How To Make A Sustainable Corridor In Europe

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1 Sustainable corridors in Europe: challenges and opportunities Harilaos N. Psaraftis Technical University of Denmark

2 Quick quiz Are the Motorways of the Sea sustainable corridors? (you have 3 seconds) 2 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

3 Yes 3 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

4 Purpose Basic questions addressed: Are the TEN-T core network corridors sustainable (green) corridors? How does this apply to Short Sea Shipping (SSS) and the Motorways of the Sea (MoS)? What are challenges and opportunities? 4 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

5 TEN-T core network Regulation EU 1315/2013 (TEN-T guidelines) Regulation EU 1316/2013 (Connect Europe Facility) 5 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

6 TEN-T: 30 priority projects 6 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

7 MoS: project No DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

8 Basics Q: How is a green (sustainable) corridor defined? A: An easy question, for which the answer is not so easy 8 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

9 Green corridor definitions 9 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

10 Keep it simple Green: Acceptable environmental performance, while at the same time respecting traditional economic performance criteria Rationale: if traditional economic criteria are not met, solutions may not be viable and trade in a corridor may cease to exist Win-win solutions must be sought 10 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

11 Making a corridor greener Before you try to improve something, you should be able to measure it first Corridor performance can be measured by welldefined Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) 11 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

12 Major focus here Acceptable environmental performance : what does it mean? Acceptable level of emissions [NOTE: there are certainly additional environmental attributes of multimodal transport that create external costs, such as accidents, noise, hazardous substances, oil spills, ballast water, residues, garbage, etc] 12 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

13 Types of emissions Green House Gases- GHGs (mainly CO2, but also CH4 and others) Non-GHG (mainly SOx, but also NOx and others) P.M., etc 13 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

14 Global CO2 emissions 2009 IMO GHG study (2007 data) 2014 IMO GHG study (2012 data) 2.7% reduced to 2.2% 796 million tonnes of CO2 in 2012, down from 885 million tonnes in 2007 Mainly attributed to slow steaming due to depressed market conditions after DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

15 A big challenge 15 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

16 2011 Transport White Paper (among other things) Sets a goal of reducing GHG emissions from transport (all modes) by 60% by 2050 vis-àvis 1990 levels Q: how can multi-modal transport grow and be profitable in the face of such ambitious environmental goals 16 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

17 Green corridor performance How can it be measured? Enter EU FP7, DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

18 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Can measure a corridor s performance What are reasonable KPIs? 18 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

19 Initial list: 17 KPIs Efficiency Absolute cost /tonne Relative cost /ton-km Service quality Transport time hours Reliability (time precision) % of shipments on time Frequency of service number per week ICT applications scale 1-5 Cargo security incidents/shipments Cargo safety incidents/shipments Environmental CO 2 -eq g/ton-km Sustainability SOx g/1000 ton-km NOx g/1000 ton-km g/1000 ton-km PM 10 Infrastructural Congestion average delay/ton-km Sufficiency Bottlenecks scale 1-5 Social issues Land use (urban & sensitive areas) % of buffer zone Traffic safety fatal.& ser.injur./m tkm Noise % of length >50/55 db 19 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

20 Process Methodology Analysis 4 stakeholder workshops 20 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

21 Final list of KPIs (6) Relative transport cost Transport time (or speed) Reliability (on-time delivery) Frequency of service CO 2 -eq emissions SOx emissions /ton-km hours (or km/h) % of shipments number per year g/ton-km g/ton-km 21 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark 21

22 The 9 SuperGreen corridors 22 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

23 The SuperGreen corridors 23 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

24 The 9 SuperGreen corridors in metro format 24 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

25 The TEN-T core network in metro format 25 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

26 SuperGreen corridors (2010) vs TEN-T core network corridors (2011) 26 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

27 Benchmarking results 27 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark 27

28 Green corridor generic features Reliance on co-modality adequate transhipment facilities integrated logistics concepts Reliance on advanced technology energy efficiency use of alternative clean fuels Development/demonstration of environmentally-friendly and innovative transport solutions, including ICT applications Collaborative business models 28 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark 28

29 Are the TEN-T core network corridors green? All characteristics that make a corridor green are more or less met by the concept of TEN-T core network corridor The new TEN-T policy has established a network of green corridors in Europe Source: Panagakos, G., H.N. Psaraftis, How green are the TEN-T core network corridors? TRA 2014 conference, Paris, France, April DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark 29

30 What about SSS and the MoS? For several of the KPIs, SSS is doing better than other modes. Doing better: Cost, CO2 emissions Doing worse: Transport time, SOx Other KPIs: mixed 30 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

31 Benchmarking results 31 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark 31

32 SOx: IMO MARPOL Annex VI Oct IMO emission standards are further revised by amendments to Annex VI 32 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

33 IMO MARPOL Annex VI 33 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

34 EU Directive 2012/33/EC The IMO limits are being transposed into European law The 0.5% limit is brought into force on 1 January 2020 for all EU sea territory, even if on global scale this limit gets postponed to 2025 AND the Commission was asked by the legislation to consider extending the stricter SECA limits to all EU territorial waters 34 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

35 35 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

36 Basic case study results Additional cost per cargo tonne: 6.95 /t Modal shift (sea to road): 5.2% Modal shift would also reduce CO2! 36 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

37 New DTU project Mitigating and reversing the side-effects of environmental legislation on Ro-Ro shipping in Northern Europe Main objective: identify and assess possible technical, operational, regulatory and financial measures for the mitigation and reversal of the negative repercussions of environmental legislation to the market shares of Ro-Ro shipping in Northern Europe. Sponsor: Danish Maritime Fund Industry partner: DFDS Duration: 2 years ( ) 37 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

38 Risk Switching to more expensive fuel might make SSS less competitive vis-a-vis land transport alternatives Serious concern to SSS operators in Northern Europe Commission has set up the European Sustainable Shipping Forum (ESSF) to address this problem 38 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

39 Lucky break 39 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

40 Challenges Opportunities 40 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

41 41 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

42 Grab the opportunity A significant emissions reductions potential exists, so long as the following outcomes can be achieved: The energy efficiency of SSS can be further improved, and/or Significant traffic can be shifted from other transport modes to SSS 42 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

43 A deep-sea paradigm 43 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

44 Challenges (technological) Can something equivalent be developed for SSS? Innovative designs Fuel efficient engines LNG Scrubbers Batteries etc 44 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

45 The 2nd pillar Improve energy efficiency Shift traffic from land to sea Better designs Better engines Better propellers Cleaner fuels Other technologies Big role for SSS Role of ports 45 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

46 Challenges (logistical) Improve efficiency of SSS supply chain Strategic: network design Operational: fleet management Make ports work more efficiently 46 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

47 Related challenges Financial Governance Regulatory enforcement of SECA regulations MRV etc 47 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

48 Conclusions SSS and the MoS are well placed to contribute to important EU sustainability goals Trick: how to do this in the most efficient way 48 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

49 Sample references Psaraftis, H.N., A. Minsaas, G. Panagakos, C. Pålsson, and I. Salanne (2012), Green Corridors in European Surface Freight Logistics, book chapter in Global Logistics, J. Bookbinder (ed.), Springer. Panagakos G., H.N. Psaraftis, A. Minsaas, I. Ilves, I. Salanne, The SuperGreen project and green corridor benchmarking Book on European Green Corridor projects, to be published within the transport logistics series of the Wildauer Schriftenreihe (ISBN xx). Psaraftis, H.N., C.A. Kontovas (2012), Ship Emissions, Costs and Their Tradeoffs, in Advances in Maritime Logistics and Supply Chain Systems, E.P. Chew, L.H. Lee, and L.C. Tang (eds), World Scientific Books. Psaraftis, H.N., and C.A. Kontovas (2013), Speed Models for Energy-Efficient Maritime Transportation: A Taxonomy and Survey, Transportation Research Part C 26, Panagakos, G., I. V. Stamatopoulou, and H. N. Psaraftis, (2014) The Possible Designation of the Mediterranean as a SECA: a Case Study, Transportation Research Part D, 28, Psaraftis, H.N., and C.A. Kontovas (2014), Ship speed optimization: Concepts, models and combined speed-routing scenarios, Transportation Research Part C, 44, Fagerholt, K., Gausel, N., Rakke, J., Psaraftis, H., (2015), Maritime routing and speed optimization with emission control areas, Transportation Research Part C, 52, Magirou, E.F., H.N. Psaraftis, T. Bouritas, (2015), The economic speed of an oceangoing vessel in a dynamic setting, Transportation Research Part B, 76, Fagerholt, K., H.N. Psaraftis, (2015), On two speed optimization problems for ships that sail in and out of emission control areas, Transportation Research Part D (in press). 49 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

50 New book 50 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

51 Thank you very much! 51 DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

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