STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Transcription

1 STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES SECOND EDITION NORMAN H. NIE Department of Political Science and National Opinion Research Center University Of Chicago C. HADLAI HULL Computation Center University of Chicago McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Diisseldorf» Johannesburg Kuala Lumpur London Mexico Montreal New Delhi Panama Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto JEAN G. JENKINS National Opinion Research Center University of Chicago KARIN STEINBRENNER National Opinion Research Center University of Chicago DALE H. BENT Faculty of Business Administration and Computing Services The University of Alberta

2 CONTENTS PREFACE xxi 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING WITH SPSS COMPUTERS AND THE PROCESS OF INDUCTIVE SOCIAL RE- SEARCH Statistical Analysis on Computers: Use and Abuse USING THE STATISTICAL CAPABILITIES OF SPSS A Note on Levels of Measurement Statistical Procedures in SPSS AN OVERVIEW O T T H E OPERATION OF SPSS Sequencing Calculations Entering and Processing Data Subfiles Missing Data Recoding Data 17 e Variable Transformations Sampling, Selecting, and Weighting Data Aggregating Data File Modification and Management Retrieval of Data from the System Output of Results from the System SUGGESTIONS FOR THE USE OF THIS TEXT 20

3 vi CONTENTS 2 ORGANIZATION AND CODING OF DATA FOR INPUT INTO THE SPSS SYSTEM THE CASE AS THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS CODING CONVENTIONS FOR DATA Variables and Variable Types Coding Missing Values Organizing Data for Input SUBFILES: THEIR FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE Using Subfiles Subfile Structure RECORDING DATA ON MACHINE-READABLE MEDIA LIMITATIONS ON INPUT DATA 27 3 SPSS CONTROL CARDS CONTROL-CARD PREPARATION: GENERAL FORMAT AND CONVENTIONS Control Field Specification Field Summary of General Rules for Control-Card Preparation NOTATION USED IN PRESENTING CONTROL-CARD FORMATS 33 4 DEFINING AN SPSS FILE: THE DATA-DEFINITION CARDS FILE NAME CARD VARIABLE LIST CARD SUBFILE LIST CARD INPUT MEDIUM CARD N OF CASES CARD INPUT FORMAT CARD FixedrColumn, Free-Field, or Binary Format Format List for Data in Fixed-Column Format Format Elements VARIABLE LIST and Format List INPUT FORMAT Card for Data in Binary Format ,6- INPUT FORMAT Card for Data in FREEFIELD Format DATA LIST CARD: AN ALTERNATE TO THE VARIABLE LIST AND INPUT FORMAT CARDS DATA LIST for Data in Fixed-Column BCD Format DATA LIST for Data in Binary Format MISSING VALUES CARD Entering Lists of Variables: General Conventions Specifying the Missing Values VALUE LABELS CARD PRINT FORMATS CARD VAR LABELS CARD 62

4 CONTENTS vii 4.12 REFERENCING ALL VARIABLES SIMULTANEOUSLY: THE KEYWORD ALL RULES GOVERNING THE ORDER OF DATA-DEFINITION CARDS 63 5 CONTROLLING THE CALCULATIONS. THE TASK-DEFINITION CARDS PROCEDURE CARDS OPTIONS CARD STATISTICS CARD READ INPUT DATA CARD RUN SUBFILES CARD RAW OUTPUT UNIT CARD SUMMARY OF TASK-DEFINITION CARDS i6 THE RUN CARDS RUN NAME CARD TASK NAME CARD FINISH CARD PAGESIZE CARD PRINT BACK CARD COMMENT CARD DOCUMENT CARD NUMBERED CARD , GENERATING AND PROCESSING SPSS FILES: CARD ORDER AND DECK SETUP PROCESSING FROM A RAW-INPUT-DATA FILE ON CARDS, TAPE, OR DISK: CARD ORDER AND DECK SETUP GENERATING AND RETAINING SPSS SYSTEM FILES: THE SAVE FILE CARD PROCESSING DATA FROM SPSS SYSTEM FILES GET FILE Card Deck Setup and Card Order for Processing Data from SPSS System Files Modifying or Adding to Data-Definition Information During Processing^Runs from SPSS System Files _ 86 8 RECODING AND VARIABLE TRANSFORMATION: THE DATA-MODIFICATION CARDS RECODING VARIABLES: THE RECODE CARD 90 t RECODE Specification List Aids in Recoding: The Keywords LOWEST, HIGHEST, and ELSE Differentiating Between Blanks and Zeros: The Keyword BLANK Converting Variables from Alphanumeric to Numeric 92

5 viii CONTENTS Temporary versus Permanent Recoding: the *RECODE Card Example Usages and Deck Setup for RECODE and *RECODE Cards Limitations on the RECODE card COMPUTING VARIABLES BY MEANS OF ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS: THE COMPUTE CARD Constructing Arithmetic Expressions on the COMPUTE Card Example Usages of the COMPUTE Card Temporary Variable Computations: The *COMPUTE Card VARIABLE TRANSFORMATIONS WITH CONDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS: THE IF CARD Abbreviating the IF Statement: Implied Operands and Relational Operators Temporary Variable Transformations: The *IF Card 8.4 LIMITATIONS ON COMPUTE AND IF CARDS CREATING ADDITIVE INDICES WITH THE COUNT CARD COUNT Value List General Format of the COUNT Card Temporary Counts: The *COUNT Card Limitations on the COUNT Card STARRED [*] AND NONSTARRED VERSIONS OF RECODE, COMPUTE, IF, AND COUNT CARDS: TEMPORARY VERSUS PERMANENT DATA MODIFICATION ALLOCATING CORE STORAGE SPACE FOR DATA MODIFICATIONS: THE ALLOCATE CARD Calculating the Amount of TRANSPACE Required Preparation and Use of the ALLOCATE Card MISSING-DATA SPECIFICATIONS AND OTHER DATA-DEFINITION INFORMATION FOR TRANSFORMED VARIABLES Treatment of Missing Data in Variable Transformations: The ASSIGN MISSING Card An Alternative Treatment of Missing Data in Variable Transformations: The MISSING VALUES Card Initializing Variables Created with IF Statements Inserting Other Data-Definition Information for Transformed Variables REDUCING CONTROL-CARD PREPARATION WITH THE REPEAT FACILITY: DO REPEAT AND END REPEAT CARDS Valid Control Cards Between DO REPEAT and END RE- PEAT Limitations on the REPEAT Facility DECK SETUP AND CARD ORDER FOR DATA-MODIFICATION CARDS 126

6 CONTENTS ix 9 DATA-SELECTION CARDS GENERATING A RANDOM SAMPLE FROM A FILE: SAMPLE AND *SAMPLE CARDS SELECTING CASES FROM A FILE: SELECT IF AND *SELECT IF CARDS WEIGHTING CASES IN A FILE: WEIGHT AND *WEIGHT CARDS DECK SETUP AND CARD ORDER FOR DATA-SELECTION CARDS RETRIEVING DATA AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION FROM SPSS SYSTEM FILES: THE FILE RETRIEVAL (LIST AND WRITE) CARDS LIST FILEINFO CARD LIST CASES CARD PRODUCING RAW-OUTPUT-DATA FILES: THE WRITE CASES CARD Variable List for the WRITE CASES Card Format Specification for the WRITE CASES Card A Note on Writing Cases from Weighted Files Listwise Deletion of Missing Data: WRITE CASES Option Example Deck Setup and Card Order for the WRITE CASES Procedure WRITE FILEINFO CARD Variable List and Data-Definition Keywords for the WRITE FILEINFO Card Output Option Keywords for the WRITE FILEINFO Card Using WRITE FILEINFO Cards to Regenerate a System File Producing a VARIABLE LIST with the WRITE FILEINFO Card for Use on EDIT Runs ADDING TO, DELETING FROM, AND REARRANGING DATA IN SPSS SYSTEM FILES: THE FILE-MODIFICATION CARDS DELETING AND RETAINING VARIABLES: DELETE VARS AND KEEP VARS CARDS" ADDING VARIABLES TO AN EXISTING SPSS SYSTEM FILE: ADD VARIABLES AND ADD DATA LIST CARDS Adding Variables with an ADD VARIABLES Card Adding Variables with an ADD DATA LIST Card MERGING SPSS SYSTEM FILES: THE MERGE FILES CARD ADDING CASES AND SUBFILES TO EXISTING SPSS SYSTEM FILES: ADD CASES AND ADD SUBFILES CARDS ADD CASES Card 157

7 x CONTENTS ADD SUBFILES Card Setting Up Runs Which Add Cases or Subfiles DELETING SUBFILES WITH THE DELETE SUBFILES CARD DELETING CASES: ANOTHER USE OF THE SELECT IF CARD REORDERING THE SEQUENCE OF VARIABLES IN AN SPSS SYSTEM FILE: THE REORDER VARS CARD CHANGING THE SEQUENCE OF CASES IN AN SPSS SYSTEM FILE: THE SORT CASES CARD Handling Missing Values While Sorting Cases Sorting Alphanumeric Variables: Don't Determining the Number of Cases When Sorting for New Subfiles Deck Location of the SORT CASES Control Card Special Operating System Control Statements for Use with SORT CASES CREATING OR REPLACING THE SUBFILE STRUCTURE WITH THE SUBFILE LIST CARD SUMMARY OF FILE-MODIFICATION CARDS AND THEIR DECK PLACEMENT CREATING, RETRIEVING, AND MANIPULATING FILES WITH MORE THAN 500 VARIABLES: GET ARCHIVE, SAVE ARCHIVE, AND LIST ARCHINFO CARDS ACCESSING INPUT FILES WITH THE GET ARCHIVE CARD PERMANENTLY SAVING AN ARCHIVE FILE WITH THE SAVE ARCHIVE CARD USING THE ARCHIVE FACILITY: EXAMPLES Creating an Archive File Which Includes New Variables Produced by Data Transformations Creating an Archive File by Merging Several Input Files Creating an Archive File Which Includes New Variables -Input Via the ADD VARIABLES Facility SAVING THE ACTIVE VARIABLES ON A STANDARD SPSS SYSTEM FILE: THE SAVE FILE CARD USING ARCHIVE FILES FOR ROUTINE STATISTICAL PROCESSING RETRIEVING DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION FROM ARCHIVE INPUT FILES: THE LIST ARCHINFO CARD LIMITATIONS FOR THE ARCHIVE FACILITY EDITING SPSS CONTROL-CARD DECKS: THE EDIT FACILITY EDITING DECKS WHICH ACCESS A RAW-INPUT-DATA FILE EDITING DECKS WHICH ACCESS AN SPSS SYSTEM FILE CORE STORAGE SPACE REQUIRED FOR EDIT RUNS PRINTED OUTPUT FROM EDIT RUNS CONTROL-CARD DECK ERRORS THAT THE EDIT FACILITY WILL NOT DETECT 178

8 CONTENTS xi 13.6 EXAMPLE OUTPUT FROM EDIT RUNS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND ONE-WAY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS SUBPROGRAM CONDESCRIPTIVE: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR CONTINUOUS VARIABLES CONDESCRIPTIVE Procedure Card Processing Options for Subprogram CONDESCRIPTIVE Statistics Available for Subprogram CONDESCRIPTIVE Program Limitations for Subprogram CONDESCRIPTIVE Examples of the Use of Subprogram CONDESCRIPTIVE SUBPROGRAM FREQUENCIES: ONE-WAY FREQUENCY DIS- TRIBUTIONS WITH DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Selecting Between General and Integer Operating Modes FREQUENCIES Procedure Card Printed Output from the FREQUENCIES Procedure Options Available for Subprogram FREQUENCIES Statistics Available for Subprogram FREQUENCIES Limitations for Subprogram FREQUENCIES PRODUCING DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR AGGREGATED DATA FILES: SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATE SPECIFYING AGGREGATION GROUPS Required Structure of the Input File OBTAINING THE OUTPUT FILE OF AGGREGATED DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AGGREGATE PROCEDURE CARD GROUPVARS= Variable List VARIABLES= List AGGSTATS= Keyword List Providing for Missing Values with the RMISS=value/ Repetitions of the VARIABLES=, AGGSTATS=, and RMISS= Specifications Outputtirtg the Actual Values of the Grouping Variables with Option CONTENT AND FORMAT OF AGGREGATED OUTPUT DATA FILES Types of Aggregated Output Data Files Contents of Each Case on an Aggregated Output File PRINTED OUTPUT FROM SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATE OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATE STATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATE PROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATE EXAMPLE DECK SETUP AND OUTPUT FOR SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATE 215

9 xii CONTENTS 16 CONTINGENCY TABLES AND RELATED MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION: SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS AN INTRODUCTION TO CROSSTABULATION Crosstabulation Tables Summary Statistics for Crosstabulations SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS: TWO-WAY TO A/-WAY CROSS- TABULATION TABLES AND RELATED STATISTICS Components of the CROSSTABS Procedure Card TABLES= List VARIABLES= List for Integer Mode FORMAT OF THE CROSSTABS PROCEDURE CARD PRINTED OUTPUT FROM SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS A Note on Value Labels for CROSSTABS Including Missing Values Only in Tables OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS: THE OPTIONS CARD STATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS: THE STATISTICS CARD PROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS Program Limitations for Subprogram CROSSTABS, General Mode Program Limitations for Subprogram CROSSTABS, Integer Mode EXAMPLE DECK SETUPS FOR SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS DESCRIPTION OF SUBPOPULATIONS AND MEAN DIFFERENCE TESTING: SUBPROGRAMS BREAKDOWN AND T-TEST SUBPROGRAM BREAKDOWN BREAKDOWN Operating Modes: Integer and General TABLES= List VARIABLES= List for Integer Mode 254 1Z-1-.4 Format of the BREAKDOWN Procedure Card Options Available for Subprogram BREAKDOWN: The OPTIONS Card Statistics for Subprogram BREAKDOWN: One-Way Analysis of Variance and Test of Linearity Program Limitations for Subprogram BREAKDOWN Example Deck Setup for Subprogram BREAKDOWN BREAKDOWN Tables Printed in Crosstabular Form: The CROSSBREAK Facility SUBPROGRAM T-TEST: COMPARISON OF SAMPLE MEANS Introduction to the T-TEST of Significance The T-TEST Procedure Card Options and Statistics for Subprogram T-TEST Program Limitations for Subprogram T-TEST 273

10 CONTENTS xiii Example Deck Setups and Output for Subprogram T-TEST BIVARIATE CORRELATION ANALYSIS: PEARSON CORRELATION, RANK-ORDER CORRELATION, AND SCATTER DIAGRAMS INTRODUCTION TO CORRELATION ANALYSIS SUBPROGRAM PEARSON CORR: PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS PEARSON CORR Procedure Card Options Available for Subprogram PEARSON CORR Statistics Available for Subprogram PEARSON CORR Program Limitations for Subprogram PEARSON CORR Sample Deck Setup and Output for Subprogram PEAR- SON CORR SUBPROGRAM NONPAR CORR: SPEARMAN AND/OR KENDALL RANK-ORDER CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS NONPAR CORR Procedure Card Options Available for Subprogram NONPAR CORR Statistics Available for Subprogram NONPAR CORR Program Limitations for Subprogram NONPAR CORR Sample Deck Setup and Output for Subprogram NONPAR CORR SUBPROGRAM SCATTERGRAM: SCATTER DIAGRAM OF DATA POINTS AND SIMPLE REGRESSION SCATTERGRAM Procedure Card Options Available for Subprogram SCATTERGRAM Statistics Available for Subprogram SCATTERGRAM Program Limitations for Subprogram SCATTERGRAM Sample Deck Setup and Output for Subprogram SCAT- TERGRAM PARTIAL CORRELATION: SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORR INTRODUCTION TO PARTIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS PARTIAL CORR PROCEDURE CARD Correlation List Control List Order Value(s) SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX INPUT FOR SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORR Requirements on the Form and Format for Correlation Matrices Methods for Specifying the Order of Variables on Input Matrices Specifying the Order of Variables on Input Matrices by the Partials List: The Default Method Specifying the Order of Variables on Input Matrices by the Variable List Card: Option 6 310

11 xiv CONTENTS SPSS Control Cards Required for Matrix Input OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORR STATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORR PROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORR EXAMPLE DECK SETUPS FOR SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORR MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS: SUBPROGRAM REGRESSION INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPLE REGRESSION Simple Bivariate Regression Extension to Multiple Regression REGRESSION PROCEDURE CARD VARIABLES List REGRESSION Design Statement SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE CARDS SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX INPUT WITH SUBPROGRAM REGRESSION Format of Input Correlation Matrices Format and Position of Input Means and Standard Deviations Methods for Specifying the Number and Order of Variables on Input Correlation Matrices Control Cards Required to Enter Matrices SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR HANDLING RESIDUAL OUTPUT OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM REGRESSION STATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM REGRESSION PROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM REGRESSION PRINTED OUTPUT FROM SUBPROGRAM REGRESSION EXAMPLE DECK SETUPS AND OUTPUT FOR SUBPROGRAM REGRESSION SPECIAL TOPICS IN GENERAL LINEAR MODELS NONLINEAR RELATIONSHIPS Data Transformation Examining Polynomial Trends Interaction Terms REGRESSION WITH DUMMY VARIABLES Dummy Variables: Coding and Interpretation Dummy Variable Regression with Two or More Categorical Variables PATH ANALYSIS AND CAUSAL INTERPRETATION Principals of Path Analysis Interpretation of Path Analysis Results Statistical Inference Standardized versus Unstandardized Coefficients 394

12 CONTENTS xv 22 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND COVARIANCE: SUBPROGRAMS ANOVA AND ONEWAY INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND COVARIANCE Variation and Its Decomposition: Basic Ideas Factorial Design with Equal Cell Frequency Factorial Designs with Unequal Cell Frequency Covariance Analysis Multiple Classification Analysis SUBPROGRAM ANOVA ANOVA Procedure Card Specifying the Form of the Analysis with the OPTIONS Card Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) Options and Statistics Available for ANOVA Special Limitations for ANOVA Example Deck Setups and Output for Subprogram ANOVA SUBPROGRAM ONEWAY Tests for Trends A Priori Contrasts A Posteriori Contrasts More Complex ONEWAY Deck Setups :3.5 Options Available for Subprogram ONEWAY Statistics Available for Subprogram ONEWAY Program Limitations for Subprogram ONEWAY Example Deck Setup and Output for Subprogram ONE- WAY DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION TO DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS A Two-Group Example A Multigroup Example ANALYTIC FEATURES OF SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANT Determining the Number of Discriminant Functions Interpretation of the Discriminant Function Coefficients Plots of Discriminant Scores Rotation of the Discriminant Function Axes Classification of Cases Selection Methods: Direct and Stepwise DISCRIMINANT PROCEDURE CARD GROUPS Specification VARIABLES Specification Specifying Subanalyses with the ANALYSIS Keyword METHOD TOLERANCE 453

13 xvi CONTENTS MAXSTEPS Setting Minimum Criteria for the Stepwise Procedure Controlling the Number of Discriminant Functions Establishing Prior Probabilities for Classification Purposes Summary of the DISCRIMINANT Procedure Card Specifications OPTIONS AVAILABLE IN SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANT STATISTICS AVAILABLE IN SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANT SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX OUTPUT AND INPUT FOR SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANT PROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANT SAMPLE DECK SETUP AND OUTPUT FOR SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANT FACTOR ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION TO FACTOR ANALYSIS Types of Factor Analysis Meaning of Essential Tables and Statistics in Factor Analysis Output METHODS OF FACTORING AVAILABLE IN SUBPROGRAM FACTOR Principal Factoring without Iteration: PA Principal Factoring with Iteration: PA Remaining Methods of Factoring METHODS OF ROTATION AVAILABLE IN SUBPROGRAM FACTOR Orthogonal Rotation: QUARTIMAX Orthogonal Rotation: VARIMAX Orthogonal Rotation: EQUIMAX Oblique Rotation: OBLIQUE Graphical Presentation of Rotated Orthogonal Factors BUILDING COMPOSITE INDICES (FACTOR SCORES) FROM THE FACTOR-SCORE COEFFICIENT (OR FACTOR-ESTIMATE) MATRIX Values of Factor Scores Output by Subprogram FACTOR Calculation of Factor Scores When Missing Data Are to Be Replaced by the Mean FACTOR PROCEDURE CARD VARIABLES= List Selection of Factoring Methods by the TYPE= Keyword Altering the Diagonal of the Correlation Matrix by Means of the DIAGONAL Value List Controlling the Factoring Process: NFACTORS, MINEIGEN, ITERATE, and STOPFACT Parameters Selecting the Method of Rotation With the ROTATE Parameter Writing Factor Scores on a Raw-Output-Data File: The FACSCORE Keyword 496

14 CONTENTS xvii Performing Multiple Factor Analyses Summary of the Format of the FACTOR Procedure Card SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX INPUT AND OUTPUT FOR SUBPROGRAM FACTOR Format of Input Correlation Matrices Methods for Specifying the Number and Order of Variables on Input Correlation Matrices Input of the Factor Matrix Control Cards Required to Enter Matrices Output of Correlation and Factor Matrices FACTOR-SCORES OUTPUT FORMAT Factor Scores Produced from Selected Data Printed Output Generated For Factor Scores OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM FACTOR STATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM FACTOR PROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM FACTOR EXAMPLE DECK SETUPS FOR SUBPROGRAM FACTOR CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS: SUBPROGRAM CANCORR INTRODUCTION TO CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS BUILDING COMPOSITE INDICES (CANONICAL VARIATE SCORES) FROM THE CANONICAL VARIATE COEFFICIENT MATRICES THE CANCORR PROCEDURE CARD SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX INPUT AND OUTPUT OUTPUT FROM SUBPROGRAM CANCORR OPTIONS AVAILABLE IN SUBPROGRAM CANCORR STATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM CANCORR LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM CANCORR EXAMPLE DECK SETUP AND OUTPUT SCALOGRAM ANALYSIS: SUBPROGRAM GUTTMAN SCALE INTRODUCTIONJ1O GUTTMAN SCALE ANALYSIS Evaluating Guttman Scales Building Guttman Scales GUTTMAN SCALE PROCEDURE CARD OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM GUTTMAN SCALE STATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM GUTTMAN SCALE LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM GUTTMAN SCALE SAMPLE DECK SETUP AND OUTPUT FOR SUBPROGRAM GUTTMAN SCALE 538

15 xviii CONTENTS APPENDIXES A SUMMARY OF SPSS CONTROL CARDS: FUNCTION, STATUS, FORMAT, AND POSITION IN CARD DECK 540 A.1 PRECEDENCE TABLE 540 A.2 CONTROL-CARD FORMATS 541 A.2.1 Nonprocedure Control Cards 541 A.2.2 Temporary (Starred) Data-Modification and Data-Selection Cards 555 A.2.3 Procedure Cards 555 B CHANGES IN CONTROL-CARD FORMATS: HELP FOR OLD FRIENDS 562 C SPSS MAXIVERSION 576 D SPSSG: THE MINIVERSION OF SPSS 578 D.I GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SPSSG 578 D.2 DATA AND FILE MODIFICATIONS 579 D.3 DIFFERENCES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CERTAIN FEA- TURES 580 D.3.1 *SELECTIF 580 D.3.2 ADD CASES 580 D.3.3 ALLOCATE 581 D.3.4 REPEAT Facility 581 D.3.5 Archive Files 581 D.3.6 FREEFIELD 581 D.4 SPSSG PROGRAM LIMITATIONS 581 D.4.1 General Program Limitations 582 D.4.2 Maximum Arguments on a Control Card 582 D.4.3 Limitations on Data and File Modifications 582 D Specific Subprogram Limitations 584 D.5 SYSTEM FILE COMPATIBILITY 584 E JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE FOR IBM OS/370 INSTALLATIONS 585 E.1 PURPOSE OF JCL 585 E.2 GENERAL RULES FOR PREPARING JCL 586 E.3 ELEMENTS OF JCL 587 E.3.1 JOB Statement 587 E.3.2 EXEC Statement 588 E.3.3 DD Statement 588

16 CONTENTS xix E.4 BASIC JCL STATEMENTS REQUIRED FOR SPSS 592 E.5 JCL STATEMENTS FOR DEFINING THE USER'S FILES 594 E.5.1 Raw-Input-Data File 594 E.5.2 Output System File 595 E.5.3 Input System File 595 E.5.4 Raw-Output-Data Files 596 E.6 JCL STATEMENTS REQUIRED FOR SPECIAL SPSS FEATURES 597 E.6.1 Input Archive Files 598 E.6.2 SORT CASES 598 E.6.3 Reading OSIRIS Data Sets 600 E.7 EXTENSIONS TO BASIC JCL 600 E.8 DD STATEMENT REFERENCE SUMMARY 602 F CDC 6000 AND CYBER 70 VERSION OF SPSS 604 F.1 CONTROL CARDS 604 F.1.1 Job Cards 605 F.1.2 SPSS Call Cards 605 F.2 SAMPLE JOBS 607 F.2.1 BCD Input Files, 607 F.2.2 BCD Output Files 608 F.2.3 Control Cards for Output SPSS System Files 609 F.2.4 SPSS Input System Files 610 F.3 SCRATCH FILES 611 F.4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE IBM 360 AND CDC 6000 VERSIONS 612 F.5 MEMORY REQUIREMENTS FOR SPSS-6000 JOBS 612 G UNIVAC 1100 SERIES VERSION OF SPSS 614 G.1 SPSS CARDS UNDER SPSS G.1.1 INPUT MEDIUM Card 614 G.1.2 N OF CASES Card 615 G.1.3 PAGE SIZE 615 G.1.4 RAW OUTPUT UNIT 615 G.2 CONTROL CARDS,. 615 G.2.1 SPSS Files under EXEC G.3 SAMPLE RUNS 616 G.4 SUMMARY OF THE FILES USED BY SPSS G.5 SPACE CALCULATIONS 618 H XEROX VERSION OF SPSS 619 H.1 JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE FOR XEROX SPSS 620 H.1.1 Modifying Limits Raw Case Size 621 H.1.2 Xerox SPSS Data-Control Blocks and Scratch Files 622

17 xx CONTENTS H.2 DETERMINING MEMORY SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR XEROX SPSS 622 H.3 DESCRIBING TAPE AND DISC FILES USING A FILE IDENTIFIER 623 H.3.1 Adding Files to a Labelled Tape 625 H.4 XEROX SPSS EXTENSIONS 625 H.4.1 INPUT MEDIUM Card 625 H.4.2 SAVE FILE and GET FILE Cards 626 H.4.3 RAW OUTPUT UNIT Card 626 H.4.4 OUTPUT MEDIUM Card 626 H.4.5 Examples 627 H.4.6 SORT CASES Card 628 H.4.7 MERGE FILES, GET ARCHIVE, and SAVE ARCHIVE Cards 628 H.4.8 COMMAND FILE Card 629 H.4.9 ALLOCATE Card 630 I A PROGRAMMER'S GUIDE TO SPSS SYSTEM FLOW AND LOGIC SPECIFIC SUBPROGRAM LOGIC Utility Subprograms Data-Modification Routines Statistical Routines INCORPORATION OF A NEW ROUTINE INTO SPSS Service Routines of Interest Existing Statistical Routines of Interest Installing A New Statistical Procedure 647 J OSIRIS-SPSS INTERFACE 657 J.1 OPERATION OF THE OSIRIS-SPSS INTERFACE 657 J.2 OSIRIS VARS CONTROL CARD 658 J.3 HANDLING MISSING VALUES 659 J.4 SPSS CONTROL-CARD DECKS FOR OSIRIS-SPSS INTERFACE RUNS 659 J.5 EXAMPLE DECK SETUP 660 INDEXES 663 NAME INDEX SUBJECT INDEX SPSS CONTROL CARDS: QUICK REFERENCE CHART 675