Critical section problem (repetition)
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1 C&UNIX Critical section problem (repetition) 1 Critical section problem (repetition) repeat entry section critical section exit section remainder section until false; Två processer: P 0, P 1 ej samtidigt i kritiska sektionen
2 C&UNIX Critical section problem (repetition) 2 Lösning var flag: array[0..1] of boolean turn : 0..1 repeat flag[i] := true; turn := j while(flag[j] and turn = j) do no-op ; critical section flag[i] := false; remainder section until f alse; P i egen flagga ej krav atomärt uppfyller Ömsesidigt exklusift Progressivt Begränsad generaliseras till n processer
3 C&UNIX Semaforer (repetition) 3 Semaforer (repetition) olika processer har tillgång till samma semafor S S : heltal # 0: upptaget # 1: ledig uteslutande genom: P: wait(s) V: signal(s) atomära operationer
4 C&UNIX Semaforer (repetition) 4 Klassiska definitioner wait(s) : while S 0 do no-op; S := S 1; signal(s) : S := S + 1 initiellt S = 1 exekveras atomärt löser många synchroniserings problem
5 C&UNIX System V interprocess kommmunikationsmekanismer 5 System V interprocess kommmunikationsmekanismer message queues semaphores shared memory Olika processer gemensam nyckel heltal key_t ftok ( char *pathname, char proj ); /usr/include/sys/types.h /usr/include/bits/types.h man 5 ipc
6 C&UNIX Sys V IPC semaforer 6 Skapa, få tillgång till, semafor: Sys V IPC semaforer #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/sem.h> int semget ( key t key, int nsems, int semflg ); key: nsems: semflg: returvärde: nyckel för tillgång till semafor storlek på semaforarray skapa eller ej, läs-skriv rättigheter semafor ID semid, -1 vid mislyckande
7 C&UNIX Sys V IPC semaforer 7 argument semget(..) key: nsems: semflg: gemensam i olika processer > 0 vid skapande, tillgång == 0 tillgång existerande semafor sätts bit för bit m.h.a. operatorn, se /usr/include/linux/ipc.h #define IPC CREAT rättigheter som vid filaccess
8 C&UNIX Sys V IPC semaforer 8 kontroll av semaforer int semctl (int semid, int semnum, int cmd, union semun arg); Ändrar rättigheter, värde, e.d. semid: semnum: cmd: arg: returneras av semget(..) index i semaforarray kontroll flagga optional
9 C&UNIX Sys V IPC semaforer 9 union semun argumentet till semctl(.. ) ej obligatoriskt ska deklareras av användaren union semun { int val; / value for SETVAL / struct semid ds buf; / buffer for IPC STAT, IPC SET / unsigned short int array;/ array for GETALL, SETALL / struct seminfo buf; / buffer for IPC INFO / };
10 C&UNIX Sys V IPC semaforer 10 cmd argument till semctl(.. ) SETVAL sätter semaforens värde GETVAL returnerar semaforens värde GETPID returnerar pid senaste process SETALL använder arg.array för sätta värden GETALL använder arg.array för returnera värden IPC RMID ta bort semafor
11 C&UNIX Sys V IPC semaforer 11 operationer på semaforer int semop ( int semid, struct sembuf sops, unsigned nsops); semid: sembuf: nsops returneras av semget(..) array med operationer antal operationer struct sembuf /* definierad i sys/sem.h */ { unsigned short int sem_num; /* semaphore number */ short int sem_op; /* semaphore operation */ short int sem_flg; /* operation flag */ };
12 C&UNIX Sys V IPC semaforer 12 operationer på semaforer forts. S[nsops] array med semaforer sem op > 0 inkrementerar S[sem num] sem op == 0 vänta till S[sem num == 0 sem op < 0 dekrementerar S[sem num] blockerar om resultatet < 0 misslyckas om IPC NOWAIT satt sem flg = IPC NOWAIT väntar ej sem flg = SEM UNDO undo på exit
13 C&UNIX Sys V IPC semaforer 13 mer info: man 2 ipc man 5 ipc /* om Sys V IPC */ man semget /* individuella funktioner */ man ipcs /* vilka allockerade resurser har jag */ man ipcrm /* tar bort resurser */ ipcrm [ shm msg sem ] id
14 C&UNIX Sys V Message queues 14 skapa message queue Sys V Message queues int msgget ( key t key, int msgflg ) ; int msgctl ( int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid ds buf ); #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/msg.h> key = ftok( /home/jag, 1); msqid = msgget(key, IPC CREAT 0666) ;
15 C&UNIX Sys V Message queues 15 #define MSGLENGTH 128 skicka meddelande struct msgbuf{ / exempel def. i <sys/msg.h> / }; long mtype; / message type, must be > 0 / char mtext[msglength]; / message contents / int msgsnd(int msqid, struct msgbuf msgp, size t msgsz, int msgflg); returvärden: 0, 1
16 C&UNIX Sys V Message queues 16 läsa meddelande ssize t msgrcv ( int msqid, struct msgbuf msgp, size t msgsz, long msgtyp, int msgflg ); ssize t: returvärde: msqid: msgp: msgsz: msgtyp: msgflg: int, byte count, error, bits/types.h 1, antal bytes kopierat från msgget pekare till struct msgbuf maximala storlek mtext (bytes) typ flaggor
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