Sub-Saharan Africa return of the Debt Crisis: Debt Financed Development
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1 Sub-Saharan Africa return of the Debt Crisis: Debt Financed Development A case of Zambia By Geoffrey Chongo Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection 8 th October 2015
2 Outline Background Current debt situation in Zambia Use of new loans Debt Sustainability challenges Possible solutions to unsustainable debt
3 Background US$7.1 billion debt (Debt to GDP ratio of over 100%) 2006 debt cancellation under HIPC and MDR Initiatives Outstanding debt of US$0.9 billion
4 Background Debt relief and fiscal space: Abolishment of user fees: increase of primary enrollments 100,000 HIV patients on free ARV s ,6 5 Real GDP Growth Rate 7,6 6,3 5, ,6 7,3 6 Positive economic growth leading to the lower middle income status
5 The current debt development and debt dynamics in/of Zambia Public Debt billion$ Share of GDP External Debt % Internal Debt % Total Debt % Source: 2015 Mid-year economic and budget review statement; Minister of Finance
6 Debt Stock and Debt Composition
7 DEBT STOCK IN BILLION $ 7 External Debt Trend ,5 3,6 4, ,9 1,1 1,2 1,5 1,8 1, YEAR
8 How did we get here? Increased domestic spending (expansionary fiscal policy) Budget size doubled in 4 years (ZMW 21 billion ZMW47 billion) Tax revenue collection hardly increased (below 20% of GDP) Tax relief Increased public workers salaries Increased borrowing both internal and external The argument for current borrowing is that it is needed for infrastructure investment which is critical for accelerating growth and development.
9 How did we get here? Increased domestic spending coupled with decline in copper prices has seen surges in external borrowing The country s debt rating has been downgraded The country s local currency has depreciated against major currencies Increase in budget deficit The argument for current borrowing is that it is needed for infrastructure investment which is critical for accelerating growth and development.
10 Why/for what has Zambia taken up new loans after debt relief? Were the loans well-invested? Infrastructure development: Roads Railways lines Electricity expansion Health infrastructure development Education infrastructure Increase in public wages Subsidies Fuel Maize meal
11 Why/for what has Zambia taken up new loans after debt relief? Were the loans well-invested? Roads infrastructure development Link Zambia ,400 kilometers under construction Link Zambia 400 township roads
12 Roads Universities/ Schools Medical equipment Railway lines Bridges Electricity Generation
13 What are current debt sustainability challenges? Current debt levels are said to be sustainable below the 40% threshold The rate of accumulation of debt is however worrying US$4 billion in four years Government has increased the borrowing ceiling from US$3 billion to about $6billion Copper prices are declining Depreciation of the local currency
14 Copper prices
15 Kwacha against the Dollar
16 What are current debt sustainability challenges? The country s debt rating has been downgraded Sharp increase in budget deficit Electricity supply shortages adversely affecting productivity There are questions on how well money borrowed has been invested
17 Possible solution to debt accumulation What should the Government do? It is clear that the government cannot suddenly stop borrowing. The objective, instead, should be to borrow less, and also cutting down on the use of borrowed funds for government consumption. Enhance domestic resource mobilization Diversify the economy away from copper/ address electricity deficits
18 Possible solution to debt accumulation Government should borrow more from bilateral donors rather than from open markets which is costly with the depreciating local currency Develop a sound debt management strategy/ legal framework Sinking fund? Government is currently paying US$125 million annually in interest rate Annual payment expected to increase to over US$250 million (additional Eurobond) until 2024 This may hamper government s financing agenda of the SDGs
19 Thank you for your attention
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