown and have two rows of black spots at tips. Males also can be whitish yellow with spots on YSB moth 23

33 NICRA forewings not clear. Size and colour variations of moths are common. Pink stem borer Moths are whitish to dark straw coloured with white hind wings. Male are smaller than females. Males have pectinate antennae and females have filiform antennae. PSB moth White stem borer Male and female adults are perfect white in appearance. They have a tuft of long hairs on the thorax. The male is smaller than the female. WSB moth Dark headed borer Adults are brownish yellow. The center of the forewings has dark markings of silvery scales or 6-7 tiny black dots. The hind wing has a lighter color. DHB moth Gall midge The adults are mosquito like. Female midge has a bright red abdomen, and male has a yellowish brown body. Both adults have bead-like antennae with more than 10 segments. Their maxillary palpi are 4- segmented. Adult gall midge Green leafhopper Green hoppers with black spots that may or may not extend up to distant end of forewing. GLH adults 24

34 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance BPH Colour may range from light to dark brown. Adult females are larger than males and bear dark brown ovipositor at the base of the abdomen. Two distinct wing forms are seen. Large winged or macropterous forms have wings extended beyond the tip of the abdomen while short winged or bachypterous forms have smaller wings that do not extend beyond the tip of the body. BPH nynph and adult WBPH WBPH adults have greyish body and smaller than BPH. A white strip on the upper middle part of abdomen is seen. Females display wing polymporhism as macropterous and brachypterous, but brachypterous males are seldom seen. White leafhopper Largest of all the rice hoppers. White with a large black spot on the vertex of the head towards the posterior margin. Light brown lines are seen on forewings from base to tip. Zig-zag leafhopper Adult hoppers have characteristic zigzag white and brown pattern on the front wings. WBPH nymph and adult White leafhopper adult Leaf folder Moths are whitish yellow or golden yellow with three black bands on the forewings, either complete or incomplete. Forewings have a dark brown to gray band on their outer margin. Leaf folder moth 25

35 NICRA Green mirid bug Adults are elongate and oval, have bright green membranous wings and black spotted thorax. Tip of the first antennal segment is greenish yellow. The second antennal segment is longer than the width of the pronotal base. Legs are green with yellowish tibiae. Green mirid bug Coccinellids Brightly coloured beetles that are oval and convex. Various color forms occur. Coccinellids are also commonly referred as lady bird beetles. Coccinellid adults Black bug Adults are shiny dark brown to black. Depending on the species, spines on the anterior margin of pronotum pointed sideward or forward. Black bug adult Ear head bug Nymphs are green to brown. Adult is brown, slender with long antennae and legs. Ear head bug is also referred as Gundhi bug. Ear head bug adults 26

36 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Swarming caterpillar The moth is stout and dark brown. Forewings of female moth are greyish brown with wavy lines and a dark spot sub centrally. Male moth has immense tufts of hairs on the forelegs and wings more grayish. The hind wings of both sexes are brownish white with thin black margins Swarming caterpillar moth 5. General instructions Depending on the ecosystem the species of insects/diseases vary. There could be occurrence of additional species of the same group of insect or altogether a new species so far. Different stages of insect pests collected and reared at laboratory can help in recording their parasitoids. Therefore, the hitherto unrecorded species needs to be collected and preserved for identification. Preservation of insects has to be done in 70% ethyl alcohol in screw capped glass vials. Identification and reporting can be done at institution level directly or through crop coordinators of NICRA. Each farmer whose field has been selected can be given a diary for record keeping on the intercultural operations, plant protection sprays, fertilizer application, weather events, yield and market price of paddy at harvest. By visiting the fixed fields in villages on fixed days in a week for surveillance, farmer too can be made to be an effective partner of the programme. Their contact details including postal address and phone numbers (land line and mobile, whichever is available) must be maintained for feedback and impact assessment in future. 27

37 NICRA Annexure I SCHEDULE FOR SURVEILLANCE Day Schedule for Scouts/Data Entry Operator (DEO) No. of fields Monday Two fixed plots (Fixed 1 Unprotected) and (Fixed 2 Protected) Two at research station; Documentation of historical data of the center two fixed fields/village in two villages by one scout Eight in (Total of eight fields at four villages by two scouts); four villages DEO to enter the data collected on previous day + documentation of historical data two fixed fields/village in two villages by one scout Eight in (Total of eight fields at four villages by two scouts); four villages DEO to enter the data collected on previous day + documentation of historical data Two fixed field/village /scout Four in (Total of four fields at two villages by two scouts) two villages Scouts would also look for presence of new pests (insects and diseases) and outbreaks for general reporting under pest alerts Friday Random field survey across eight villages (@one field/village) Eight in by scientist and surveillance team; (Proforma 3) eight villages Look for new/emerging pests and beneficials for reporting in addition to using prescribed data sheet Saturday Checking data/upload of pest and weather data 28

38 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Proforma 1 Part - I Annexure II NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE) Nursery Survey (PART I) : (One at Experimental Station and 10 one nursery per selected village for fixed field surveillance during the season; to be collected once a week; use separate sheets for each nursery) General Information for Nursery (One time information) Name of the experimental Name of Cultivar Seed rate Sowing during season Exact date of Seed treatment station/village Variety Hybrid (kg/acre) Early Normal Late sowing Name of Dosage chemical 29

39 NICRA Proforma 1 Part - II Annexure III Nursery Survey (PART II in respect of PART I) :... Experimental station/village Name :... Date of Observation :... DATA SHEET FOR NURSERY PESTS AND DISEASES Spot of one sq.ft Stem borer egg mass (nos.) Hispa adults (nos.) Thrips damage (> 1/3 rd rolling of leaf) Blast Application of pesticides Traces/Moderate/Severe Traces/Moderate/Severe Traces/Moderate/Severe Traces/Moderate/Severe Traces/Moderate/Severe Traces/Moderate/Severe Traces/Moderate/Severe Traces/Moderate/Severe Traces/Moderate/Severe Traces/Moderate/Severe Yes / No If yes mention the Name & dosage Name: Dosage: Guidelines for observations in Nursery: In case of nursery the observations are to be recorded from one field at Experimental Station and ten nurseries (one nursery from each of the selected villages). In each nursery, select five random spots of one sq. ft size (four in the corner, at least 3 feet inside the border and one in the centre). Count total stem borer egg masses and no. of hispa adults in each spot and record. For thrips and blast the severity of infestation should be tick marked mentioned based on the following scale: Traces: less than 25% of the plants showing presence and symptoms of thrips (more than 1/3 rd rolling of leaves) or the blast disease Moderate: 25-50% of the plants showing presence and symptoms of thrips or the blast disease Severe: more the 50% of the plants showing presence and symptoms of thrips or the blast disease 30

40 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Proforma 2 NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE) Annexure IV (General Information for Fixed Fields - to be filled only once in the beginning of the season) Geographic Details Agro climatic zone State District Tehsil / Block Experimental Station/ Latitude Longtitude Altitude Village Name Cropping system details of the region Major Cropping Systems of Growing condition Growing season Normal Sowing time New crops of the region Last year s productivity region (Irrigated/Rainfed) (Kharif/ Rabi/others) (during last five years) (Kg/ha) Agronomic details of the Field (Main field) Field Name of the Area of Name of Cultivar Method of sowing Seed rate Sowing during season Exact date Seed treatment Farmer* fixed field Variety Hybrid Direct Nursery (kg/acre) Early Normal Late of sowing (name of chemical) (acres) seeding Fixed 1 Fixed 2 Field Fixed 1 Fixed 2 No. of sprays in nursery Clipping leaf Yes/No Yes/No Seedling treatment Root dip Yes/No Yes/No Age of seedling at planting *Postal Address and phone number (s) of the farmer of Fixed Field 1: *Postal Address and phone number (s) of the farmer of Fixed Field 2: Exact date of planting Plant to plant Spacing (cm) Row to row Random planting Soil type Soil health (Excellent/ Good/Poor) Crops in the adjacent fields Source of irrigation (Canal/Tube well/well) 31

41 NICRA Proforma 3 Page 1 Annexure V NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE) Field : Experimental station / Farmer Field No. : Fixed 1 (Unprotected) / Fixed 2 (Protected) District : Taluka : Date of observation : Name of village : Stage of crop : Nursery/seedling/tillering/panicle initiation /flowering/ grain maturity Crop health : Excellent / Good / Poor Random Field Survey Name of the village : Date of observation : Latitude Longitude Altitude Area of surveyed field (in acres) : 32

42 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Page 2 Hill No. Total tillers Total leaves Panicle bearing tillers NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE) Stem borer No. of dead hearts/white ears Leaf folder INSECT PESTS Thrips Case worm No. of damaged leaves Hispa BPH WBPH Other hoppers No. of damaged leaves Nos. Nos. No. of tillers damaged Plants damaged Yes(1) / No(0) Nos. 33

43 NICRA Page 3 Hill No Gall midge No. of silver shoot Leaf Mite Panicle mite Presence (1) / Absence (0) NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE) INSECT PESTS Swarming caterpillar Other caterpillars Stink bug Gundhi bug Blue beetle Black bug Damaged leaves No. of Larvae Damaged leaves No. of Larvae Nos. Other Pest 1 ( ) Specify Name Unit ( ) Other Pest 2 ( ) Specify Name Other Pest 3 ( ) Specify Name Unit ( ) Unit ( ) 34

44 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Page 4 NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE) Hill No. Beneficials (all stages) Green Mirid bug Rove beetle Ground beetle Nos. Spider Blast Sheath Blight Bacterial Leaf Blight Brown spot Grade (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9) DISEASES Sheath Rot Tungro Virus Bakanae False smut Presence (1) / Absence (0) No. of ear heads Name of the Pest No. of net sweeps Lady bird beetle Spiders Unusual Pest Events Name of the Pest % crop damage 35

45 NICRA Page 5 NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE) Record the following only for fixed fields Plant protection sprays Name of chemical Dosage No. of Applications Against insects Against diseases Against Weeds Use of biorationals Fertiliser Management Green manuring FYM Name of nutrient spray Type of Fertiliser use Yes/No Yes/No Over use/optimal/ deficit use Unseasonal rains Hail storms High intensity rains Prolonged dry spells Floods Temperature Any other Remarks Weather of the week Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No High/Low/Normal Trap 1 YSB Moth Catch (Nos.) Yield at harvest (q/ha) Current Paddy price per Quintal (Rs.) 2 3 No of Tillers Dissected Record only for Random Field Survey Stem borer species composition through destructive sampling No. of larvae and pupae YSB WSB PSB Others (DHB, SSB etc.) 36

46 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Proforma 4 Annexure VI NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE) Location Name: Latitude: Longitude: Altitude: METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION for NICRA (based on the nearest location/research station) Date Max. Temp Min. Temp RH Morning Evening Rainfall Sun Shine Wind velocity ( 0 C) ( 0 C) (%) (mm) (hrs.) (km h -1 ) 37

47 NICRA Proforma 5 Annexure VII NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE) Location Name: Latitude: Longitude: Daily record of Light trap catches at the experimental station Name of the pest Dates Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Yellow stem borer Pink borer White Stem borer Dark headed borer Gall midge Green leafhopper BPH WBPH White leafhopper Zig-zag leafhopper Leaf folder Green Mirid bug Coccinellids Black bug Ear head bug Dead leaf butterfly Swarming caterpillar moth 38

48 Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance Annexure VIII SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF IMPORTANT RICE PESTS AND BENEFICIALS S.No. Common name Scientific name Insect pests 1 Yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) 2 Pink borer Sesamia inferens (Walker) 3 White stem borer Scirpophaga innotata (Walker) 4 Dark headed borer Chilo polychrysus (Meyrick) 5 Striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Meyrick) 6 Swarming caterpillar Spodoptera mauritia Boisdual 7 Case worm Nymphula depunctalis Stagnalis 8 Rice horned caterpillar Melanitis leda ismene Cramer; Mycalesis sp. 9 Yellow hairy caterpillar Psalis pennatula (Fabricius) 10 Leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) 11 Gall midge Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason 12 Stink bug Oebalus pugnax (Fabricius) 13 Gundhi bug Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) 14 Black bug Scotinophora coaractata Fabricius 15 Blue beetle Leptisma pygmoea Baly 16 Hispa Dicladispa armigera Olivier 17 Leaf mite Olygonychus oryzae (Hirst) 18 Panicle mite Steneotarsonemus spinkii Smiley 19 Thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis Bagnall 20 Brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) 21 White backed plant hopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) 22 Zig-zag leafhopper Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky) 24 Green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens (Distant); N. nigropictus (Distant) 25 White leafhopper Cofana spectra (Distant); C. unimacultata (Signoret) Diseases 1 Leaf blast Pyricularia oryzae Cav. 2 Sheath blight Rhizoctonia solani Kühn 3 Bacterial leaf blight Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye 4 Brown spot Helminthosporium oryzae (Breda de Haan) 5 Sheath Rot Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) 6 Bakanae Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg; F. moniliforme 7 False smut Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah 39

49 NICRA Other pests 1 Rat Rattus rattus (Linnaeus); Bandicota bengalensis Gray 2 Crab Eriocheir sinensis (Milne-Edwards) Beneficials 1 Lady bird beetles Micraspis hirashimai Sasaji; Harmonia octomaculata (Fabricius); Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus 2 Web spinning spiders Tetragnatha; Argiope; Araenus; Oxyopes 3 Rove beetle Paederus fuscipes (Curtis) 4 Ground beetle Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt - Goebel) 5 Wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boes. & Strand) 6 Green mirid bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter 40

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