Calgary s Middle Ring Neighbourhoods: transitioning post-world War 2 urban form to greater sustainability

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1 18th International Seminar on Urban Form 26-29th August, Montreal, Canada 2011 : transitioning post-world War 2 urban form to greater sustainability Beverly A Sandalack Professor and Research Leader Francisco Alaniz Uribe Adjunct Associate Professor and Research Associate

2 The Urban Lab research group in the Faculty of Environmental Design established in 2000 provide internships for 40+ students to date contribute to research and scholarship and to the debate about the city Research Team Dr. Bev Sandalack - Research Leader and Professor Francisco Alaniz Uribe - Research Associate and Adjunct Associate Professor Cristina Badescu - Research Assistant Rob Birch - Research Assistant Azadeh Eshghzadeh Zanjani - Research Assistant Lance Robinson - Research Assistant Research Projects topics in urban design and planning, urban morphology, park and open space planning, campus planning city studies, neighbourhood form, walkability and livability, urban sustainability

3 The Calgary Project: urban form/urban life published 2006, University of Calgary Press Middle Ring Study recent (2010) project with the City of Calgary through the Urban Alliance (City of Calgary and University of Calgary)

4 Calgary - a young city established 1883 as railway progressed westward Township map - Calgary 1884 rivers ranching

5 Early decades - the CPR was effectively Calgary s first planner - grid pattern extending Phases from of railway/post urban development office/downtown the CPR as the first city planner

6 Zoning Map for the first 75 years, Calgary spread block by block in a grid pattern

7 Suburban expansion post WW2 - period of prosperity - population boom - huge surge in car ownership - big demand for housing for families - adoption of modern planning techniques - development industry expands and increases influence on patterns of growth

8 Suburban bungalows Large parks oriented towards children

9 present continued expansion outward, auto-oriented development 1995 Calgary Transportation Plan

10 City of Calgary Current Planning Goals Support an increase in residential density, particularly in strategic locations at transit stations, in employment areas and close to goods and service providers. Mixed-land uses Support compact development Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place

11 Calgary neighbourhood evolution

12 Calgary Neighbourhood Types - classified according to block pattern and organization - corresponds to various eras of development

13

14 Grid West Hillhurst Warped Grid Thorncliffe Curvilinear Hidden Valley

15 The Middle Ring 02B 03C SYV 02C SYMONS VALLEY STONEY 4 03D ST4 03H EVN X02 02A X03A EVANSTON 03I COV COVENTRY HILLS 02E neighbourhoods developed between the 1950s and 1970s KINCORA ROY ROCKY RIDGE CIT ROYAL OAK HAR HAM CITADEL COU HAMPTONS ARB SANDSTONE VALLEY MACEWAN GLEN HAW ST2 HHB SAD SADDLE RIDGE BEDDINGTON HEIGHTS EDGEMONT SRI RAN CALGARY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT HUN RANCHLANDS HUNTINGTON HILLS SCENIC ACRES X01D SIL NHU NORTH BRENTWOOD VAL VAR GRE VALLEY RIDGE 01C X01B CAM COL CHARLESWOOD COLLINGWOOD 01E X01C 06B X06B PATTERSON WSP CHR CHRISTIE WEST GATE ROSSCARROCK SCARBORO GDL SIG SIGNAL HILL DIS VIEW RICHMOND SOC SOUTH CALGARY GBK GLENBROOK RUTLAND RUT GLA GLAMORGAN DISCOVERY RIDGE BNK BANK- RIC KIL KILLARNEY/ GLENGARRY SPH SCA SNA SSW CFC CFB CURRIE LPK LINCOLN NGM BEL MAF LAKEVIEW EAGLE RIDGE ALYTH/ BONNYBROOK HILL EAG Middle Ring Neighbourhoods BAYVIEW MAN 09D X09B VALLEYFIELD X09A EFI GOLDEN TRIANGLE EASTFIELD STARFIELD STD BUR OGDEN SHOPS GBP FVI KIN KINGSLAND EAST FAIRVIEW INDUSTRIAL FAI FAIRVIEW FOOTHILLS GLENDEER BUSINESS 09K FHI OSH OGD GREAT PLAINS OGDEN GPI EFV HAY S23 SFH RIVERBEND 09N SECTION 23 SOUTH FOOTHILLS RIV ACA ACADIA PUMP HILL SOW BRA CED CEDARBRAE BRAESIDE WBN WOODLANDS SHEPARD INDUSTRIAL MPL WIL SOUTHWOOD SHI MAPLE RIDGE WILLOW Industrial Areas Airport WOO WOODBINE BDO CAN CANYON MEADOWS BONAVISTA DOWNS LKB LAKE BONAVISTA EAST SHEPARD INDUSTRIAL DIA DIAMOND COVE X12B ESH DDG DOUGLASDALE/GLEN QLD 12B QUEENSLAND Large Urban Parks DRG SHS 13B SHAWNEE SLOPES PKL LAND collaborative project between the Urban Lab and the City through the Urban Alliance GTI VAF 12A Other Residential Neighbourhoods MLR EVE 13A 09E ERIN WOODS BURNS INDUSTRIAL FAIRVIEW INDUSTRIAL PUM PALLISER HIF MANCHESTER MEA HAYSBORO PAL ERI 09H CHINOOK BYV DOV DOVER MNI MEADOWLARK KEL CHK RED CARPET FOREST LAWN INDUSTRIAL HIGHFIELD MANCHESTER INDUSTRIAL EYA ELBOYA KELVIN GROVE APP APPLEWOOD FLI ERL PKH MAYFAIR FLN FOREST LAWN SOV AYB WINDSOR NORTH GLENMORE X10 PEN PENBROOKE MEADOWS RED SOUTHVIEW ROX RID BEL-AIRE OAK ING RAMSAY MIS ROXRIDEAU BORO ERLTON WND LKV OAKRIDGE INGLEWOOD RAM ALBERT / RADISSON HEIGHTS MISSION EPK BRT BRIT- FHT FOREST HEIGHTS ALB CLI CLIFF BUNGALOW ABBEYDALE 10A MLI DNE DT EAST VILLAGE BLN MOUNT ROYAL UMR ABB MPK MARLBOROUGH MARLBOROUGH FRA MAYLAND BRIDGELAND/ RIVERSIDE CHINATOWN BELTLINE LMR MOUNT ROYAL UPPER ANNIA CFL CFL CHN PINERIDGE MRL FRANKLIN MERIDIAN DOWNTOWN COMMERCIAL CORE 05C PIN RUNDLE MAL BRD DNC RUN SUN MER ALT ALTADORE SUNRIDGE MAYLAND HEIGHTS ELBOW GARRISON WOODS X05B VISTA HEIGHTS REN RENFREW SUNALTA SSW SHAGANAPPI GLENDALE SPRINGBANK HILL CRE EAU CLAIRE DNW DOWNTOWN WEST SHG RCK TEM TEMPLE WHITEHORN MOR VIS WINSTON HEIGHTS/ MOUNTVIEW CRESCENT HEIGHTS EAU 05B MONTEREY SUNNYSIDE HILLHURST SPRUCE CLIFF WGT ASPEN WOODS RDL SPR STR WIN TUXEDO ROSEDALE HIL WEST HILLHURST WILDWOOD STRATHCONA ASP CAP HOU HOUNSFIELD HGTS./ BRIAR HILL WHL WLD HOR NAW SAW TUX MOP MOUNT PLEASANT SSD DALE COACH HILL WHI HORIZON NORTH AIRWAYS MCI SOUTH AIRWAYS PKD POINT MCKAY COA 06A approximately 80 neighbourhoods (of Calgary s +/-240) ST. ANDREWS HEIGHTS POI McCALL GREENVIEW INDUSTRIAL CAPITOL HILL STA PAT X06A BANFF TRAIL UNI UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS COUGAR RIDGE WEST SPRINGS GRI HPK VILLAGE ROSEMONT BNF UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY MON MONTGOMERY CORAL SPRINGS PEGASUS RMT UOC CGR WES PEG HIGHLAND QPK CAMBRIAN HEIGHTS QUEENS COR FAL FALCONRIDGE WESTWINDS SKE GRV HIGHWOOD CHW BOWNESS 01D SKYLINE EAST GREENVIEW HIW VARSITY BOW GREENWOOD / GREENBRIAR CRM SKYLINE WEST THORNCLIFFE SKW NORTH HAVEN TARADALE CAS CASTLERIDGE THO HAVEN UPPER NHV BRE TAR MARTINDALE DBC DALHOUSIE SILVER SPRINGS 01B MRT CIA DEERFOOT BUSINESS CENTRE DAL X01A 03V SADDLE RIDGE INDUSTRIAL TUS SCE 03S HARVEST HILLS BUSINESS BED EDG HAWKWOOD 03R STONEY 2 HARVEST HILLS COUNTRY HILLS SAN MAC ARBOUR LAKE CRESTMONT 03P COUNTRY HILLS VILLAGE HIDDEN VALLEY TUSCANY poised to undergo redevelopment - offer convenience, proximity to the downtown employment centre, access to services and amenities, many positive qualities of urbanity ST3 ST1 CHV PANORAMA HILLS HID ROC 01F middle ring between the downtown and inner city neighbourhoods, and the newer band of suburbs around the edge PAN KCA SHERWOOD X03B STONEY 3 STONEY 1 SHW 02F 13C 13D DEER RIDGE NEB DRN DEER RUN MID MILLRISE EVERGREEN NEW BRIGHTON MCK MCKENZIE LAKE MIDNAPORE MCT 12C MCKENZIE TOWNE CPF COPPERFIELD SHN SHAWNESSY X13B 13E 13F 13G SDC BRI SOM BRIDLEWOOD MAH SUNDANCE MAHOGANY SOMERSET AUB 13H AUBURN BAY 13I CHAPARRAL CHA SVO SILVERADO CRA CRANSTON SET SETON 12H 12F X12A X14 13J X13C 14U 12I

16 Case Study Neighbourhoods 02B Huntington Hills (Northwest) 03C SYV 02C SYMONS VALLEY STONEY 4 03D ST4 03H EVN X02 02A X03A EVANSTON 03I COV COVENTRY HILLS 02E SHERWOOD CHV PANORAMA HILLS KINCORA CIT ROYAL OAK HAR HAM CITADEL COU HAMPTONS ARB SANDSTONE VALLEY HAW ARBOUR LAKE ST2 HHB SAD SADDLE RIDGE BEDDINGTON HEIGHTS EDGEMONT Acadia (Southeast - West of Deerfoot Trail) TUSCANY HUNTINGTON HILLS SCENIC ACRES X01D CALGARY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT HUN RANCHLANDS SIL NHU NORTH BRENTWOOD VAL VAR GRE VALLEY RIDGE 01C X01B CAM COL CHARLESWOOD COLLINGWOOD 01E X01C 06B X06B WSP ST. ANDREWS HEIGHTS POI CHRISTIE SCARBORO GDL GLENDALE SIG SIGNAL HILL DIS SOC SOUTH CALGARY GBK GLENBROOK RUTLAND RUT GLA GLAMORGAN DISCOVERY RIDGE VIEW RICHMOND KILLARNEY/ GLENGARRY SPH BNK BANK- RIC KIL SPRINGBANK HILL SCA SNA SSW CFC CFB CURRIE LMR MOUNT ROYAL LPK ALYTH/ BONNYBROOK PKH BEL BEL-AIRE MAF MAYFAIR LAKEVIEW EAGLE RIDGE EYA EAG OAK OAKRIDGE Middle Ring Neighbourhoods BAYVIEW MAN X09A EFI GOLDEN TRIANGLE EASTFIELD BURNS INDUSTRIAL STARFIELD STD OGDEN SHOPS GBP FVI KIN KINGSLAND EAST FAIRVIEW INDUSTRIAL FAI FAIRVIEW FOOTHILLS GLENDEER BUSINESS 09K FHI OSH OGD GREAT PLAINS OGDEN GPI EFV HAY S23 SFH RIVERBEND 09N SECTION 23 SOUTH FOOTHILLS RIV ACA ACADIA PUMP HILL 12A Other Residential Neighbourhoods SOW BRA CED CEDARBRAE BRAESIDE WBN WOODLANDS SHEPARD INDUSTRIAL MPL WIL SOUTHWOOD SHI MAPLE RIDGE WILLOW Indusrial Areas Airport WOO WOODBINE BDO CAN CANYON MEADOWS BONAVISTA DOWNS LKB LAKE BONAVISTA EAST SHEPARD INDUSTRIAL DIA DIAMOND COVE X12B ESH DDG DOUGLASDALE/GLEN QLD 12B QUEENSLAND Large Urban Parks DRG SHS 13B SHAWNEE SLOPES PKL LAND MLR EVE 13A GTI VAF VALLEYFIELD BUR PUM PALLISER 09D X09B FAIRVIEW INDUSTRIAL HAYSBORO PAL 09E ERIN WOODS 09H CHINOOK BYV ERI DOVER MNI MEA KEL CHK FOREST LAWN INDUSTRIAL DOV HIF MANCHESTER MEADOWLARK KELVIN GROVE RED CARPET FOREST LAWN HIGHFIELD MANCHESTER INDUSTRIAL ELBOYA WINDSOR NORTH GLENMORE APPLEWOOD RED SOV AYB WND APP FLI ERL HILL BRT BRIT- X10 PEN PENBROOKE MEADOWS FLN SOUTHVIEW ROX RID ANNIA NGM LKV Case Studies ING MIS ROXRIDEAU BORO ERLTON EPK ALT ALTADORE LINCOLN CFL CFL INGLEWOOD RAM ALBERT / RADISSON HEIGHTS MISSION ELBOW GARRISON WOODS FHT FOREST HEIGHTS ALB RAMSAY ABBEYDALE 10A MLI DNE DT EAST VILLAGE CLI CLIFF BUNGALOW UMR MOUNT ROYAL UPPER ABB MPK MARLBOROUGH MARLBOROUGH FRA MAYLAND BLN BELTLINE PINERIDGE MRL FRANKLIN MERIDIAN DOWNTOWN COMMERCIAL CORE 05C PIN RUNDLE MAL BRIDGELAND/ RIVERSIDE CHINATOWN RUN SUN MAYLAND HEIGHTS BRD CHN SUNALTA SSW SHAGANAPPI X05B VISTA HEIGHTS REN RENFREW DNC DNW DOWNTOWN WEST SHG RCK ROSSCARROCK SUNRIDGE MER EAU SPR WEST GATE TEM TEMPLE WHITEHORN MOR VIS WINSTON HEIGHTS/ MOUNTVIEW CRE CRESCENT HEIGHTS EAU CLAIRE SPRUCE CLIFF WGT CHR HILLHURST 05B MONTEREY SUNNYSIDE HIL WEST HILLHURST STR ASPEN WOODS WHL WLD WILDWOOD STRATHCONA ASP RDL ROSEDALE SSD DALE COACH HILL HOU HOUNSFIELD HGTS./ BRIAR HILL PKD POINT MCKAY COA 06A HOR NAW WIN TUXEDO MOUNT PLEASANT CAPITOL HILL STA PATTERSON WHI HORIZON NORTH AIRWAYS MCI SAW TUX MOP CAP HEIGHTS PAT X06A BANFF TRAIL UNI UNIVERSITY COUGAR RIDGE WEST SPRINGS McCALL GREENVIEW INDUSTRIAL SOUTH AIRWAYS ROSEMONT BNF UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY MON MONTGOMERY GRI HPK QUEENS VILLAGE CORAL SPRINGS PEGASUS RMT UOC CGR WES PEG HIGHLAND QPK CAMBRIAN HEIGHTS COR FAL FALCONRIDGE WESTWINDS SKE GRV HIGHWOOD CHW BOWNESS 01D SKYLINE EAST GREENVIEW HIW VARSITY BOW GREENWOOD / GREENBRIAR CRM CRESTMONT SKYLINE WEST THORNCLIFFE SKW NORTH HAVEN TARADALE CAS CASTLERIDGE THO HAVEN UPPER NHV BRE TAR MARTINDALE DBC DALHOUSIE SILVER SPRINGS 01B MRT CIA DEERFOOT BUSINESS CENTRE DAL X01A Glamorgan (Southwest) SRI RAN SCE 03V SADDLE RIDGE INDUSTRIAL TUS 01F 03S HARVEST HILLS BUSINESS BED EDG HAWKWOOD 03R STONEY 2 HARVEST HILLS COUNTRY HILLS SAN MAC MACEWAN GLEN 03P COUNTRY HILLS VILLAGE VALLEY ROY ROCKY RIDGE ST3 ST1 HID HIDDEN ROC Dover (Southeast - East of Deerfoot Trail) 02F PAN KCA X03B STONEY 3 STONEY 1 SHW 13C 13D DEER RIDGE EVERGREEN NEB DRN DEER RUN MID MILLRISE NEW BRIGHTON MCK MCKENZIE LAKE MIDNAPORE MCT 12C MCKENZIE TOWNE CPF COPPERFIELD SHN SHAWNESSY X13B 13E 13F 13G SDC BRI SOM BRIDLEWOOD MAH SUNDANCE MAHOGANY SOMERSET AUB 13H AUBURN BAY 13I CHAPARRAL CHA SVO SILVERADO CRA CRANSTON SET SETON 12H 12F X12A X14 13J X13C 14U 12I

17 Middle Ring Neighbourhood Characteristics Neighbourhood unit planning module defined as the area served by the average elementary school (Perry, 1929). Warped grid and crescents block pattern organized around a central school and recreation fields. school and neighbourhood facilities Single family dwellings dominate the neighbourhoods with multi-family housing on the less desirable edges near major roads. Commercial zoning granted to all four corners of an intersection on collector roads, with the greatest demand being for service stations. Commercial development typically in the form of auto-oriented strip malls with a large grocery store anchor and large surface parking lots. collector street shopping centre 1/4 mile radius collector street 10% of area to be park space

18 Issues Development of middle ring heavily influenced by growth of automobile use, which is now in conflict with the City of Calgary s emphasis on sustainability and alternative transportation.. Christ Lutheran Church dr mon H RI C oad ND MO E EDG AD O R 401 ch Ri St. Andrew Elementary School Commercial Node Commercial Node Residential Residential Glamorgan Community Centre Node Glamorgan Elementary School Sarcee Trail 37th STREET EDGE 13 SAR CEE TRA IL EDG E Large, homogeneous spatial organization is contrary to the City of Calgary s aspirations that emphasize a greater mix of uses and finer grain of distribution. Glamorgan Shopping Commercial Node Residential Glamorgan Church of God St. Stephen Protomartyr Ukrainian Catholic Church Residential Residential GLENMORE TRAIL EDGE example - Glamorgan

19 Issues Land uses were originally planned for families with kids - not so good for aging or mixed populations Large areas of single family housing and not much multi-family - un-resilient land use

20 Issues The form and smaller size of post-war bungalows, as well as increasing maintenance, repair, and land costs, means they do not have the same purchase or resale value in comparison with larger, newer houses in the developing suburbs. The economics of redevelopment make these neighbourhoods much less affordable than the newer suburbs on the edge of the city. typical middle ring bungalow 1200 sq ft Neighbourhood densities are not high enough to support a wide range of commercial development, services or amenities, which results in a low tax-base from which to draw to revitalize the neighbourhoods. Residents often resist changes in character and especially density. edge of city single family house 2000 sq ft

21 Density ACADIA DOVER GLAMORGAN HUNTINGTON HILLS POPULATION DENSITY PPA PPH PPA PPH PPA PPH PPA PPH GROSS NET RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DENSITY GROSS NET UPA UPH UPA UPH UPA UPH UPA UPH Current density of neighbourhoods is low Calgary planning documents - 35 PPH is the minimum threshold population density for provision of transit services Usually there is +++ neighbourhood opposition to increasing density Need to find tools to educate and inform public re: benefits of higher density Need to determine the optimal density Need to develop alternate forms of higher density

22 Residential Townscape Types Bungalow A - wide front, garage at back 36 m F.A.R Zone R-C1 - Residential, contextual, one dwelling 15 m Bungalow B - narrow front, garage at back 33 m F.A.R Zone R-C1 - Residential, contextual, one dwelling 12 m Bungalow C - narrow front, garage at side 15 m 36 m F.A.R Zone R-C1 - Residential, contextual, one dwelling Split Level A - wide front, garage at back 20 m 37 m 16 m F.A.R Zone R-C1 - Residential, contextual, one dwelling Split Level B - narrow front, garage at back 36 m 8 m F.A.R Zone R-C1N - Residential, contextual, narrow lot, one dwelling

23 Residential Townscape Types Split Level C - wide front, garage at side 33 m 17 m F.A.R Zone R-C1 - Residential, contextual, one dwelling Split Level D - wide front, garage at back 12.5 m 30.5 m F.A.R Zone R-C1 - Residential, contextual, one dwelling Two Storey A - narrow front, garage at back 34 m F.A.R Zone R-C1N - Residential, contextual, narrow lot, one dwelling 7.5 m Two Storey B - narrow front, garage in front 27 m 6 m F.A.R Zone R-C1 - Residential, contextual, one dwelling Two Storey C - wide front, garage at side 33 m 15 m F.A.R Zone R-C1 - Residential, contextual, one dwelling Townhouse - 1 to 3 stories 25 m F.A.R to 1.36 Zone M-C1 - Multi residential, contextual, low profile 26 m

24 Residential Townscape Types Duplex A - one storey, front entrance 27 m 36 m 17 m F.A.R Zone R-C2 - Residential, contextual, one/two dwelling Duplex B - split level, side entrance 17 m 36 m F.A.R Zone R-C2 - Residential, contextual, one/two dwelling Duplex C - two storey, front entrance 20 m 37 m F.A.R Zone R-C2 - Residential, contextual, one/two dwelling Low Rise - 2 to 4 stories, no elevator 64 m 94.5 m F.A.R to 1.45 Zone M-C2 - Multi residential, contextual, medium profile 111 m 75 m Mid/High Rise - 5 to 14 stories, elevator F.A.R to Zone M-C2 - Multi residential, contextual, medium profile 125 m

25 Residential opportunities to add intensity Addition of units (secondary suites) Smaller setbacks Relocation of parking Subdivision of lots Central courtyards Prototype A Prototype B Prototype C Bungalow Split Level Two Storey Prototype D Prototype E Prototype F

26 Gas station and commercial intersections - potential for redevelopment for example: 3 gas stations on corner of Richmond Road and 37th Street SW

27 total of 143 intersections

28 service stations vacant lots Total of 24 vacant lots - all were previously service stations

29 Commercial - opportunities to urbanize and add intensity Higher densities and mix of uses including residential Better street presence with parking at rear Transit Oriented Development based on bus or train networks Small Strip Mall Large Strip Mall Prototype A Big Box Corner Store/Gas Station

30 Often very large parks but not a range of open space types for a mixed population

31 Parks, Open Spaces, and School Sites - opportunities to add diversity and make better use of space Addition of new community amenities such as pools, community halls or public libraries New seniors facilities to support aging population and new seniors housing Under utilized land sold and subdivided for private development and funding Prototype A Prototype B Existing Underutilized Play Fields Small School Site Prototype C

32 Transitioning sustainability into existing neighborhoods is complex, and involves understanding the morphological, demographic, and economic forces that are involved.

33 NEXT STEPS PlanYourPlace - collaborative research GEOIDE TSII Dr. Andrew Hunter - Geomatics Dr. Bev Sandalack - EVDS Dr. Lina Kattan - Civil Engineering Dr. Steve Liang - Geomatics Middle Ring Project Issues Neighbourhood Resilience Analysis + Concept Development Analysis + Concept Development Density Increase Analysis + Concept Development Land Use Changes Analysis + Concept Development Feedback Loop - City Administration, Experts, Researchers Comprehensive Set of Public Engagement Tools to Assist Policy Development

34 18th International Seminar on Urban Form 26-29th August, Montreal, Canada 2011 : transitioning post-world War 2 urban form to greater sustainability Dr. Bev Sandalack [email protected] Francisco Alaniz Uribe [email protected]