Poll: Sacramento Region Divided over Legalizing Gay Marriage, Although Gays and Lesbians Perceived as the Second Most Discriminated-Against Group

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1 Poll: Sacramento Region Divided over Legalizing Gay Marriage, Although Gays and Lesbians Perceived as the Second Most Discriminated-Against Group Amy Liu, Ph. D. Joseph Maestas, B. A. Sarah Lucas and Kelly Ward Otis Scott, Ph. D. California State University, Sacramento (Embargoed until 12:01 a.m., May 29, 2009) In the past decade, several battles have been fought over the right of same-sex couples to marry in the State of California. This struggle began in March 2000 with the passage of Proposition 22 with percent of the vote (California Secretary of State 2000a). This proposition stated: Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California (California Secretary of State 2000b), making gay marriage illegal in California. Significant legal support for gay marriage did not pick up until September 6, 2005 when the California State Legislature passed a bill that legalized it. However, citing the bill would be in direct opposition to Proposition 22, Governor Schwarzenegger vetoed it. Two years later in September 2007, the California State Legislature passed another bill to legalize same-sex marriage. Governor Schwarzenegger again said he would veto it. He followed through on this promise on October 12 and stated the issue should be decided by the courts (Schwarzenegger 2007). In 2008 the California Supreme Court decided to evaluate the constitutionality of Proposition 22. On May 15, in a four to three decision, the court ruled Proposition 22 unconstitutional (California Supreme Court May 15, 2008). Effective June 16, 2008, same sex marriages became legal in California (Judicial Council of California June 4, 2008). The battle over same sex marriage was reengaged with Proposition 8 in 2008, which proposed changing the state constitution to indicate only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California (California Secretary of State 2008a). The campaigns from those who are for and against this proposition raised more than $83 million, making it the most expensive campaign over a social issue in California and the United States (Moore February 3, 2009; Ewers October 29, 2008). On November 4, 2008, Proposition 8 passed with percent of the vote (California Secretary of State 2008b). Within two days multiple lawsuits were filed questioning the constitutionality of Proposition 8. On March 5, 2009, California Supreme Court heard arguments from both sides concerning this proposition. The court currently has 90 days to render a verdict. What do residents in the Sacramento region think about gay marriage? Do they feel marriage between same-sex couples should or should not be legally recognized with the same rights as traditional marriage? Is discrimination against gays and lesbians widespread in the region? Page 1 of 19

2 According to The 2009 Sacramento State Annual Survey of the Region, gays and lesbians (39%) and immigrants (40%) are perceived as the two most discriminated against groups in the region, and endure more discrimination than Hispanics (28%), blacks (22%), women (19%), and Asians (15%). The majority of those who believe discrimination against Blacks (61%), Hispanics (59%), women (59%), gays and lesbians (58%), immigrants (55%), and Asians (55%) is widespread also think gay marriage should be legalized. The Sacramento region is split over gay marriage: 49 percent feel marriage between same-sex couples should be recognized, while 45 percent disagree. Religious organizations and the two dominant political parties play critical roles, significantly affecting where people stand on this issue. To some extent, education, gender, age, and marital status also influence residents attitude toward gay marriage. The majority of those who often attend religious services oppose recognizing gay marriage as legal. Among this group, Republicans (81%), those who have some college education (75%), and those who do not know whether discrimination against gays is widespread (75%) are the most likely to oppose it. For those who seldom or never attend religious services, the majority support it. Among this group, Democrats (79%), those residents who have a college degree (76%), those who are divorced, separated or never married (75%), and those age 40 or younger (71%) are the most likely to favor gay marriage. Those who sometimes attend religious services are divided by political party, education, age, and marital status. Among this group, many support gay marriage. This is especially the case for Democrats (77% support), those who have a college education (62% support), those age 40 or younger (67% support), and those divorced, separated, and never married (63% support). In sharp contrast, more than half of Republicans (62% oppose), those with high school or less education (57% oppose), and those age 65 or older (54% oppose) are against the legalization of gay marriage. Support for gay marriage is also split along party lines. The majority of Republicans oppose the legalization of gay marriage. Republicans who are 65 or older (80% oppose), who have a high school education or less (72%) or some college (71%), and who are white (70%) are the most likely to be against legalizing gay marriage. Conversely, the majority of Democrats support same-sex marriage. Democrats with a college education are the most likely to support it (80%). Additionally among Democrats, those who believe that discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread (75%), who are white (73%), who are divorced, separated, or never married (72%), whose age is 40 or younger (72%), who are between 41 and 64 years old (71%) and who are female (71%) support the legalization of gay marriage. For the most part, Democrats and Republicans are decided about the issue. However, many Independents and third party voters are not sure whether or not gay marriage should be legalized, especially those who don t know if discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread (25%), those who seldom or never attend religious services (15%), those who are 65 and older (14%), and those who have a high school education or less (13%). What follows are more detailed results from The 2009 Sacramento State Annual Survey Page 2 of 19

3 of the Region, conducted from February 14 to March 4, 2009, by the Institute for Social Research (ISR), California State University, Sacramento. Gays and lesbians perceived as the second most discriminated against group In the Sacramento region, 39 percent of residents think discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread. Trailing immigrants (40%) by a small margin, gays and lesbians are perceived to be the second most discriminated against group compared to Hispanics (28%), Blacks (22%), women (19%), and Asians (15%). Race and age have a significant impact on the perception of discrimination in the region. All other racial groups (51%) are more likely than whites (35%) to perceive discrimination against gays and lesbians as widespread. There is also a generational gap: those who are 40 years old or younger (48%) are more likely than those who are 41 to 64 years old (38%) and those whose age is 65 or older (27%) to believe discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread. More than 40 percent of those who are separated, divorced, or never married (44%), who are from Sacramento County (42%), and who have a college education (42%) also perceive discrimination as widespread. Among registered voters, nearly half of Democrats (48%) believe that discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread, compared to only a quarter of Republicans (25%) and 38 percent of Independents and thirty party voters. Next, I am going to list some groups of people. Please tell me whether you think discrimination against each group is or is not widespread in your city or area? Is Widespread Is Not Widespread Don t Know Immigrants 40% 51% 9% Gays and lesbians Hispanics Blacks Women Asians Next, I am going to list some groups of people. Please tell me whether you think discrimination against each group is or is not widespread in your city or area? Gays and Lesbians? Comparison among Different Racial Groups White All Other Racial Groups Widespread 35% 51% Not widespread Don t know Page 3 of 19

4 Comparison among Different Age Groups 40 and Younger 41 to and Older Widespread 48% 38% 27% Not widespread Don t know Comparison by Marital Status Married/Widowed Divorced/Separated/Never Married Widespread 37% 44% Not widespread Don t know Comparison among People with Different Levels of Education High School or Less Some College College Degree Widespread 40% 36% 42% Not widespread Don t know Comparison among the Four Counties in the Region El Dorado Placer Sacramento Yolo Widespread 36% 33% 42% 28% Not widespread Don t know Comparison among Registered Voters Democrats Republicans Other Voters Widespread 48% 25% 38% Not widespread Don t know Empathy for marginalized groups translates into more support for gay marriage Across the board, perceived discrimination against various groups produces significant support for legalizing gay marriage. Around 60 percent of those who believe discrimination against Blacks (61%), Hispanics (59%), women (59%), and gays and lesbians (58%) is widespread think gay marriage should be legalized. Fifty-five percent of those who believe discrimination against immigrants and Asians is widespread also think gay marriage should be recognized. In sharp contrast, only about 45 percent of those who do not think there is widespread discrimination against Blacks (46%), Hispanics (44%), women (47%), gays and lesbians (45%), immigrants (44%) and Asians (48%) share this view. Page 4 of 19

5 Do you think marriage between same-sex couples should or should not be recognized by the law as valid, with the same right as traditional marriage? Sacramento Region Should be recognized 49% Should not be recognized 45 Don t know 6 Comparison of Perceptions of Discrimination against Blacks Is Widespread Is Not Widespread Don t Know Should be recognized 61% 46% 42% Should not be recognized Don t know Comparison of Perceptions of Discrimination against Hispanics Is Widespread Is Not Widespread Don t Know Should be recognized 59% 44% 46% Should not be recognized Don t know Comparison of Perceptions of Discrimination against Women Is Widespread Is Not Widespread Don t Know Should be recognized 59% 47% 38% Should not be recognized Don t know Comparison of Perceptions of Discrimination against Gays and Lesbians Is Widespread Is Not Widespread Don t Know Should be recognized 58% 45% 34% Should not be recognized Don t know Comparison of Perceptions of Discrimination against Immigrants Is Widespread Is Not Widespread Don t Know Should be recognized 55% 44% 44% Should not be recognized Don t know Page 5 of 19

6 Comparison of Perceptions of Discrimination against Asians Is Widespread Is Not Widespread Don t Know Should be recognized 55% 48% 43% Should not be recognized Don t know Many factors affect support for legalizing gay marriage Support for gay marriage is divided based on how often residents go to religious services. Those who seldom or never attend religious services are the most likely to believe that gay marriage should be recognized (67% support). The majority of those who sometimes go to religious services also support gay marriage (55% support). However, the majority of those who often attend religious services oppose the legalization of gay marriage (64% oppose). Support for gay marriage is also sharply divided among registered voters. Sixty-eight percent of Democrats favor the legalization of gay marriage, whereas 68 percent of Republicans are against it. Independents and third party voters are split: 44 percent support, 46 percent oppose, and 10 percent are undecided. Those who have college degrees (58%) and residents who are 40 or younger (56%) are more likely to support legalizing gay marriage, while those with high school diplomas or less (54%) and residents who are 65 or older (59%) are more likely to believe gay marriage should not be legalized. Those with some college education (46% support vs. 48% oppose) and middle aged residents (49% support vs. 44% oppose) are divided. Married and widowed residents are also divided over this issue: 45 percent support legalizing gay marriage and 49 percent oppose it. However, the majority of those who are divorced, separated, or never married (58%) support legalization. There appear to be no significant differences across racial groups: 50 percent of whites and 48 percent of all other races support recognizing gay marriage. However, all other racial groups (10% don t know) are more ambivalent than whites (4% don t know). Do you think marriage between same-sex couples should or should not be recognized by the law as valid, with the same right as traditional marriage? Comparison by Frequency of Attending Religious Services Often Sometimes Seldom/Never Should be recognized 30% 55% 67% Should not be recognized Don t know Page 6 of 19

7 Comparison among Registered Voters Democrats Republicans Other Voters Should be recognized 68% 28% 44% Should not be recognized Don t know Comparison among Different Age Groups 40 and Younger 41 to and Older Should be recognized 56% 49% 35% Should not be recognized Don t know Comparison among People with Different Levels of Education High School or Less Some College College Degree Should be recognized 36% 46% 58% Should not be recognized Don t know Comparison by Marital Status Married/Widowed Divorced/Separated/Never Married Should be recognized 45% 58% Should not be recognized Don t know 6 6 Comparison among Different Racial Groups White All Other Racial Groups Should be recognized 50% 48% Should not be recognized Don t know 4 10 Religious organizations play a critical role in opposing gay marriage Given the split attitudes toward the legalization of gay marriage, the interaction of religion with many other key factors may provide a more in-depth understanding of the decision to support or oppose gay marriage. Among those who attend religious services often, the majority oppose legalizing same-sex marriages, regardless of their political affiliation, education, gender, marital status, age, race, and perception of discrimination against gays and lesbians. The exception to this is Democrats that attend religious services frequently: 50 percent oppose. Otherwise, Republicans (81%), those Page 7 of 19

8 who have some college education (75%), and those who do not know whether discrimination against gays is widespread (75%) are the most likely to oppose gay marriage. Moreover, almost 70 percent of those who are 65 or older (69%), white residents (69%), and those who do not think discrimination against gays is widespread (69%) also oppose gay marriage. Among those who attend religious services seldom or never, the majority support legalizing gay marriage across political affiliation, education, gender, marital status, age, race, and perception of discrimination against gays and lesbians, with the exception of Republicans (49% support), those 65 or older (45% support), and those who do not know whether or not discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread (47% support). Democrats (79%), those with a college degree (76%), those who are divorced, separated or never married (75%), and those who are 40 or younger (71%) are the most likely to support the legalization of gay marriage. Those who sometimes attend religious services are divided. For this group, many support gay marriage. This is especially the case for Democrats (77% support), those with a college degree (62% support), those who are 40 or younger (67% support), and those who are divorced, separated, and never married (63% support). In sharp contrast, more than half of Republicans (62% oppose), those with a high school education or less (57% oppose), and those who are 65 or older (54% oppose) are against the legalization of gay marriage. Indecision regarding the legalization of gay marriage is also affected by religious attendance. Among those who often attend religious services, residents with a high school education or less (10%) and non-whites (9%) are the most likely to be undecided. Among those who sometimes attend religious services, those who are 65 and older (10%), and those who do not know whether or not discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread (14%) are more likely to be undecided. Among those who attend religious services seldom or never, Independents and other party voters (15%), those with a high school education or less (12%), non-whites (12%), and those who do not know whether or not discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread (11%) are the most likely to be unsure of whether they support or oppose legalizing gay marriage. Do you think marriage between same-sex couples should or should not be recognized by the law as valid, with the same right as traditional marriage? Comparison by Frequency of Attending Religious Services Often Sometimes Seldom/Never Should be recognized 30% 55% 67% Should not be recognized Don t know Page 8 of 19

9 Percentage of Those Who Would Vote to Oppose Legalizing Same-sex Marriage Often Sometimes Never Democrat 50% 17% 16% Republican Other High school or less Some college College degree Male Female Married/widowed Divorced/separated/never married and younger to or older White All other racial groups Discrimination against gays is widespread Not widespread Don t know Page 9 of 19

10 Percentage of Those Who Would Vote to Support Legalizing Same-sex Marriage Often Sometimes Seldom/Never Democrat 45% 77% 79% Republican Other High school or less Some college College degree Male Female Married/widowed Divorced/separated/never married and younger to or older White All other racial groups Discrimination against gays is widespread Not widespread Don t know Page 10 of 19

11 Percentage of Those Who Are Undecided about Same-Sex Marriage Often Sometimes Seldom/Never Democrat 5% 6% 5% Republican Other High school or less Some college College degree Male Female Married/widowed Divorced/separated/never married and younger to or older White All other racial groups Discrimination against gays is widespread Not widespread Don t know Support for gay marriage split along party lines Political party affiliation also interacts with other key factors to predict those who are more likely to support the legalization of gay marriage. The majority of Republicans oppose the legalization of gay marriage, regardless of education, age, marital status, gender, race, and perceived discrimination against gays and lesbians. With a few exceptions, this opposition is approximately 70 percent or greater. Republicans who are 65 or older (80% oppose), who have a high school education or less (72%) or some college (71%), and who are white (70%) are the most likely to oppose legalizing gay marriage. The majority of Democrats, however, support legalization of gay marriage, regardless of education, age, marital status, gender, race, and perception of discrimination against gays and lesbians. The only exceptions are Democrats who have a high school education or less (48% support) and who do not know whether discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread (47% support). More than 70 percent of Democrats who believe discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread (75%), who are white (73%), divorced, separated, or never married (72%) Page 11 of 19

12 and who are 40 or younger (72%), 41 to 64 years old (71%), or female (71%) support the legalization of gay marriage. Democrats with college degrees are the most likely to favor gay marriage (80%). For the most part Democrats and Republicans are decided about this issue. The few exceptions include Democrats who have a high school diploma or less (13%), who do not know whether or not discrimination against gays is widespread (13%), and who are 65 and older (10%). Independents and third party voters are more likely to be undecided. Among this group, those who do not know whether or not discrimination against gays is widespread (25%), who are 65 and older (14%), and who have a high school diploma or less (13%) are the most likely to be undecided on this issue. Do you think marriage between same-sex couples should or should not be recognized by the law as valid, with the same right as traditional marriage? Comparison among Registered Voters Democrats Republicans Other Voters Should be recognized 68% 28% 44% Should not be recognized Don t know Percentage of Those Who Would Vote to Oppose Legalizing Same-sex Marriage Democrats Republicans Other Voters High school or less 40% 72% 58% Some college College degree and younger to 64 years and older Married/widowed Divorced/separated/never married Male Female White All other racial groups Discrimination against gays is widespread Not widespread Don t know Page 12 of 19

13 Percentage of Those Who Would Vote to Support Legalizing Same-sex Marriage Democrats Republicans Other Voters High school or less 48% 25% 29% Some college College degree and younger to 64 years and older Married/widowed Divorced/separated/never married Male Female White All other racial groups Discrimination against gays is widespread Not widespread Don t know Percentage of Those Who Are Undecided about Same-Sex Marriage Democrats Republicans Other Voters High school or less 13% 4% 13% Some college College degree and younger to 64 years and older Married/widowed Divorced/separated/never married Male Female White All other racial groups Discrimination against gays is widespread Not widespread Don t know Page 13 of 19

14 Those who are divorced, separated, and never married are much more likely to support gay marriage The impact that marital status and other factors have on support for gay marriage varies a great deal. Regardless of marital status, support for gay marriage increases generally with the level of education. Overall, those who are divorced, separated, or never married are more likely to support gay marriage than those who are married or widowed. Divorced, separated, or never married residents with college degrees are the most likely to support legalization of gay marriage (74% support). Conversely, married residents with only high school or less education are the most likely to oppose gay marriage (61% oppose). Among the married or widowed residents, those younger than 65 years old express similar support for gay marriage (47% for ages 41-64, 48% for those age 40 or younger), while those 65 and older are less supportive (32%). Those who are divorced, separated or never married are more supportive than those who are married or widowed, but this support decreases steadily as age increases (65% 40 years and younger, 55% ages 41-64, and 45% 65 and older). Those who are married or widowed are more likely to oppose gay marriage. Among the majority of married or widowed respondents, opposition is 50 percent or greater. Those who are 65 and older (62%), those with a high school diploma or less (61%), and those who do not know whether or not discrimination against gays and lesbians is widespread (55%) are the most likely to oppose gay marriage. Conversely, opposition to gay marriage is lower among divorced, separated, or never married respondents. Those who do not know whether or not discrimination against gays is widespread (56%), those who are 65 and older (50%), and those who have less than a college degree (44% high school education or less and 45% some college) are the most likely to oppose gay marriage. The number of undecided respondents is evenly split. The largest group of undecided respondents among the divorced/separated/never married group is those with a high school diploma or less (13%). Among the married/ widowed, those who do not know whether or not discrimination against gays is widespread (12%) and those of non-white racial groups (11%) are the most likely to be undecided. Do you think marriage between same-sex couples should or should not be recognized by the law as valid, with the same right as traditional marriage? Comparison by Marital Status Married/Widowed Divorced/Separated/Never Married Should be recognized 45% 58% Should not be recognized Don t know 6 6 Page 14 of 19

15 Percentage of Those Who Would Vote to Support Legalizing Same-sex Marriage Married/ Widowed Divorced/Separated /Never Married High school or less 32% 42% Some college College degree and younger to 64 years and older Male Female White All other racial groups Discrimination against gays is widespread Not widespread Don t know Percentage of Those Who Would Vote to Oppose Legalizing Same-sex Marriage Married/ Widowed Divorced/Separated /Never Married High school or less 61% 45% Some college College degree and younger to 64 years and older Male Female White All other racial groups Discrimination against gays is widespread Not widespread Don t know Page 15 of 19

16 Percentage of Those Who Are Undecided about Same-Sex Marriage Married/ Widowed Divorced/Separated /Never Married High school or less 8% 13% Some college 6 4 College degree and younger to 64 years and older 7 5 Male 7 7 Female 6 5 White 5 5 All other racial groups 11 8 Discrimination against gays is widespread 6 5 Not widespread 5 6 Don t know 12 8 Survey methods The above results are based on part of our eighth annual survey, The 2009 Sacramento State Annual Survey of the Region. This project is a computer-assisted telephone interview of 1,353 adult residents age 18 and older from randomly selected households in the Sacramento region, which includes Sacramento, Yolo, Placer, and El Dorado counties. The objective of this project is to assess the perception of the quality of life and public opinion in the Sacramento region on a wide range of important local and national issues. More than 40 students conducted phone interviews in English and Spanish from February 14 to March 4, 2009, at the Institute for Social Research, California State University, Sacramento. The sample is quite representative of the four counties in the Sacramento region when compared with the 2007 U.S. Census estimates (9.4% in the Census vs. 9.3% in the sample in Yolo County; 8.4% in the Census vs. 10.7% in the sample in El Dorado County, 16% in the Census vs. 15.3% in the sample in Placer County, and 66.3% residents in the Census vs. 64.7% in the sample in Sacramento County). The small differences may reflect the changes in the population of the region. The margin of error for the survey in the region is approximately ± 3 percentage points at the 95 percent confidence level. The error for the City of Sacramento and group comparison would be higher than ± 3 percentage points at the 95 percent confidence level. This survey has compared the Sacramento regional findings with those from other California regions, as well as those from the state and the nation. Data cited regarding the state and other California regions often comes from the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) Statewide Page 16 of 19

17 Surveys. Nationwide data often comes from Gallup polls. The College of Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Studies (SSIS), the Department of Sociology, and the Office of Public Affairs sponsored this project. This research is directed by Amy Liu, Ph.D., Department of Sociology and Institute for Social Research, California State University, Sacramento. Dr. Liu is an expert in public opinion polls, and has conducted over 20 surveys in the past ten years, including: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Sacramento State Annual Survey of the Region Survey of Iowa Business about Eldercare and Eldercare Needs Story County Conservation Board Survey Grundy County Youth Needs Assessment Direct all correspondence to Dr. Amy Q. Liu, Department of Sociology, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA ; (phone); (fax); amyliuus@yahoo.com. Please visit our web site ( for reports for 2008 and for the executive summaries and full reports for the 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, and 2002 annual surveys in the Sacramento region. References California Secretary of State. 2008a. Official Voter Information Guide: Text of Proposition 8. Retrieved on May 13, 2009 from ( California Secretary of State. November 4, 2008b. Proposition 8: Eliminates Right of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Pp.61 in Supplement to the Statement of Vote: November 4, 2008 General Election. Retrieved on May 15, 2009 from California Secretary of State. March 7, 2000a. Proposition 22, Pp.155 from Statement of Vote: 2000 Primary Election. Retrieved on May 15, 2009 from ( California Secretary of State. 2000b. Text of Proposition 22, Retrieved from 2000 California Primary Election Voter Information Guide /Ballot Pamphlet on May 13 from California Supreme Court, California Courts. May 15, In re Marriage Cases (S147999). Retrieved on May 15, 2009 from Ewers, Justin. October 29, California Same-Sex Marriage Initiative Campaigns Shatter Spending Records. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved on May 13 from Page 17 of 19

18 Judicial Council of California, Administrative Office of California Courts. June 4, California Supreme Court Denies Rehearing and Stay in Marriage Cases. Retrieved on May 15, 2009, from Moore, Maloy. February 3, Tracking the Money: Final Numbers. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on May 15, 2009 from Schwarzenegger, Arnold. Oct. 12, Memo to the Members of the California State Assembly Regarding AB 43 ( Page 18 of 19

19 Appendix I: The 2009 Annual Survey Research Team Members and Sponsors Director: Amy Q. Liu, Ph. D. Professor, Department of Sociology California State University, Sacramento 6000 J. Street, Sacramento, CA (phone), (fax) ( ) Advisor: Otis Scott, Ph. D. Dean, College of Social Science and Interdisciplinary Studies California State University, Sacramento (phone), ( ) Data Collection Supervisors: Jessica Hayes, Kelly Nelson, Andrea Nemeyer, Rachael Ekins, Patty Crosby, Sandra Sutherland, Dr. Ernest Cowles Institute for Social Research California State University, Sacramento Editors: Silke Schulz and Jason Fritts California State University, Sacramento Team Members: Dr. Manuel Barajas, Jennifer Black, Danielle Castaneda, Megan Church, Jesica Cottell, Anthony Crisostomo, Jason Fritts, Amanda Gogna, Ryan Gorman, Briana Griffith, Camille Kruger, Kira LaBua, Nancy Le, Sarah Lucas, Nalleli Magana-Ortiz, Melissa Martinez, Carla Matrisciano, Melissa Maxwell, Lisa-Marie Mederos, Nicolas Mendoza, Nazia Mostafa, Anthony Nguyen, Angelina Nochez, Manjit Pegany, Nancy Preciado, Jayna Record, Tasha Renison, Julia Roman, Julia Seachao, Tiffany Saelee, Nai Saephan, Alec Snelling, Kayla Thayer, Brad Trimble, Kelly Ward, Katie Winterstein, Chia Xiong, Veronica Zavala. Sponsors: College of Social Science and Interdisciplinary Studies Department of Sociology Office of Public Affairs Community Engagement Center California State University, Sacramento Page 19 of 19