Algebra I Vocabulary Cards
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1 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Table of Contents Expressions and Operations Natural Numbers Whole Numbers Integers Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Real Numbers Absolute Value Order of Operations Expression Variable Coefficient Term Scientific Notation Exponential Form Negative Exponent Zero Exponent Product of Powers Property Power of a Power Property Power of a Product Property Quotient of Powers Property Power of a Quotient Property Polynomial Degree of Polynomial Leading Coefficient Add Polynomials (group like terms) Add Polynomials (align like terms) Subtract Polynomials (group like terms) Subtract Polynomials (align like terms) Multiply Polynomials Multiply Binomials Multiply Binomials (model) Multiply Binomials (graphic organizer) Multiply Binomials (squaring a binomial) Multiply Binomials (sum and difference) Factors of a Monomial Factoring (greatest common factor) Factoring (perfect square trinomials) Factoring (difference of squares) Difference of Squares (model) Divide Polynomials (monomial divisor) Divide Polynomials (binomial divisor) Prime Polynomial Square Root Cube Root Product Property of Radicals Quotient Property of Radicals Zero Product Property Solutions or Roots Zeros x-intercepts Equations and Inequalities Coordinate Plane Linear Equation Linear Equation (standard form) Literal Equation Vertical Line Horizontal Line Quadratic Equation Quadratic Equation (solve by factoring) Quadratic Equation (solve by graphing) Quadratic Equation (number of solutions) Identity Property of Addition Inverse Property of Addition Commutative Property of Addition Associative Property of Addition Identity Property of Multiplication Inverse Property of Multiplication Commutative Property of Multiplication Associative Property of Multiplication Distributive Property Distributive Property (model) Multiplicative Property of Zero Substitution Property Reflexive Property of Equality Symmetric Property of Equality Transitive Property of Equality Inequality Graph of an Inequality Transitive Property for Inequality Addition/Subtraction Property of Inequality Multiplication Property of Inequality Division Property of Inequality Linear Equation (slope intercept form) Linear Equation (point-slope form) Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 1
2 Slope Slope Formula Slopes of Lines Perpendicular Lines Parallel Lines Mathematical Notation System of Linear Equations (graphing) System of Linear Equations (substitution) System of Linear Equations (elimination) System of Linear Equations (number of solutions) Graphing Linear Inequalities System of Linear Inequalities Dependent and Independent Variable Dependent and Independent Variable (application) Graph of a Quadratic Equation Quadratic Formula Relations and Functions Relations (examples) Functions (examples) Function (definition) Domain Range Function Notation Parent Functions Linear, Quadratic Transformations of Parent Functions Translation Reflection Dilation Linear Function (transformational graphing) Translation Dilation (m>0) Dilation/reflection (m<0) Quadratic Function (transformational graphing) Vertical translation Dilation (a>0) Dilation/reflection (a<0) Horizontal translation Direct Variation Inverse Variation Mean Absolute Deviation Variance Standard Deviation (definition) z-score (definition) z-score (graphic) Elements within One Standard Deviation of the Mean (graphic) Scatterplot Positive Correlation Negative Correlation No Correlation Curve of Best Fit (linear/quadratic) Outlier Data (graphic) Revisions: October 2014 removed Constant Correlation; removed negative sign on Linear Equation (slope intercept form) July 2015 Add Polynomials (removed exponent); Subtract Polynomials (added negative sign); Multiply Polynomials (graphic organizer)(16x and 13x); Z-Score (added z = 0) Statistics Statistics Notation Mean Median Mode Box-and-Whisker Plot Summation Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 2
3 Natural Numbers The set of numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 Real Numbers Rational Numbers Rational Numbers Integers Irrational Numbers Irrational Numbers Whole Numbers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers Natural Numbers Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 3
4 Whole Numbers The set of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Real Numbers Rational Numbers Rational Numbers Integers Irrational Numbers Irrational Numbers Whole Numbers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 4
5 Integers The set of numbers -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 Real Numbers Rational Numbers Rational Numbers Integers Irrational Numbers Irrational Numbers Whole Numbers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 5
6 Rational Numbers Real Numbers Rational Numbers Rational Numbers Integers Irrational Numbers Irrational Numbers Whole Numbers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers The set of all numbers that can be written as the ratio of two integers with a non-zero denominator 2 3 5, -5, 0.3, 16, 13 7 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 6
7 Irrational Numbers Real Numbers Rational Numbers Rational Numbers Integers Irrational Numbers Irrational Numbers Whole Numbers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers The set of all numbers that cannot be expressed as the ratio of integers 7,, Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 7
8 Real Numbers Rational Numbers Rational Numbers Integers Irrational Numbers Irrational Numbers Whole Numbers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers The set of all rational and irrational numbers Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 8
9 Absolute Value 5 = 5-5 = 5 5 units 5 units The distance between a number and zero Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 9
10 Order of Operations Grouping Symbols Exponents Multiplication Division Addition Subtraction ( ) { } [ ] absolute value fraction bar a n Left to Right Left to Right Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 10
11 3(y + 3.9) Expression x m Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 11
12 Variable 2(y + 3) 9 + x = 2.08 d = 7c - 5 A = r 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 12
13 Coefficient (-4) + 2x -7y ab 1 2 πr 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 13
14 Term 3x + 2y 8 3 terms -5x 2 x 2 terms 2 3 ab 1 term Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 14
15 Scientific Notation a x 10 n 1 a < 10 and n is an integer Examples: Standard Notation Scientific Notation 17,500, x , x x x 10-2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 15
16 Exponential Form exponent a n = a a a a, a 0 base factors Examples: = 2 3 = 8 n n n n = n x x = 3 3 x 2 = 27x 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 16
17 4-2 = = 1 16 Negative Exponent a -n = 1 a n, a 0 Examples: x 4 y x4 = -2 1 y 2 = x4 1 y 2 y2 y 2 = x4 y 2 (2 a) -2 = 1 (2 a) 2, a 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 17
18 Zero Exponent a 0 = 1, a 0 Examples: (-5) 0 = 1 (3x + 2) 0 = 1 (x 2 y -5 z 8 ) 0 = 1 4m 0 = 4 1 = 4 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 18
19 Product of Powers Property a m a n = a m + n Examples: x 4 x 2 = x 4+2 = x 6 a 3 a = a 3+1 = a 4 w 7 w -4 = w 7 + (-4) = w 3 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 19
20 Power of a Power Property (a m ) n = a m n Examples: (y 4 ) 2 = y 4 2 = y 8 (g 2 ) -3 = g 2 (-3) = g -6 = 1 g 6 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 20
21 Power of a Product Property (ab) m = a m b m Examples: (-3ab) 2 = (-3) 2 a 2 b 2 = 9a 2 b 2-1 (2x) 3 = x 3 = -1 8x 3 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 21
22 Quotient of Powers a m Property a n = am n, a 0 Examples: x 6 x 5 = x6 5 = x 1 = x y -3 y -5 = y-3 (-5) = y 2 a 4 a 4 = a4-4 = a 0 = 1 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 22
23 Power of Quotient Property Examples: ( a b )m = am b m, b 0 ( y 3 )4 = y4 3 4 ( 5 t )-3 = t 3 t -3 = 1 = t3 5 3 = t3 125 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 23
24 Polynomial Example Name Terms 7 monomial 1 term 6x 3t 1 12xy 3 + 5x 4 binomial 2 terms y 2x 2 + 3x 7 trinomial 3 terms Nonexample 5m n 8 n Reason variable exponent negative exponent Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 24
25 Degree of a Polynomial The largest exponent or the largest sum of exponents of a term within a polynomial Example: Term Degree 6a 3 + 3a 2 b a 3 3 3a 2 b Degree of polynomial: 5 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 25
26 Leading Coefficient The coefficient of the first term of a polynomial written in descending order of exponents Examples: 7a 3 2a 2 + 8a 1-3n 3 + 7n 2 4n t 1 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 26
27 Add Polynomials Combine like terms. Example: (2g 2 + 6g 4) + (g 2 g) = 2g 2 + 6g 4 + g 2 g (Group like terms and add.) = (2g 2 + g 2 ) + (6g g) 4 = 3g 2 + 5g 4 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 27
28 Add Polynomials Combine like terms. Example: (2g 3 + 6g 2 4) + (g 3 g 3) (Align like terms and add.) 2g 3 + 6g g 3 g 3 3g 3 + 6g 2 g 7 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 28
29 Example: Subtract Polynomials Add the inverse. (4x 2 + 5) (-2x 2 + 4x -7) (Add the inverse.) = (4x 2 + 5) + (2x 2 4x +7) = 4x x 2 4x + 7 (Group like terms and add.) = (4x 2 + 2x 2 ) 4x + (5 + 7) = 6x 2 4x + 12 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 29
30 Subtract Polynomials Add the inverse. Example: (4x 2 + 5) (-2x 2 + 4x -7) (Align like terms then add the inverse and add the like terms.) 4x x (-2x 2 + 4x 7) + 2x 2 4x + 7 6x 2 4x + 12 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 30
31 Multiply Polynomials Apply the distributive property. (a + b)(d + e + f) (a + b)( d + e + f ) = a(d + e + f) + b(d + e + f) = ad + ae + af + bd + be + bf Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 31
32 Multiply Binomials Apply the distributive property. (a + b)(c + d) = a(c + d) + b(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd Example: (x + 3)(x + 2) = x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2) = x 2 + 2x + 3x + 6 = x 2 + 5x + 6 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 32
33 Multiply Binomials Apply the distributive property. Example: (x + 3)(x + 2) x + 3 Key: x + 2 x 2 = x = 1 = x 2 + 2x + 3x + = x 2 + 5x + 6 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 33
34 Multiply Binomials Apply the distributive property. Example: (x + 8)(2x 3) = (x + 8)(2x + -3) x + 8 2x x 2-3x 16x -24 2x x + -3x = 2x x 24 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 34
35 Multiply Binomials: Squaring a Binomial Examples: (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 (a b) 2 = a 2 2ab + b 2 (3m + n) 2 = 9m 2 + 2(3m)(n) + n 2 = 9m 2 + 6mn + n 2 (y 5) 2 = y 2 2(5)(y) + 25 = y 2 10y + 25 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 35
36 Multiply Binomials: Sum and Difference (a + b)(a b) = a 2 b 2 Examples: (2b + 5)(2b 5) = 4b 2 25 (7 w)(7 + w) = w 7w w 2 = 49 w 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 36
37 Factors of a Monomial The number(s) and/or variable(s) that are multiplied together to form a monomial Examples: Factors Expanded Form 5b 2 5 b 2 5 b b 6x 2 y 6 x 2 y 2 3 x x y -5p 2 q p2 q (-5) p p q q q Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 37
38 Factoring: Greatest Common Factor Find the greatest common factor (GCF) of all terms of the polynomial and then apply the distributive property. Example: 20a 4 + 8a a a a a a common factors GCF = 2 2 a = 4a 20a 4 + 8a = 4a(5a 3 + 2) Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 38
39 Factoring: Perfect Square Trinomials a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = (a + b) 2 a 2 2ab + b 2 = (a b) 2 Examples: x 2 + 6x +9 = x x +3 2 = (x + 3) 2 4x 2 20x + 25 = (2x) 2 2 2x = (2x 5) 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 39
40 Factoring: Difference of Two Squares a 2 b 2 = (a + b)(a b) Examples: x 2 49 = x = (x + 7)(x 7) 4 n 2 = 2 2 n 2 = (2 n) (2 + n) 9x 2 25y 2 = (3x) 2 (5y) 2 = (3x + 5y)(3x 5y) Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 40
41 Difference of Squares a 2 b 2 = (a + b)(a b) a 2 b 2 a a a(a b) + b(a b) a b b (a + b)(a b) a + b a b a b b a b Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 41
42 Divide Polynomials Divide each term of the dividend by the monomial divisor Example: (12x 3 36x x) 4x = 12x3 36x x 4x = 12x3 4x 36x 2 4x = 3x 2 9x x 4x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 42
43 Divide Polynomials by Binomials Example: Factor and simplify (7w 2 + 3w 4) (w + 1) = 7w2 + 3w 4 w + 1 = (7w 4)(w + 1) w + 1 = 7w 4 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 43
44 Prime Polynomial Cannot be factored into a product of lesser degree polynomial factors Nonexample Example r 3t + 9 x y 2 4y + 3 Factors x 2 4 (x + 2)(x 2) 3x 2 3x + 6 3(x + 1)(x 2) x 3 x x 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 44
45 Square Root x 2 radical symbol radicand or argument Simply square root expressions. Examples: 9x 2 = 3 2 x 2 = (3x) 2 = 3x - (x 3) 2 = -(x 3) = -x + 3 Squaring a number and taking a square root are inverse operations. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 45
46 Cube Root index 3 x 3 radical symbol radicand or argument Simplify cube root expressions. Examples: = 4 3 = = (-3) 3 = -3 3 x 3 = x Cubing a number and taking a cube root are inverse operations. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 46
47 Product Property of Radicals The square root of a product equals the product of the square roots of the factors. ab = a b Examples: a 0 and b 0 4x = 4 x = 2 x 5a 3 = 5 a 3 = a 5a = = = 2 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 47
48 Quotient Property of Radicals The square root of a quotient equals the quotient of the square roots of the numerator and denominator. a b = a b Example: a 0 and b 0 5 y 2 = 5 y 2 = 5 y, y 0 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 48
49 Zero Product Property If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0. Example: (x + 3)(x 4) = 0 (x + 3) = 0 or (x 4) = 0 x = -3 or x = 4 The solutions are -3 and 4, also called roots of the equation. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 49
50 Solutions or Roots x 2 + 2x = 3 Solve using the zero product property. x 2 + 2x 3 = 0 (x + 3)(x 1) = 0 x + 3 = 0 or x 1 = 0 x = -3 or x = 1 The solutions or roots of the polynomial equation are -3 and 1. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 50
51 Zeros The zeros of a function f(x) are the values of x where the function is equal to zero. f(x) = x 2 + 2x 3 Find f(x) = 0. 0 = x 2 + 2x 3 0 = (x + 3)(x 1) x = -3 or x = 1 The zeros are -3 and 1 located at (-3,0) and (1,0). The zeros of a function are also the solutions or roots of the related equation. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 51
52 x-intercepts The x-intercepts of a graph are located where the graph crosses the x-axis and where f(x) = 0. f(x) = x 2 + 2x 3 0 = (x + 3)(x 1) 0 = x + 3 or 0 = x 1 x = -3 or x = 1 The zeros are -3 and 1. The x-intercepts are: -3 or (-3,0) 1 or (1,0) Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 52
53 Coordinate Plane Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 53
54 Linear Equation Ax + By = C (A, B and C are integers; A and B cannot both equal zero.) Example: 6 5 y -2x + y = x -8 The graph of the linear equation is a straight line and represents all solutions (x, y) of the equation. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 54
55 Linear Equation: Standard Form Ax + By = C (A, B, and C are integers; A and B cannot both equal zero.) Examples: 4x + 5y = -24 x 6y = 9 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 55
56 Literal Equation A formula or equation which consists primarily of variables Examples: ax + b = c A = 1 2 bh V = lwh F = 9 5 C + 32 A = πr 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 56
57 Vertical Line x = a (where a can be any real number) Example: x = -4 4 y x Vertical lines have an undefined slope. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 57
58 Horizontal Line y = c (where c can be any real number) Example: y = 6 7 y x -2 Horizontal lines have a slope of 0. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 58
59 Quadratic Equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 a 0 Example: x 2 6x + 8 = 0 Solve by factoring x 2 6x + 8 = 0 (x 2)(x 4) = 0 (x 2) = 0 or (x 4) = 0 x = 2 or x = 4 Solve by graphing Graph the related function f(x) = x 2 6x + 8. y x Solutions to the equation are 2 and 4; the x-coordinates where the curve crosses the x-axis. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 59
60 Quadratic Equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 a 0 Example solved by factoring: x 2 6x + 8 = 0 Quadratic equation (x 2)(x 4) = 0 Factor (x 2) = 0 or (x 4) = 0 Set factors equal to 0 x = 2 or x = 4 Solve for x Solutions to the equation are 2 and 4. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 60
61 Quadratic Equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 a 0 Example solved by graphing: x 2 6x + 8 = 0 Graph the related function f(x) = x 2 6x + 8. Solutions to the equation are the x-coordinates (2 and 4) of the points where the curve crosses the x-axis. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 61
62 Quadratic Equation: Number of Real Solutions ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 Examples Graphs Number of Real Solutions/Roots x 2 x = 3 2 x = 8x 1 distinct root with a multiplicity of two 2x 2 2x + 3 = 0 0 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 62
63 Identity Property of Addition a + 0 = 0 + a = a Examples: = 3.8 6x + 0 = 6x 0 + (-7 + r) = -7 + r Zero is the additive identity. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 63
64 Inverse Property of Addition a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Examples: 4 + (-4) = 0 0 = (-9.5) x + (-x) = 0 0 = 3y + (-3y) Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 64
65 Commutative Property of Addition a + b = b + a Examples: = x + 5 = 5 + x (a + 5) 7 = (5 + a) (b 4) = (b 4) + 11 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 65
66 Associative Property of Addition (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) Examples: ( ) = 5 + ( ) 3x + (2x + 6y) = (3x + 2x) + 6y Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 66
67 Identity Property of Multiplication a 1 = 1 a = a Examples: 3.8 (1) = 3.8 6x 1 = 6x 1(-7) = -7 One is the multiplicative identity. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 67
68 Inverse Property of Multiplication a 1 a = 1 a a = 1 a 0 Examples: = x x 5 = 1, x 0 (-3p) = 1p = p The multiplicative inverse of a is 1 a. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 68
69 Commutative Property of Multiplication ab = ba Examples: (-8)( 2 3 ) = (2 3 )(-8) y 9 = 9 y 4(2x 3) = 4(3 2x) 8 + 5x = 8 + x 5 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 69
70 Associative Property of Multiplication (ab)c = a(bc) Examples: (1 8) = 1 ( ) (3x)x = 3(x x) Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 70
71 Distributive Property a(b + c) = ab + ac Examples: 5 (y 1 3 ) = (5 y) (5 1 3 ) 2 x = 2(x + 5) 3.1a + (1)(a) = ( )a Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 71
72 Distributive Property 4(y + 2) = 4y + 4(2) 4 4(y + 2) y y + 4(2) y 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 72
73 Multiplicative Property of Zero a 0 = 0 or 0 a = 0 Examples: = 0 0 (-13y 4) = 0 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 73
74 Substitution Property If a = b, then b can replace a in a given equation or inequality. Examples: Given Given Substitution r = 9 3r = 27 3(9) = 27 b = 5a 24 < b < 5a + 8 y = 2x + 1 2y = 3x 2 2(2x + 1) = 3x 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 74
75 Reflexive Property of Equality a = a a is any real number Examples: -4 = = 3.4 9y = 9y Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 75
76 Symmetric Property of Equality If a = b, then b = a. Examples: If 12 = r, then r = 12. If -14 = z + 9, then z + 9 = -14. If y = x, then x = y. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 76
77 Transitive Property of Equality If a = b and b = c, then a = c. Examples: If 4x = 2y and 2y = 16, then 4x = 16. If x = y 1 and y 1 = -3, then x = -3. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 77
78 Inequality An algebraic sentence comparing two quantities Symbol Meaning < less than less than or equal to greater than greater than or equal to not equal to Examples: > 3t + 2 x 5y -12 r 3 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 78
79 Graph of an Inequality Symbol Examples Graph < or x < 3 or -3 y t -2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 79
80 Transitive Property of Inequality If a b and b c a b and b c Then a c a c Examples: If 4x 2y and 2y 16, then 4x 16. If x y 1 and y 1 3, then x 3. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 80
81 Addition/Subtraction Property of Inequality If a > b a b a < b a b Then a + c > b + c a + c b + c a + c < b + c a + c b + c Example: d d d -6.8 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 81
82 Multiplication Property of Inequality If Case Then a < b c > 0, positive ac < bc a > b c > 0, positive ac > bc a < b c < 0, negative ac > bc a > b c < 0, negative ac < bc Example: if c = -2 5 > -3 5(-2) < -3(-2) -10 < 6 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 82
83 Division Property of Inequality If Case Then a < b a > b a < b a > b c > 0, positive c > 0, positive c < 0, negative c < 0, negative Example: if c = t t t a c < b c a c > b c a c > b c a c < b c Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 83
84 Linear Equation: Slope-Intercept Form y = mx + b (slope is m and y-intercept is b) Example: y = -4 3 x + 5 (0,5) m = b = 5 3 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 84
85 Linear Equation: Point-Slope Form y y 1 = m(x x 1 ) where m is the slope and (x 1,y 1 ) is the point Example: Write an equation for the line that passes through the point (-4,1) and has a slope of 2. y 1 = 2(x -4) y 1 = 2(x + 4) y = 2x + 9 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 85
86 Slope A number that represents the rate of change in y for a unit change in x 3 2 Slope = 2 3 The slope indicates the steepness of a line. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 86
87 Slope Formula The ratio of vertical change to horizontal change y x 2 x 1 B (x 2, y 2 ) y 2 y 1 A (x 1, y 1 ) x slope = m = Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 87
88 Slopes of Lines Line p has a positive slope. Line n has a negative slope. Vertical line s has an undefined slope. Horizontal line t has a zero slope. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 88
89 Perpendicular Lines Lines that intersect to form a right angle Perpendicular lines (not parallel to either of the axes) have slopes whose product is -1. Example: The slope of line n = -2. The slope of line p = = -1, therefore, n is perpendicular to p. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 89
90 Parallel Lines Lines in the same plane that do not intersect are parallel. Parallel lines have the same slopes. y b a x Example: The slope of line a = -2. The slope of line b = = -2, therefore, a is parallel to b. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 90
91 Mathematical Notation Set Builder Notation {x 0 < x 3} {y: y -5} Read The set of all x such that x is greater than or equal to 0 and x is less than 3. The set of all y such that y is greater than or equal to -5. Other Notation 0 < x 3 (0, 3] y -5 [-5, ) Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 91
92 System of Linear Equations Solve by graphing: -x + 2y = 3 2x + y = 4 The solution, (1, 2), is the only ordered pair that satisfies both equations (the point of intersection). Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 92
93 System of Linear Equations Solve by substitution: x + 4y = 17 y = x 2 Substitute x 2 for y in the first equation. x + 4(x 2) = 17 x = 5 Now substitute 5 for x in the second equation. y = 5 2 y = 3 The solution to the linear system is (5, 3), the ordered pair that satisfies both equations. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 93
94 System of Linear Equations Solve by elimination: -5x 6y = 8 5x + 2y = 4 Add or subtract the equations to eliminate one variable. -5x 6y = 8 + 5x + 2y = 4-4y = 12 y = -3 Now substitute -3 for y in either original equation to find the value of x, the eliminated variable. -5x 6(-3) = 8 x = 2 The solution to the linear system is (2,-3), the ordered pair that satisfies both equations. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 94
95 System of Linear Equations Identifying the Number of Solutions Number of Solutions Slopes and y-intercepts Graph y One solution Different slopes x No solution Same slope and different y- intercepts y x Infinitely many solutions Same slope and same y- intercepts y x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 95
96 Graphing Linear Inequalities Example Graph y y x + 2 x y y > -x 1 x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 96
97 System of Linear Inequalities Solve by graphing: y x 3 The solution region contains all ordered pairs that are solutions to both inequalities in the system. y -2x + 3 y x (-1,1) is one solution to the system located in the solution region. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 97
98 Dependent and Independent Variable x, independent variable (input values or domain set) Example: y = 2x + 7 y, dependent variable (output values or range set) Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 98
99 Dependent and Independent Variable Determine the distance a car will travel going 55 mph. d = 55h independent h d dependent Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 99
100 Graph of a Quadratic Example: y = x 2 + 2x 3 Equation y = ax 2 + bx + c a 0 line of symmetry vertex The graph of the quadratic equation is a curve (parabola) with one line of symmetry and one vertex y x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 100
101 Quadratic Formula Used to find the solutions to any quadratic equation of the form, y = ax 2 + bx + c x = -b ± b 2-4ac 2a Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 101
102 Relations Representations of relationships x y Example 1 {(0,4), (0,3), (0,2), (0,1)} Example 3 Example 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 102
103 Functions Representations of functions x y Example 1 Example 2 y {(-3,4), (0,3), (1,2), (4,6)} Example 3 x Example 4 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 103
104 Function A relationship between two quantities in which every input corresponds to exactly one output x A relation is a function if and only if each element in the domain is paired with a unique element of the range y Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 104
105 Domain A set of input values of a relation Examples: input output x g(x) The domain of g(x) is {-2, -1, 0, 1} f(x) y The domain of f(x) is all real numbers. x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 105
106 Range A set of output values of a relation Examples: input output x g(x) The range of g(x) is {0, 1, 2, 3} f(x) y The range of f(x) is all real numbers greater than or equal to zero. x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 106
107 Function Notation f(x) f(x) is read the value of f at x or f of x Example: f(x) = -3x + 5, find f(2). f(2) = -3(2) + 5 f(2) = -6 Letters other than f can be used to name functions, e.g., g(x) and h(x) Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 107
108 Parent Functions Linear y f(x) = x x Quadratic f(x) = x y y x -2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 108
109 Translations Transformations of Parent Functions Parent functions can be transformed to create other members in a family of graphs. g(x) = f(x) + k is the graph of f(x) translated vertically k units up when k > 0. k units down when k < 0. g(x) = f(x h) is the graph of f(x) translated horizontally h units right when h > 0. h units left when h < 0. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 109
110 Reflections Transformations of Parent Functions Parent functions can be transformed to create other members in a family of graphs. g(x) = -f(x) is the graph of f(x) reflected over the x-axis. g(x) = f(-x) is the graph of f(x) reflected over the y-axis. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 110
111 Dilations Transformations of Parent Functions Parent functions can be transformed to create other members in a family of graphs. g(x) = a f(x) is the graph of f(x) vertical dilation (stretch) if a > 1. vertical dilation (compression) if 0 < a < 1. g(x) = f(ax) is the graph of f(x) horizontal dilation (compression) if a > 1. horizontal dilation (stretch) if 0 < a < 1. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 111
112 Transformational Graphing Linear functions g(x) = x + b Examples: f(x) = x t(x) = x + 4 h(x) = x y x -6 Vertical translation of the parent function, f(x) = x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 112
113 Transformational Graphing Linear functions g(x) = mx m>0 6 y Examples: f(x) = x t(x) = 2x h(x) = 1 2 x x Vertical dilation (stretch or compression) of the parent function, f(x) = x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 113
114 Transformational Graphing Linear functions g(x) = mx m < 0 y Examples: f(x) = x t(x) = -x h(x) = -3x x d(x) = x Vertical dilation (stretch or compression) with a reflection of f(x) = x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 114
115 Transformational Graphing Quadratic functions h(x) = x 2 + c y Examples: f(x) = x 2 g(x) = x t(x) = x Vertical translation of f(x) = x x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 115
116 Transformational Graphing Quadratic functions h(x) = ax 2 a > 0 9 y Examples: f(x) = x 2 g(x) = 2x 2 t(x) = 1 3 x Vertical dilation (stretch or compression) of f(x) = x 2 x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 116
117 Transformational Graphing Quadratic functions h(x) = ax 2 Examples: f(x) = x 2 g(x) = -2x 2 t(x) = x2 a < 0-9 Vertical dilation (stretch or compression) with a reflection of f(x) = x y x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 117
118 Transformational Graphing Quadratic functions h(x) = (x + c) 2 Examples: f(x) = x 2 g(x) = (x + 2) 2 t(x) = (x 3) y x Horizontal translation of f(x) = x 2 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 118
119 Direct Variation y = kx or k = y x constant of variation, k 0 Example: y = 3x or 3 = y x y The graph of all points describing a direct variation is a line passing through the origin x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 119
120 Inverse Variation y = k x or k = xy constant of variation, k 0 Example: y = 3 x or xy = y The graph of all points describing an inverse variation relationship are 2 curves that are reflections of each other x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 120
121 Statistics Notation x i μ σ 2 σ n i th element in a data set mean of the data set variance of the data set standard deviation of the data set number of elements in the data set Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 121
122 Mean A measure of central tendency Example: Find the mean of the given data set. Data set: 0, 2, 3, 7, 8 4 Balance Point Numerical Average Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 122
123 Median A measure of central tendency Examples: Find the median of the given data sets. Data set: 6, 7, 8, 9, 9 The median is 8. Data set: 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12 The median is 8.5. Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 123
124 Mode A measure of central tendency Examples: Data Sets Mode 3, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 10, 11, , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 none 5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, , 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9, 11, 12 1, 7 bimodal Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 124
125 Box-and-Whisker Plot A graphical representation of the five-number summary Interquartile Range (IQR) Lower Extreme Lower Quartile (Q 1 ) Median Upper Quartile (Q 3 ) Upper Extreme Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 125
126 Summation stopping point upper limit summation sign typical element index of summation starting point lower limit This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x 1 and ending at x n. = x 1 + x 2 + x x n Example: Given the data set {3, 4, 5, 5, 10, 17} 6 x i = = 44 i=1 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 126
127 Mean Absolute Deviation A measure of the spread of a data set Mean Absolute Deviation = n i 1 x i n The mean of the sum of the absolute value of the differences between each element and the mean of the data set Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 127
128 Variance A measure of the spread of a data set The mean of the squares of the differences between each element and the mean of the data set Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 128
129 Standard Deviation A measure of the spread of a data set The square root of the mean of the squares of the differences between each element and the mean of the data set or the square root of the variance Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 129
130 z-score The number of standard deviations an element is away from the mean where x is an element of the data set, μ is the mean of the data set, and σ is the standard deviation of the data set. Example: Data set A has a mean of 83 and a standard deviation of What is the z-score for the element 91 in data set A? z = = Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 130
131 z-score The number of standard deviations an element is from the mean z = -3 z = -2 z = -1 z = 0 z = 1 z = 2 z = 3 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 131
132 Elements within One Standard Deviation (σ)of the Mean (µ) Mean z = 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X μ σ z = 1 Elements within one standard deviation of the mean μ + σ z = 1 μ = 12 σ = 3.49 Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 132
133 Scatterplot Graphical representation of the relationship between two numerical sets of data y x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 133
134 Positive Correlation In general, a relationship where the dependent (y) values increase as independent values (x) increase y x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 134
135 Negative Correlation In general, a relationship where the dependent (y) values decrease as independent (x) values increase. y x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 135
136 No Correlation No relationship between the dependent (y) values and independent (x) values. y x Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 136
137 Curve of Best Fit Calories and Fat Content Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 137
138 Frequency Wingspan (in.) Outlier Data Wingspan vs. Height Outlier Height (in.) Gas Mileage for Gasoline-fueled Cars Outlier Miles per Gallon Virginia Department of Education, 2014 Algebra I Vocabulary Cards Page 138
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