The Promise of Green Building in China
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1 James Connelly LEED ap Fulbright Research Fellow Tsinghua University Dept. of Building Science The Promise of Green Building in China The growth of building energy consumption and the potential of green building rating systems. Shanghai Green Energy Research Center
2 Outline China Building Energy Current Situation Factors Behind Building Energy Growth Green Building Rating Systems LEED 3-Star Conclusion
3 Current Situation Current Situation Building energy consumption per unit floor area : kgce/(m 2.a) , 81, 24 China urban, 204 JP, 245, 143, 453, 37, 27, 132 UK, 227, 155, : kgce/(ca.a) UK USA Canada Building energy consumption per capita Source: Tsinghua University Building Energy Annual Report 2010
4 Building Energy Growth As countries develop building energy usage intensity increases China Is at the same level as Japan in the 1960, US in the 1950 s. Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi
5 Why do developed countries buildings consume so much energy? Chinese building on average have: Less stringent building codes Less insulation, leakier windows and doors Less advanced heating and cooling systems Yet, they still only consume less than half of the energy of American buildings! Why? The answer lies in two interrelated factors: Lifestyle and Culture System Design and Operation
6 Culture and Lifestyle Chinese buildings have: Less appliances, particularly clothes dryers Less penetration of hot water Greater range of acceptable indoor temperature Example my office in Beijing, Jiuzhaigou in the Winter Utility bills are a greater proportion of income => Culture of energy and water savings
7 System Design and Operation China: Part-time Part-Space Part-Time Lighting Small Volumes Operable Windows Decentralized Systems Individual Control Split Unit Air Conditioners Point Source Heating US: Full-Time Full- Space Full-Time Lighting Large Volumes Sealed Buildings Centralized Systems Centralized Control Centralized HVAC VAV Systems Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi, 2011
8 Case study: space heating in China Heating in North V South China Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi, 2011
9 Source: Comparative analysis of energy use in China Building Sector: current status, existing problems and solutions, Energy Power and Engineering China, Shengyuan Zhang, Xiu Yan, Yi Jiang, Qingpeng Wei, 2010 North V South China South: Individual units relatively inefficient, yet Part-Time Part-Space Intermittent Operation Fee By Sq Meter Lower indoor temp (14-16C) Heat Energy: 5-10 Kwh/m2 Much Less than developed Countries w/ similar climate (40-60 kwh/m2) North: District Heating relatively efficient, yet Full-Time Full-Space 24 hour Operation Fee by usage Higher indoor temp (20C) Heat Energy: 90 Kwh/m2 Similar to developed Countries w/ similar climates
10 Split Unit AC saves energy Unit itself is relatively inefficient, but Unit can controlled individually (decentralized) When is comfortable, or unoccupied, unit is shut off (intermittent operation) Occupants actively control system to minimize energy consumption
11 Centralized HVAC VAV systems waste energy Re-heat costs through the most cooling reheating & energy AHU, typical state in October!!" #$!# #%!& '(()*+,"'(*) -.-"/(0"1* Cold air is provided at low set temp to each room Fresh air must be provide to meet min req. (US 15cfm) If the room is too cold => reheated at the terminal Upenn Case Study: 50-70% of energy is used to Reheat Reheating not technically allowed under Chinese codes Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Xia Jianjun, 2011
12 Split Unit V Centralized AC AC energy for residential units in Beijing Average of AC energy during summer for each building: kwh/m 2.a kwh/m 2.a A split unit B split unit D V R V E Centralized AC C split unit Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jiang Yi, 2011
13 Lifestyle and System Design are Interrelated System design effects occupants ability to actively reduce energy consumption. You can t open the windows in a sealed office building. You can t turn on the AC in only one room when you have a centralized system. You can t save energy by turning up the thermostat when your HVAC VAV terminal just reheats the air. As countries develop => adopt developed country standard heating and cooling technology => lifestyle changes and energy usage intensity increases Slowing and preventing this transition is critical to reducing building energy consumption in China
14 China s 2 Modes of Development Modern Western style office towers in central business districts Standard concrete housing and office blocks surrounding and in the suburbs
15 Profile of Energy Consumption Low Energy cluster around Kw/m2 High Energy cluster around Kw/m2 Source: Tsinghua University Lectures, Professor Jianjun Xia, 2011
16 Are Green Building Rating Systems (GBRS) the answer? 2011 China Green Building Action Plan proposed a 75 RMB subsidy per sq. meter to developers seeking to achieve 3-Star. Source: USGBC project Directory, MOHURD (does not included 3-Star data for November & December 2011)
17 Similarities: LEED and 3 Star Both checklist rating systems Break green building into categories: Land Saving, Energy Saving, Water Saving, Material Saving, Indoor Environment 3- Star has one additional category, Operation Pre-requisites (or Control items) in each category Different levels of achievement (1,2,3 star) Comparison to a theoretical baseline design
18 New Building Institute, Energy Performance of LEED for New Construction Buildings, March 4, 2008, Tsinghua University Building Energy Annual Report 2010 LEED uses a developed country baseline China Large Public Building Average: 36 Source:
19 LEED Uses Energy Models for Certification Current Energy Models are not an accurate predictor of building energy consumption. New Building Institute, Energy Performance of LEED for New Construction Buildings, March 4, 2008
20 Is 3-Star Better? Chinese standards and codes Pre-certification, 1 year post occupancy evaluation, 3 Year follow up More pre-requisites, minimum achievement in each category Focus on on simpler and cheaper solutions, less on advanced technology
21 3-Star Performance Project Name Building Area (m2) Energy Consumption (kwh/m2a) Energy Consumption (kbtu/ft2a) Energy Savings (%) Rating Shandong Transportation College Library Shanghai Building Technology Institute Green Engineering Research Center Shanghai Expo Center Shanghai Power Plant and Chimney Renovation (City Hall) Shangai Eco-Home World Expo Best Practices Area US CBEC Survey: On Average US Commercial Buildings Consumed 91 (kbtu/ft2a) or 287 (KWh/m2a) Ministry of Housing and Urban Development Green Label Management Office
22 Different But Complementary Philosophies LEED is an industry run organization => greater focus on market transformation 3-Star is run by government and universities => greater focus on energy policy goals
23 Different Market Segments LEED: Class A Office, Luxury Residential 3-star: Government, Public, High-End Residential Raffles City Chengdu LEED CS Vanke Gardens Shenzhen
24 Conclusions GBRS must consider a country s state of development and energy baseline. Attention must be paid to the relationship between system design, lifestyle, and consumption. LEED and 3-star are complementary. Green building represents an enormous market opportunity.
25 Xizhuang Integrated Building Shanghai Thank You James Connelly ChinaBuildsGreen.com EcoCityNotes.com
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Differentiating Energy Modeling Software! What works, what doesn t, and when it matters! A Boulder Green Building Guild brownbag presentation by! Adam Stenftenagel! Principal! Sustainably Built! Heat Movement