ANNALES HISTORICO-NATURALES MUSEI NATIONALIS HUNGARICI Volume 91. Budapest, 1999 pp

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1 ANNALES HISTORICONATURALES MUSEI NATIONALIS HUNGARICI Volume 91. Budapest, 1999 pp Studies on oral pathology in the cemetery of VörsPapkert B, Western Hungary I. SZIKOSSY Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum HI083 Budapest, Ludovika tér 2, Hungary hu SziKOSSY, I. (1999): Studies on oral pathology in the cemetery of VörsPapkert B, Western Hungary. Annls hist.nat. Mus. natn. hung. 91: Abstract Oral pathological investigations were carried out on the population of VörsPapkert B (Hungary). The cemetery was used from the 8th to the 11th centuries. The frequency of caries, premortem loss of teeth and cyst/abscessus was studied. Higher incidence of caries was statistically significant with the females and in the older age groups. With 7 tables. INTRODUCTION The present paper is devoted to the analysis of odontological conditions of the population in a Medieval cemetery at Vörs (Western Hungary). The study of oral pathology is one of the most important areas of anthopology because it makes possible to draw inferences from feeding habits, diet, living standards or even social stratification of historical populations. Bad condition of teeth can be traced back to a lower degree of protein intake and worse economical and social status. It was LENHOSSÉK (1917) who first published data on oral pathological conditions of the Hungarian population from the Middle Ages. His examinations on the frequency of caries can be considered as a basis of subsequent caries research. BRUSZT (1952) examined caries 1000 skulls from 35 sites. HUSZÁR & SCHRANZ (1952) published a comprehensive evaluation of caries data from cemeteries of Transdanubia. Their data range from the late Neolithic to Modern Times, including a number of data from the Middle Ages. TÓTH (1966) evaluated five series of the from the SouthEastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain. Correlations between oral pathological symptoms and social status were first published by FRAYER (1984). Having evaluated the material of two cemeteries of NorthEastern Hungary (Tiszafüred and Szabolcs), PAP (1986) found correlations of way of live, diet, hygienic and social status as well as premortem loss of teeth, caries and other lesions.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS The area investigated was the archeological site at Papkert, west of Vörs (Somogy County, Western Hungary). The Medieval settlement VörsPapkert A and the adjoining cemetery VörsPapkert B are situated on two low hills 800 m far from one another. Since the site was discovered in 1983, an area of 7000 m" was excavated in VörsPapkert B. Remains of the Neolithic and Middle Copper Age settlements, graves of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, Celtic houses, an Early Medieval cemetery, Árpádian and Late Medieval settlements were found there. Burials were continuous from 8 9th to 11th century on the hill which was probably surrounded by marshland at that time. By 1993, a total of 682 graves were dug up. Owing to the low number of superposed burials or the loss of gravegoods the determination of an exact sequence was possible only for a small proportion of the graves. The majority of the graves was looted. According to KÖLTŐ & SZENTPÉTERI (1990) and KÖLTŐ et al. (1992) the robbery happened when the cemetery was no longer in continuous use. The time of robbery cannot be precisely determined but it is quite probable that the cemetery was already out of use when the Middle Medieval village of Vörs was set up in the age of King Béla III ( ). On the basis of comparative analysis of gravegoods the group of the late Avar period proved to be the most numerous. Individuals from the first 544 graves were examined. Of them, 178 individuals were of relatively good state. Age of adults was estimated from the ossification degrees of the endocranial surfaces of cranial sutures (FARKAS 1972) and those of the ectocranial surfaces (MEINDL & LOVEJOY 1985). Ageing by postcranial elements of adults was made from the structural changes of substantia spongiosa in the distal epiphyses of humerus and femur as well as from changes of the symphyseal face of the pubis (NEMESKÉRI et al. 1960). Age of children was estimated by the sequence of eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth and by the length of bones. Age groups were classified according to MARTINSALLER'S categories (MARTIN & SALLER 1957). Sexing was carried out on the basis of sexually dimorphic features of the cranium and the postcranial bones (ÉRY el al. 1963). Twelve of the 178 skeletons were incomplete or in bad condition so their sex and/or age were impossible to estimate. The distribution of age groups and sex among the remaining 166 specimens is summarized in Table 1. It is evident that mortality is the highest in the category of maturus males. Adult females also presented high values, probably because of the high number of perinatal deceases. When compared with other groups, the mortality rate is high in the children group of 07 years. It can be explained by the infantile diseases which frequently resulted in death in the Middle Ages. Oral pathologies were scored by visual inspection under artificial light. The dental lesions were surveyed with probe, excavator and magnifier. All skulls were individually recorded on an examination sheet. The teeth of the maxilla and mandibula were examined separately but these were not taken into account in the present study. Existing as well as premortem and postmortem lost teeth were recorded. It should be noted that premortem or postmortem status could not be always decided with certainty, e.g. because of missing parts of the maxilla or a tooth lost immediately before death, etc. This fact may affect the results. The place of the caries on the carious teeth was indicated. Only those cases were considered caries where the apex of the probe got caught in the enamel. Recognition of caries and premortem loss of teeth was made according to ORTNER & PUT CHAR (1981). Remaining radices were also recorded with distinction of completely abraded teeth and those caused by caries with full crown destruction. Radicular cavities caused by cyst or ab scessus as results of dental and alveolar diseases were recorded as well. These cavities are evolved by histolytic effect of puss (abscessus) or pressure of a cyst. Their origin cannot be ascertained in archeological series because of the lack of filling material. Therefore, the term cyst/abseessus will be used further on. Wisdomteeth (M3) were included in the survey and evaluation. Dental attrition

3 was determined according to KÖRBER'S fivedegree scale (FARKAS 1972). The number of teeth available for study as well as optimal number of teeth were desrcibed. Both adults and children were examined from odontological point of view but only adults were taken into account in the present evaluation. Methodological problems have arisen during the evaluation of the examination data of cemeteries. Methods used to explore living populations cannot be applied in all cases of historical naterial. A lot of teeth are mislaid in the process of excavation but these cannot be omitted from the evaluation. To eliminate this problem, BRINCH & MÖLLERCRISTENSEN (1949) introduced the archaeological dental index (ADI). The larger is the value of ADI, the more representative is the sample in question. ADI = teeth visible/teeth present at the time of death x 100. The in vivo number of teeth can be obtained by extraction of number of premortem lost teeth from optimal number of teeth. A further problem arises from the determination of the optimal number of teeth. Many authors give average numbers for the age groups, i.e. 28 for juveniles and 32 for adultus, maturus and senilis groups, while others omit wisdomteeth from the evaluation. We have applied the method which seems to be the most appropriate: the optimal number of teeth was determined for every single skull, and if this was impossible for certain reasons we used the average number typical for the age group. Premortem lost teeth are counted among the carious teeth by some researchers. This is acceptable in juveniles where the loss was caused most probably by caries. Premortem loss may have been caused by trauma as well, but this is usually accompanied by clearly visible traces of traumatic lesions on the jaws. In older groups, however, the loss may be caused by a number of other reasons too. HUSZÁR & SCHRANZ (1952) list four reasons: 1) caries, 2) trauma, 3) loosing, 4) abrasion opening the cavity of root. The probability of the two lastmentioned reasons is little with juveniles while it increases with aging. The dental hygienic status of a population can be characterized by the CE index. CE = (number of carious teeth + number of premortem lost teethvtotal sample. The CRE index proposed by HUSZÁR & SCHRANZ (1952) is another good indicator of the dental condition of a population. In this index, the number of caries (C) and radix (R) are compared to the number of teeth examined while the number of premortem lost teeth (E) is compared to the optimal number of teeth. Unfortunately, other authors have not used this index, so we disregarded it in Table 3. The age index proposed by BRINCH & MÖLLERCHRISTENSEN (1949) was also calculated, using average ages by HUSZÁR & SCHRANZ (1952) as follows: Juvenilis 18 years, Adultus 30 years, Maturus 50 years and Senilis 65 years. The two principal goals of the evaluation were 1 ) to determine the oral pathological conditions of the population at Vörs, and 2) to compare it with Table 1. Distribution of age groups and sex of the 166 examined skeletons Age groups Sex n % Infans I Infans II Juvenilis Adultus female Adultus male Maturus female Maturus male Senilis female Senilis male

4 Table 2. Distribution of age groups and sex of the 135 adult skeletons suitable for oral pathological examination Age groups Sex n Juvenilis 13 Adultus female 28 Adultus male 10 Maturus female 22 Maturus male 3 S Senilis female 1 1 Senilis male 13 other Medieval series available. Chisquare test (p = 0.05) was used for establishing the significant difference of dental condition between males and females as well as the increase of dental lesions with age. RESULTS A total of 166 skulls from the 178 graves of the cemetery VörsPapkert B were suitable for oral pathological analysis. Only the adults were taken into consideration (25 individulas were children). The distribution of the 135 adults by age and sex is shown in Table 2. The number of optimal (erupted) teeth was 3804, the number of in vivo (i.e. present at decease) teeth was 3420, the number of teeth studied was 2572 (CE = 4.76, CRE = 20.32). Tables 37 contain the other data characterizing the population at Vörs. For comparison, available data of Medieval samples are also presented in the Tables 36. Table 7 summarizes the oral pathological results of the cemetery of Vörs. DISCUSSION Environmental factors affect human organism. These factors may increase or decrease stress. The social system may balance the environmental effects but may add new factors increasing the effect of stress. According to GOODMAN et al. (1984) the physiological differences can be explained by the failure of equalization of the environmental and cultural stress effects through the extraindividual systems. As a result, these effects are equalized by the host resistance. The physiological changes leave indicators in the skeletal elements. The welldetectable traces (stress indicators) include Harrislines, enamel hypoplasia, enamel microdefects, porotic hyperostosis, infectious diseases, traumae, degenerations and pathological changes of dentition (caries, abscessus/cyst and premortem loss of teeth) (MARTIN et al. 1985). A number of different factors play important roles in the formation of caries. In 1890, MÜLLER already ascertained that acids produced by microorganisms of the mouth

5 Table 3. Com parison of the available samples based on oral pathological data Sample No. of skulls No. of teeth ADI Age index Author studied studied ZalavárKápolna, 11.c (45.0)** FRAYER (1984) ZalavárVár, 911. c (48.7)** FRAYER (1984) Tiszafüred, 11. c PAP (1986) Szabolcs, c PAP (1986) Kérpuszta. U.c. <S BRUSZT(1952) Székesfehérvár BRUSZT(1952) Jászdózsa BRUSZT(1952) * 741 1* BRUSZT(1952) * * HUSZÁR & SCHRANZ (1952) TÓTH (1966) Fészerlak, 8. c FÓTHI(1989) Vörs, 81 I.e SZIKOSSY (1999) * With decidous teeth ** Average ages of adults cavity promote development of caries (BÁNÓCZY 1988). The decomposition of carbohydrates mainly by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans produces acidic materials. These promote the demineralization of the teeth. Several theories of caries have been known today. According to LUCASPOWELL (1985), three main groups of factors have a role in the cariogenesis: environmental factors microbial factors individual factors The environmental factors include the trace element contents of (Mg, Se, Pb, Cd, Si) the soil and water as well as coarse particles in the food that grind away the tooth surface. Within the individual factors, exogenic and endogenic factors can be distinguished. According to several authors exogenic factors have a greater role in the development of caries. Food is such an exogenic factor. Food stuffs influence the condition of the teeth in two ways (BÁNÓCZY 1988): 1) Postresorptive (preeruptive) effect. It functions until the eruption of teeth. Appropriate nutrition is therefore very important during pregnancy and infancy in the prevention of caries. 2) Preresorptive effect. It means the effects of food to the teeth after eruption. Proteins and lipids protect the teeth against caries while carbohydrates are definitely cariogenic (BÁNÓCZY 1988). Mucoids of the saliva cover and protect the teeth. When ph of the mouth cavity is below 5 the protective effect of the saliva ceases and dental plaque evolves as a result of sticking bacteria and food remains. The lytic activity of the bacteria decalcinate the teeth. Carbohydrates change ph of the saliva toward acidic while proteins toward alkaline. This is the reason why proteins protect the teeth and carbohydrates are cariogenic. Exogenic factors include frequency and way of food intake, consistency and preparation of the meals, oral hygieny and the level of den

6 Table 4. Distribution of individuals a fleeted by oral pathologies Sample No. of skulls No. of skulls with No. of skulls with pre No. of skulls with studied caries (%) mortem lost teeth (%) cysts/abscessi (%) ZalavárKápolna (59.5) 61 (72.6) 51 (60.7) ZalavárVár (42.6) 42 (38.9) 36 (33.3) Tiszafüred Juvenilis 4 Adultus 16 8 (50.0) 9 (56.3) 2 (12.5) Maturus (91.7) 9 (75.0) 3 (25.0) Total 32 19(59.4) 18(56.3) 5 (15.6) Szabolcs Juvenilis 4 3 (75.0) Adultus 25 17(68.0) 15 (60.0) 4(16.0) Maturus 14 10(71.4) 11 (78.6) 6 (42.9) Total (69.8) 26 (60.5) 10(23.0) Juv.+Ad.+Mat. (43.0) (16.0) Avaragc (42.9) (17.2) Juvenilis 32 10(31.3) 2(6.3) Adultus (34.0) 16(16.5) Maturus (49.4) 31 (37.3) Senilis 9 6 (66.7) 3 (33.3) Juv.+Ad.+Mat (39.6) 49 (23.1) Avarage (37.7) 52(21.3) Fészerlak (62.9) 33 (61.1) Vörs Juvenilis 13 2(15.4) Adultus (60.5) 17(44.7) 11 (28.9) Maturus (78.3) 47 (78.3) 34 (56.6) Senilis 24 14(58.3) 18 (75.0) 9 (37.5) Total (63.7) 82 (60.7) 54 (40.0) tal attrition. Endogenic factors include shape and anatomical conditions. Caries is initiated most frequently on the occlusal surface of the molars and on the interproximal surfaces. The shape of the fissures on the occlusal surface promotes development of caries as well (BÁNÓCZY 1988).

7 Table 5. Pathological data of the teeth studied (* in % of optimal teeth number) Sample No. of teeth studied No. of carious No. of premortem No. of cysts/ teeth (%) lost teeth (%) abscessi (%) ZalavárKápolna (12.1) 392 (39.4) 165 (16.6) ZalavárVár (6.4) 170(9.1) 85 (4.6) Tiszafüred Juvenilis 99 Adultus (7.1) 18(4.4) 2 (0.5) Maturus (12.5) 64 (26.3) 5(2.1) Total (7.9) 81 (10.8) 7 (0.9) Szabolcs Juvenilis 103 4(3.9) Adultus (10.0) 62(11.0) 6(1.1) Maturus (9.3) 53 (17.0) 10(3.2) Total (9.1) 115 (11.8) 16 (1.6) Average (5.6) (9.8) Juvenilis (1.1) (0.3)* Adultus (3.8) (1.9)* Maturus (6.7) (8.1)* Senilis (5.1)* (41.3)* Juv.+Ad.+Mat. (4.3) (13.2)* Average (3.9) (14.2)* Juvenilis (2.4) (0.5)* Adultus (2.3) (2.0)* Maturus (6.1) (12.5)* Senilis (11.1) (34.0)* Juv.+Ad.+Mat. (3.7) (8.2)* Average (3.7) (6.8)* Fészerlak (6.9) 273 (22.6) 97 (8.0) Vörs Juvenilis (0.7) Adultus (9.6) 50 (6.1 ) 26 (3.2) Maturus (12.7) 213 (19.6) 65 (6.0) Senilis (11.8) 121 (32.4) 15 (4.0) Total (10.2) 384(14.9) 106 (4.1)

8 Sample Table 6. Number of carious teeth, premortem lost teeth and abscessi per individuals No. of carious teeth per individuals No. of premortem lost teeth per individuals No. of cysts/abscessi per individuals * ** * ** * * * ZalavárKápolna ZalavárVár Tiszafüred Juvenilis Adultus Maturus Total Szabolcs Juvenilis Adultus Maturus Total Juv.+Ad.+Mat Average Juvenilis Adultus Maturus Senilis Juv.+Ad.+Mat Average Juvenilis Adultus Maturus Senilis Juv.+Ad.+Mat Average Fészerlak

9 Table 6. (continued) Sample No. of carious teeth per individuals No. of premortem lost teeth per individuals * ** * ** No. of cysts/abscessi per individuals Vörs Juvenilis Adultus Maturus Senilis Total * for all individuals ** for affected individuals The oral pathological data of the VörsPapkert population are suitable for comparison with other populations presented in the Tables because of the similar age indices (Table 3), i. e. the average ages of the samples are roughly similar (age index was not used by BRUSZT and K. TÓTH). ADI's value of the Vörs cemetery (Table 3) is equivalent to that of samples evaluated by K. TÓTH. ADI = 100 would have been optimal but this is never attained on historical skeletal material. Thorough care of teeth is sometimes not taken during the excavations. Teeth may get lost when the grave is excavated or when the skeletal material is collected, cleaned or packed. Incisors and canines are especially easy to fall out of the alveoles so these are frequently lost postmortem. The cemetery of VörsPapkert B is most similar to the population of Szabolcs (Tables 46). Although the number of cysts/abscessi is lower in Szabolcs, other values are barely or not at all different. The population of ZalavárVár had the best status of dentition while those of Fészerlak and ZalavárKápolna had the worst. The number of premortem lost teeth and cysts/abscessi are quite high in both places. Vörs presents an intermediate status. From the oral pathological conditions of a population consclusions can be drawn on nutrition habits, circumstances of life (PAP 1986) or social status. Gravegoods may corroborate the inferences. ZalavárVár which proved to be odontologically the best was a cemetery of the upper class (Sós & BÖKÖNYI 1963, FRAYER 1984). It is verified by the richness of gravegoods. In the cemeteries of ZalavárKápolna and Fészerlak members of the lower class (servants, tradesmen and commoners) were interred (FRAYER 1984, FÓTHI 1989). Unfortunately, the above conclusion cannot be drawn in the case of Vörs. As a result of continuous burials from the 8 th to the 11 th centuries the population was quite mixed. Moreover, a great number of graves was disturbed and therefore the exact determination of the archaeological age of the graves was impossible. Table 7 summarizes the data obtained from the cemetery of VörsPapkert B. The numbers of caries (17.6%) and premortem lost teeth (38.6%) are the highest with senile females. The number of the individuals afflicted by caries and/or cyst/abscessus is the highest with mature males. It means that if senile females were afflicted, they had more than one caries or

10 Table 7. Distribution of oral pathological data of Vörs by sex and age No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of skulls teeth skulls skulls skulls carious premor cysts/abstudied studied with with pre with teeth (%) tem lost scessi (%) caries (%) mortem cysts/ab teeth (%) lost teeth scessi (%) JUVENILIS (15.4) 2 (0.7) (%) Adultus fe (57.1) 15(53.6) 8 (28.6) 63 (10.8) 18(3.1) 47(8.0) male Adultus male (70.0) 2 (20.0) 3 (30.0) 16(6.7) 8 (3.3) 3(1.3) ADULTUS (60.5) 17 (44.7) 11 (28.9) 79 (9.6) 26(3.2) 50 (6.1) Maturus fe (77.3) 19(86.4) 9 (40.9) 50(14.0) 14(3.9) 90 (25.2) male Maturus male (78.9) 28 (73.7) 25 (65.8) 88 (12.0) 51 (7.0) 123 (16.8) MATURUS (78.3) 47 (78.3) 34 (56.6) 138 (12.7) 65 (6.0) 213 (19.6) Senilis female (63.6) 10(90.9) 6 (54.5) 27(17.6) 11 (7.2) 59 (38.6) Senilis male (53.8) 8(61.5) 3(23.1) 17(7.7) 4(1.8) 62 (28.2) SENILIS (58.3) 18 (75.0) 9 (37.5) 44(11.8) 15 (4.0) 121 (32.4) TOTAL (63.7) 82 (60.7) 54 (40.0) 263 (10.2) 106 (4.1) 384(14.9) cyst/abscessus at the same time. The samples suggest higher incidence of dental diseases in the females in all age groups. This is significant only in the case of carious teeth (p<0.05) while insignificant in all other cases (p>0.05). In the adultus age group the rate of cariesafflicted males (70.0%) is higher than that of females (57.1%). However, the rate of premortem tooth loss is much higher in females (53.6% vs. 20.0%). If we take into consideration that the most probable reason of the tooth loss in this age group is caries, these data confirm the worse oral pathological status of females. It also explains the insignificant difference of the cariesafflicted skulls between the sexes. The situation is similar with the matures although the percentage of the cariesafflicted individuals is subequal (77.3% vs. 78.9%) while percentage of skulls with premortem tooth loss is still higher with females (86.4% vs. 73.7%). In seniles, both values are higher with females. Surprisingly, the incidence of cyst/abscessus is higher with males though the previous data would make us expect an opposite tendency. This may be explained by the higher resistence of females against inflammations and diseases. The worse odontological conditions of the females may be attributed to two reasons. 1) It is wellknown that pregnancy, parturition and lactation results in shortage of Ca 2+ in the female organism that may lead to deterioration of teeth. The inherence of pregnancy and caries is still open to debate. However, according to examinations on modern populations the cariesinfluencing role of pregnancy cannot be excluded (BÁNÓCZY 1988). 2) As it was mentioned

11 above the population of the studied cemetery was mixed. As determination of the archaeological age was possible only in a small number of graves the samples might include individuals of different archaeological ages, e.g. females living in worse conditions and males getting better diet wich was richer in proteins. Chisquare tests always supported the experience that dental conditions are getting worse with age. Although children were excluded from the present evaluation it is worth mentioning that two of the 21 investigated children had caries on the deciduous molars. Infans II from grave 48 had a lower molar with caries on the occlusal surface and Infans I from grave 90 had two lower molars with similar caries. * * * Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. ÉVA BODZSÁR for her useful advice and to Dr. ILDIKÓ PAP for her help in preparing this paper. The research was supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA Nos F020133, F026099). REFERENCES BÁNÓCZY, J. (1988): Preventív fogászat. [Preventive Dentistry.] Medicina Kiadó, Budapest, 189 pp. BRINCH, O. & MÖLLERCHRISTENSEN, V. (1949): Über vergleichende Untersuchungen über das Kariesvorkommen an archäologischem Schadelmaterial. Schweiz. Mschr. Zahnheilk. 59: BRUSZT, P. (1952): 1128 a VIIXIII. századból származó koponya vizsgálata a fogszuvasodás szempontjából. (Die Geschichte der Karies in dem Karpathenbecken.) Fogorvosi Sz.le. 45: 7277, ÉRY, K. K., KRALOVÁNSZKY, A. & NEMESKÉRI, J. (1963): Történeti népességek rekonstrukciójának reprezentációja. (A representative reconstruction of historic populations.) Anthrop. Közi. 7: FARKAS, GY. (1972): Antropológiai praktikum I. [Anthropological practice I.] Szeged, 233 pp. [Manuscript.) FRAYER, D. (1984): Tooth size, oral pathology and class distinctions: evidence from the Hungarian Middle Ages.Anthrop. Közt. 28: FÓTHI, E. (1989): Avarkori populációk embertani problémái. [Anthropological problems of Avar populations.! Doctoral thesis, ELTE. Budapest, 135 pp. GOODMAN, A. H., MARTIN, D. L., ARMELAGOS, G. J. & CLARK, G. (1984): Indicators of stress from bone and teeth. In: COHEN, M. N. & ARMELAGOS, G. J. (eds): Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture. Academic Press, New York, pp HUSZÁR, GY. & SCHRANZ, D. (1952): A fogszuvasodás elterjedése a Dunántúlon, az újabb kőkortól az újkorig. (Die Zahnkaries in Transdanubien von der Neolithcnzeit bis zur Neuzeit.). Fogorvosi Sz.le. 45: 58, KÖLTŐ, L. & SZENTPÉTERI, J. (1990): Adatok az avar asszimiláció kérdésköréhez. Egy kora középkori népesség régészeti emlékeinek feltárása Vörsön. [Data to the problems of assimilation of Avars. Excavation of archeological remains of an earlymedieval population at Vörs.] Forrás 10: KÖLTŐ, L., LENGYEL, I., PAP, I. & SZENTPÉTERI, J. (1992): Etnikumok, régészeti kultúrák a kora középkori Pannoniában. (Egy Somogy megyei régészeti ásatás előzetes eredményei Vörs.) [Ethnics, archeological cultures in the early medieval Pannónia. (Preliminary results of an archeological excavation in Somogy County Vörs.)] Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múz. Évk [ ]: LENHOSSÉK, M. (1917): A fogszú pusztítása egykor és most. [Caries in the past and present.] Természettud. Közi. 49: LUCASPOWELL, M. (1985): The analysis of dental wear and caries for dietary reconstruction. In: GILBERT, JR. R. I. & MIELKE, J. H. (eds): The analysis of prehistoric diets. Academic Press, Orlando, pp

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