Is China Actually Helping Improve Debt Sustainability in Africa?
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1 Is China Actually Helping Improve Debt Sustainability in Africa? Helmut Reisen OECD Development Centre Emerging Powers in Global Governance: New Challenges and Policy Options P a r i s 6 J u l y
2 2 THE Big New Donor: China China has become the largest nondac donor, with big presence in Africa Old donors are watching with suspicion: China freerides on HIPC and MDRI China s lending may impair debt sustainability in lowincome countries China intensifies corruption
3 3 China s Foreign Aid Expenditure Increases Source: Qi Guoqian (2007) Notes: Aid figures cover aid in the forms of grant, interestfree loan, preferential loan, cooperative and joint venture fund, on a bilateral basis. They do not include debt relief, unlike DAC donors reported ODA.
4 4 Focus of China s Africa Engagement Infrastructure for resources extraction, telecom and transport: 28% are currently in the energy sector, 19% in telecom, and 13% in transport. Angola Mode: Chinese government mandates a Chinese Construction company (subsidized export credit); borrowing government provides equity stake in local (oil) company or production license. Angola, Nigeria, Sudan
5 5 Grant Element of a Typical China ExIm Bank Export Buyer Credit July 2007 A simplified grantelement formula Discount rate = 10% (DAC norm) => Grant element = 22% ODA from 25% upward China aid =Interest subsidy 2.5%2.0% DAC Grant Equivalent Concessional Export Buyer Credit 2% annual interest rate 0 grace period 15 year maturity ODA Grant Equivalent Cash inflow at start = 1000 Constant annuities = Net present value at 10% discount rate = => Grant element = = 408.1
6 6 China and Africa s Debt Tolerance Debt Distress Thresholds and their Parameters Debt Burden Thresholds CPIA Score Net present value of debt, % of Exports GNP Public Revenues Weak Medium Strong Debt Distress Thresholds, Secondary Market Prices, and Debt/exports,% Secondary market prices No crisis crisis severe crisis Under the DSF Debt Service, % of Exports Public Revenues Debt Crisis Probabilities Debt/exports,% Crisis Probability,% Sources: Cohen (2000); Kraay and Nehru (2006).
7 7 China and Africa s Debt Tolerance The freeriding concern is misplaced: The majority of the projects that receive Chinese financing are in non HIPC resourcerich countries. To be sure, debt vulnerability is still a concern in African raw material exporters, in view of their low governance scores and their exposure to real external shocks, such as a major drop in oil prices. Crucial: How is China impacting on the parameters D, Y, X of debt sustainability? And on governance?
8 8 A Tale of Two: Angola & Sudan Debt Distress Indicators, 2000 vs. latest (2005/06) in percentage terms 2000 Angola Latest 2000 Sudan Latest Debt/Exports Debt/GNP Debt Service/Exports Annual external debt, growth p.a Despite no benefits from debt relief, they show big improvements in their debt indicators. Angola now below debt distress thresholds.
9 9 China and Africa s Debt Tolerance China s Contribution to Income and Export Growth Exports GNP China Share in exports % 'China effect' % p.a. % p.a. % Exports GNP Angola Sudan Source: 2006 GDF, COMTRADE; own calculations China has a positive impact on debt tolerance through stimulating exports and GNP while recorded gross external debt in both Angola and Sudan has grown in the present decade at a pace slower than a rate that would imply future debt difficulties.
10 10 China s Presence Seems not to Have Fostered Corruption Transparency International CPI Scores in Africa Country Score 2002 Score 2004 Score 2006 CPI Change Fitch Foreign Currency Ratings HIPC Status Angola Cameroon B Completion Congo, Rep Decision Gabon Mozambique B Completion Nigeria BB Senegal Completion South Africa BBB+ Sudan Eligible Tanzania Completion Zambia Completion Zimbabwe Source:
11 11 ExchangeRate Risks Renminbi trend appreciation inflationadjusted terms, due to the BalassaSamuelson effect. No way to hedge against longterm real appreciation of the Renminbi. Optimal debt portfolio: maximum correlation with the changes in the terms of trade. For oil exporters, this calls for US dollar debt exposure.
12 12 Outlook The rating industry perceives African debt as more sustainable than in the past. Drop in the ratio of nonperforming loans (NPL) held by China s ExIm Bank. Rapid and intense investment in African infrastructure, but sour grapes. Competition is doing more to promote African development than any highflying donor cartel governance rhetoric.
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