ADVANCED TREATMENT SYSTEMS OVERVIEW State of Washington
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1 ADVANCED TREATMENT SYSTEMS OVERVIEW State of Washington CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED TREATMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION SITES CalEPA October 21, 2004
2 Clear WaterCompliance Services, Inc. Regulatory Permitting (NPDES Applications) Stormwater Pollution Prevention Planning Stormwater Treatment System Design On-site Stormwater Management Regulatory Compliance Monitoring Full Service Stormwater and Process Water Management for Construction and Industrial Sites
3 Clear W ater Com pliance Services, Inc. Established September Certified in 1998 under the auspices of the City of Redmond and the Northwest Regional Office of the Department of Ecology to employ batch-operated chemical treatment systems on construction sites using the flocculant, Calgon CatFloc The first independent company in Washington State authorized to perform water treatment at construction sites for others. Developed its first proprietary auto-control filtration system in 2001; now manufacturing and employing third-generation systems with remote data logging and remote alarm capabilities.
4 LISTING OF SELECT PROJECTS AND CLIENTS Weyerhaeuser / Quadrant Homes Cam West Development Burnstead Construction GLY Construction Ferguson Construction KLB Construction North Forty Development Murray Franklyn Homes Costco Microsoft Home Depot Specified by name in bid documents issued by Wal-Mart for its retail centers. Please Note: Most of these are repeat clients.
5 GOALS OF THIS PRESENTATION Discuss Why Advanced Treatment is Needed Present an Overview of Various Treatment Technologies Discuss the Process Used for Selecting a Treatment Approach Managing and Treating Non-visible Pollutants Offer a Summary of the Presentation Issue a Request for Consistency in Enforcement of the Regulations
6 Why Advanced Treatment is Needed 1 Large area of exposed soils dust hazard. Installing control BMPs to help prevent erosion. Exposed soils bringing sediment onto (or off) site. Poor protection of stockpiles. Poorly maintained const. entrance. No erosion control efforts whatsoever!
7 Why Advanced Treatment is Needed 2 DESCRIPTION SETTLING TIME GRAVEL COARSE SAND FINE SAND 1 SEC. 9.8 SEC. 48 SEC. 67 SEC. 125 SEC. SILT CLAY COLLOIDAL PARTICLES 47.6 MIN. 107 MIN. 7.2 HRS HRS. 180 HRS. 754 DAYS 207 YEARS Before and After Filtration with Filter Aid
8 Why Advanced Treatment is Needed 3 Sediment particle Note: The diagram shows negative electrostatic charge; many soil particles exhibit a positive electrostatic charge. Sediment particle Sediment particle These small particles remain suspended in stormwater because of their repellent charges and small mass.
9 Overview of Various Treatment Technologies 1 Gravity Settling Natural Filtration (Infiltration and/or Bio-filtration) Mechanical Filtration (no chemicals employed) Active Stormwater Treatment - Chemical Coagulation & Flocculation Coagulation Using Sacrificial Electrodes (EC) Chemically Enhanced Filtration
10 DESCRIPTION GRAVEL COARSE SAND FINE SAND SILT CLAY COLLOIDAL PARTICLES Natural Settling SETTLING TIME 1 SEC. 9.8 SEC. 48 SEC. 67 SEC. 125 SEC MIN. 107 MIN. 7.2 HRS HRS. 180 HRS. 754 DAYS 207 YEARS Sometimes soil particles will settle out quickly enough to achieve satisfactory discharge quality. Frequently, however, they won t.
11 Gravity Settling Most often, however, they won t.
12 Natural Filtration (Infiltration and/or Bio-filtration)
13 Mechanical Filtration (no filter-aid chemicals) NTU 220 NTU Problems: 1. (Most) often it doesn t work. 2. Usually occludes filter in < 1 hour
14 Mechanical Filtration (no filter-aid chemicals) - 2 Analysis incapable of detecting < ~5 µ). Most suspended particles are smaller than effective filter retention capability (20 30 µ).
15 Advanced Treatment - Active Stormwater Treatment (Chemically-enhanced Treatment)
16 Remember: Sediment particle Note: The diagram shows negative electrostatic charge; many soil particles exhibit a positive electrostatic charge. Sediment particle Sediment particle These small particles remain suspended in stormwater because of their repellent charges and small mass.
17 Coagulation and Flocculation Often used interchangeably, but are, in fact, two distinct processes. Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by neutralizing the charges that keep them apart. As a result, the particles can collide to form larger particles (flocs). Flocculation is the action by which polymers facilitate the binding of floc particles into large clumps by providing adsorption sites onto which the particles can attach.
18 The Process of Coagulation and Flocculation a Good Thing Add Coagulant Neutralizes electrostatic charge Sediment particle Sediment particle Sediment particle Once suspended particles are flocculated into larger particles, they can usually be removed from the liquid by settling, floating, filtering, or centrifuging. Flocculation
19 Coagulation and Flocculation Demonstrated (Chitosan Acetate added to form flocculate) No Treatment At 30 Seconds At 60 Seconds At 30 Minutes
20 Over Dosing Too Much of a Good Thing Add More Coagulant Sediment particle Sediment particle Reverses electrostatic charge Sediment particle Flocculate cannot form
21 Active (Chemically-enhanced) Stormwater Treatment Types of Coagulants and Flocculants (anionic, cationic, or non-ionic) Organic Polymers e.g. chitosan, guars, modified starches Inorganic Polymers e.g. Polyaluminumhydroxychloride, alum, ferric chloride Polyacrylamides (PAM) Separation of Suspended Sediment from Treated Water Gravity Settling, or Filtering Centrifuging
22 Active Stormwater Treatment Methods Batch Treatment Ponds Tanks Flow-through Treatment Upstream Chemical Injection (Ponds or Tanks) Downstream Chemical Injection (Ponds or Tanks)
23 Stormwater Treatment in Washington City of Redmond mid-1990s pioneered the first methodical approach to temporary large-scale water treatment in the State. Resulted from the nexus of environmentally-conscious corporate developers (Microsoft), stringent environmental regulations, and two forward-looking (and independent thinking) regulators Guy Oliver (City of Redmond) and Ron Devitt (Ecology). NPDES and State Waste Discharge General Permit for Stormwater Discharges Associated with Construction Activities reissued in Nov August 1999 WA State Dept. of Ecology issues draft Best Management Practice for the implementation of construction chemical stormater treatment.
24 WA Turbidity Standards Turbidity Standards for Discharges to Surface Waters Vary with the Turbidity of Receiving Waters. Turbidity Shall not Exceed: 5 NTU over background turbidity when the background turbidity is 50 NTU or less. OR 10 percent higher than background when background turbidity is more than 50 NTU. Other, more stringent standards may be required.
25 Active Batch Treatment 1. Effective. 2. May require extended settling time. 3. Requires large footprint. 4. May require polishing filter at discharge.
26 Active Flow-through Treatment Dosing at Inlet 1. Effective and inexpensive. 2. Measure inlet flow and turbidity. 3. Liquid coagulant delivered in proportion to flow and turbidity. 4. Floc settles in pond. 5. Clean water decanted to discharge area.
27 Active Flow-through Treatment Dosing at Outlet 1. Effective and inexpensive. 2. Passive chemical delivery (e.g. Gel-Floc). 3. Coagulant delivered in proportional to flow. 4. Floc removed by bio-filtration.
28 Coagulation using Sacrificial Electrodes (EC) 1. Technology described this morning by Jim Mothersbaugh of Water Techtonics. 2. Effective, safe, flow-through treatment process. 3. Currently under review by WA Dept. of Ecology.
29 CHEMICAL ENHANCED SAND FILTRATION
30 CHEMICAL ENHANCED SAND FILTRATION THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE PROCESS AVAILABLE FOR LARGE- VOLUME, FLOW-THROUGH STORMWATER TREATMENT
31 BUTTERFLY VALVE CHEMICAL ENHANCED SAND FILTRATION PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FLOW THROUGH FILTER HOUSINGS IN PARALLEL PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR FAIL CLOSED OUT-FLOW TO DESIGNATED DISCHARGE POINT IN-FLOW FROM FEED PUMP NORMAL FLOW
32 BUTTERFLY VALVE CHEMICAL ENHANCED SAND FILTRATION PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM BACKWASH FLOW TO INLET SIDE COLLECTION POND FLOW THROUGH FILTER HOUSINGS IN PARALLEL PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR FAIL CLOSED IN-FLOW FROM FEED PUMP BACKWASH FLOW CYCLE 1 OUT-FLOW TO DESIGNATED DISCHARGE POINT
33
34 OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES OF ENHANCED FILTRATION WHEN PROPERLY OPERATED AND MAINTAINED: OPERATES OVER THE ph RANGE OF 6.5 TO 8.5 (ENTIRE RANGE FOR ALLOWABLE DISCHARGES) < 10 NTU 100% OF TIME WHEN INLET TURBIDITY < NTU < 10 NTU 100% OF TIME WITH PRE-TREATMENT OF INLET WATER WHEN INLET TURBIDITY > NTU
35 320 NTU < 10 NTU
36 A SIMILAR SYSTEM CAN BE ADAPTED FOR RECYCLING OF WHEEL-WASH WATER
37 Selecting a Treatment Approach Evaluate physical site conditions Evaluate capacity of site to handle rainfall and runoff Determine required system capacity Conduct bench-scale testing
38 Evaluate Site Conditions Area Topography Soil Characteristics Water Characteristics Surface Conditions & Vegetation Downstream Conditions Other Off-Site Conditions Chemical Use on Site
39 Evaluate Capacity of Site to Handle Rainfall and Runoff Historical rainfall volumes, durations, intensities Anticipated runoff generated from rainfall Maximum allowable rate(s) for discharging treated water Actual / potential temporary storage volume for runoff
40 Determine Required System Capacity (Runoff Volume Storage Volume) Design Storm Duration = Required System Capacity Required System Capacity < Allowable Discharge Rate Required System Capacity IF > Allowable Discharge Rate MUST INCREASE STORAGE VOLUME
41 Conduct Bench-scale Testing Evaluate filterability of water both before and after treatment. Try different coagulants and flocculants Try different dose rates Determine optimum product and dose
42 Managing and Treating Non-visible Pollutants Phosphorus Dissolved Metals Solvents Emulsified Hydrocarbons Any Material Stored on Site Other non-visible pollutants
43 Perform concrete work in advance of storms ph ph 14 Concentrated caustic soda Designate areas for tool and truck wash out ph 13 ph 12 ph 11 ph 10 Drain cleaner Concrete wash-out water Runoff from fresh concrete Runoff from fresh concrete Collect slurry and runoff Provide inlet protection ph 9 Baking soda in water ph 8.5 Highest ph for discharge ph 8.0 Nearly neutral ph 7.5 Nearly neutral ph 7 NEUTRAL ph 6.5 Lowest ph for discharge } This ph range will not harm fish. Cover sacks of concrete and admixtures ph 6 ph 5 ph 4 ph 3 Nearly neutral (Some) Rainwater Cola Lemon juice ph 2 Strong acid ph 1 Strong acid ph 0 Concentrated sulfuric acid
44 Manage ph CO 2 (solid, liquid, or gas) H 2 SO 4 NaHCO 3 NaOH
45 Temporary Treatment Ponds Heavy metals and semivolatile organics were mobilized during pile driving operations. Detained, treated, and released to sanitary sewer.
46 Hydrocarbon Filtration Carbon- Clay Polishing Media Oil/Water Separator TPH out 5 to 50 ppm (typical); Discharge to sanitary sewer.
47 Summary Why Advanced Treatment? Overview of Various Treatment Technologies Process Used for Selecting a Treatment Approach Managing and Treating Non-visible Pollutants
48 AT needed because suspended sediment particles will not settle naturally in a timely manner. AT use coagulants to cause suspended sediment to agglomerate and settle or be filtered out. No one treatment methodology is appropriate for all conditions. Selection should account for site characteristics, soil and water characteristics, physical constraints, and applicable discharge water-quality criteria.
49 Stormwater Treatment Technician s Dream Clearly defined requirements Uniformly enforced from jurisdiction to jurisdiction
50 Clear WaterCompliance Services, Inc. Regulatory Permitting (NPDES Applications) Stormwater Pollution Prevention Planning Stormwater Treatment System Design On-site Stormwater Management Regulatory Compliance Monitoring Full Service Stormwater and Process Water Management for Construction and Industrial Sites
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