Source control targeting measures for arable tillage in the Wensum Demonstration Test Catchment, Norfolk
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1 Source control targeting measures for arable tillage in the Wensum Demonstration Test Catchment, Norfolk Kevin Hiscock & Andrew Lovett School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia ( With thanks to Sam Carr and Lister Noble
2 Whole catchment audit for Wensum DTC mini-catchments A Example gatekeeper record: translate from this:... to this: Week period Total N (kg) Total P (kg) Total SO 3 (kg) Total K (kg) 03/09/10-09/09/ /10/10-29/10/ /02/11-17/02/ /02/11-25/02/ /03/11-17/03/
3 Selection of mitigation measures using Farmscoper FARMSCOPER*has been developed as a software tool to help evaluate different combinations of measures, such as those described in the Defra inventories * Inputs: farm type and records: Cropping Area (ha) Fertiliser applied N (kg/ha) P 2 O 5 (kg/ha) Winter wheat (feed) Winter oil seed rape Maize (game cover) Sugar beet Outputs:soil zone pollutant losses (nitrate, phosphorus, sediment, ammonia, nitrous oxide) and optimisation of combinations of measures in terms of pollutant load reduction and net cost
4 Analysis of nitrogen leaching losses in mini-catchment A Analysis period: December 2011 August 2012 (275 days) Mini-catchment area: 540 ha Fertiliser N input (from gatekeeper records): 95,526 kg (176.9 kg/ha/a) ( 81.0K) Farmscopermodelled soil zone N loss: 16,135 kg (39.7 kg/n/ha/a or ~16.9% of applied N) ( 13.7K) Mini-catchment surface water N flux (mean of five load estimation techniques using weekly grab sample data from mini-kiosk A): 6630 kg (16.3 kg/n/ha/a or ~6.9% of applied N) ( 5.6K)
5 Measure number Potential N load reduction and cost/saving of selected mitigation measures Measure Average N load reduction (%) Cost/saving per unit area ( /ha) 16 Allow field drainage systems to deteriorate Establish autumn cover crops Adopt reduced cultivation systems Use plants with improved N efficiency Use a fertiliser recommendation system Do not apply fertiliser to high risk areas Cultivate spring rather than autumn crops Leave over-winter stubbles
6 Optimisation of combinations of mitigation measures Combinationof measures by number Net cost ( ) 7, 20, 22-33,048 7, 20, 22, 25-30,348 4, 7, 20, 22-24,624 4, 7, 20, 22, 25-21,924 Measure 16 (Allow field drainage systems to deteriorate) omitted
7 Direct drilling methods (with no-till, strip till & cultivator drills) One-pass systems Strip-till drills either adopt discs or tines to till the land directly in front of where the seed is to be placed. Following the disc or tine is a coulter that drops the seed in and then the row is covered and consolidated by a press or roller Claydon Hybrid direct seed drill
8 45% of UK arable land is under a minimum tillage regime but with only a small percentage of farmers using no-till or direct drilling as their sole method of establishment (Source: Royal Agricultural Society of England study) Direct drilling: PROS Reduced establishment costs Up to 96% less soil erosion Lower machinery costs Less fuel use (up to ⅔) Improved soil structure Better water quality Improved environment for wildlife Direct-drilled winter wheat Direct drilling: CHALLENGES Change from conventional methods to no-till is culturally difficult Initial high investment in machinery is costly Heavier reliance on herbicides Initially, the occurrence of weeds, disease and pests is hard to predict Damp climate in the UK means compaction is a concern Trash management Slug pressure Soil moisture management (Source: HGCA Info Sheet 14, Spring 2012)
9 Target area for mitigation measures (Cultivation Block 3)
10 River Wensum, Hellesdon, 23 July 2012 Thank you for your attention!
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