AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY UNIT 2 Textbook Chapter 11

Transcription

1 AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY UNIT 2 Textbook Chapter 11

2 1. Agriculture The purposeful tending of crops and raising of livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

3 2. Hunting and Gathering Before agriculture humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers Unable to stay in any one place for a long period Had to be constantly moving to the next food source

4 The Origins of Agriculture 3. Origins: According to Carl Sauer the leap from hunting and gathering evolved over thousands of years, in various places, as humans constantly touched and handled plants when gathering food. 4. Vegetative Agriculture: Saur believes that humans first learned how to grow plants by simply cutting off a stem and planting it or dividing up the roots of a plant.

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6 5. Seed Agriculture Seed Agriculture is farming through planting seeds rather than simply planting a part of the parent plant Leads to higher crop yields The use of seed agriculture would kick off the First Agricultural Revolution

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10 6. The First Agricultural Revolution Occurred over 12,000 years ago Also called the Neolithic revolution The growth of seed crops like wheat and rice and the use of animals such as goats and sheep, replaced hunting and gathering. Humans could now stay in one place, grow their populations and build communities It is the birth of civilization. 12,000 years

11 7. Animal Domestication Occurred between 14,000 and 8,000 years ago. The first use of both domesticated plants and animals happened in the fertile crescent of Southwest Asia Benefits = source of meat, source of milk, waste fertilized crops and pulled plows. Only 40 of the worlds animal species have been successfully domesticated

12 First Agricultural Revolution

13 8. Agrarian: Relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land.

14 9. Arable: Land used or suitable for growing crops.

15 10. Staple foods A staple food is one that is eaten regularly and in such quantities as to constitute the dominant part of the diet and supply a major proportion of energy and nutrient needs. Many staple foods are grains or staple grains.

16 11. Root Crops A crop that is a root vegetable or other root. Edible portion is grown underground.

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18 12. Agricultural hearths Area where an agricultural innovation first appeared or originated. Six major seed hearths developed during the Neolithic period. Hearths tended to develop along major rivers.

19 12a: Western India Major Crops Wheat and Barley Diffusion To Southwest Asia

20 Western India

21 12b: Southwest Asia Fertile Crescent Major Crops Integrated domesticated animals and plants Diffusion Route To Europe North Africa And Northwestern India

22 Southwest Asia

23 12c: Northern China Major Crops Millet Diffusion To South Asia and Southeast Asia

24 Northern China

25 12d: Ethiopia Major Crops Teff Diffusion Remained isolated in Ethiopia

26 Ethiopia

27 12e: Southern Mexico Major Crops Squash and Corn Diffusion Throughout Western Hemisphere

28 Southern Mexico

29 12f: Northern Peru Major Crops Squash, Cotton and Beans Diffusion Throughout Western Hemisphere

30 Northern Peru

31 Agricultural Hearths

32 13. Columbian Exchange During the late 15th and 16th centuries, agricultural products were shipped both ways across Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Brought eastern hemisphere crops to the west and western hemisphere crops to the east

33 13a. Eastern hemisphere items wheat, rice, citrus fruits, melons, horses, cattle, grapes, bananas, rice, figs, sugar, coconuts, okra, pigs, sheep, goats, chicken, rabbits, rats 13b. Western hemisphere Items beans, squash, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, chilis, chocolate, maize, potatoes, avocados, pineapple, manioc

34 14. Subsistence Agriculture Farmer grows enough food to feed him/herself and family. Low-tech, labor intensive. Any excess sold in local markets low profit.

35 THREE TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE FARMING Shifting Cultivation

36 14a: Shifting Cultivation Farmers rotate the fields they cultivate to allow the soil to replenish its nutrients, rather than farming the same plot over and over again Not crop rotation where farmer changes crop type on same plot of land Shifting cultivation most common in tropical zones with a thin layer of topsoil - Rainforest regions of Africa, the Amazon in South America and areas throughout Southeast Asia

37 14a (i). Slash and Burn Agriculture The Main type of Shifting Cultivation is Slash and Burn Land is cleared by cutting down the existing plants on the land and then burning the rest. Common in tropical areas

38 14b. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Farmers cultivate a small plot of land, very efficiently, to produce food for their families. Found in regions that are highly populated land is relatively scarce. Widespread through India, China and Southeast Asia Rice is the primary intensive subsistence agricultural crop

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46 14c: Pastoralism The breeding and herding of animals to produce food, shelter, and clothing for survival May be sedentary or nomadic Practiced in areas without much arable (farmable) land. Arid regions such as: North, Central and Southern Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia

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49 15. Swidden A cleared plot of new farm land.

50 16. Intertillage Farmer mixes various seeds on the same plot of land. Reduces risk of crop failure and provides more balanced diet

51 17. Milpa Temporary field: an agricultural field that is made by clearing forest and then farmed for only a few seasons before being abandoned, especially in Central America and Mexico

52 Shift in Agriculture After the fall of Rome (around 500 CE) 18. Open Lot System: Before 500 CE farming took place in one large community plot that a village shared. 19. Enclosure Movement: After 500 CE individual farmers own their own plots.

53 20. Agricultural Villages A village is a small settlement usually found in a rural setting. A village has between 500 and 2,500 inhabitants. Agricultural villages remain the predominant form of rural settlement throughout most of the world. In much of North America and Australia, however, the most common form of rural settlement is the isolated farmstead.

54 20a. Linear Village Village arranged in or extending along a straight or nearly straight line. Many follow a transport route, such as a road, river, or canal, though some form due to physical restrictions, such coastlines, mountains, hills or valleys.

55 20b. Cluster or Nucleated Village A settlement clustered around a central point, such as a village green or church. nucleation is fostered by defense considerations localized water supply, the incidence of flooding farmers can easily get to their smaller, productive fields while continuing to live in the village..

56 20c. Round Village These villages are usually small, with only a few farmsteads, averaging around 5-7. Built around an open central village green, which is a part of the commons, not allocated to any one particular farmer. Common in traditional tribal societies

57 20d. Walled Village Village developed in order to protect villagers from attack.

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59 20e. Grid Village Modern village type laid out in straight street patterns that run in parallel and perpendicular lines

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61 21. Cadastral System or Land Survey System System to determine the extent, value, and ownership of land within a district for taxation. The word comes from the Latin word cadastre referring to a registry of lands. Major Cadastral (land survey) Systems used in US. Rectangular Survey System Metes and Bounds Survey Longlot Survey System

62 21a. Metes and Bound System A land survey system using natural features (streams, rocks, trees, etc.) to trace and define boundaries between parcels of land. Used in Eastern United States primarily during the colonial era.

63 21b. Long Lot System A survey system that creates a long, narrow plot of land that extends back from a river or road. The lots are typically 10 times longer than they are wide. Limited use in United States Was used in areas colonized by the French and Spanish. French Mississippi Valley, Detroit, Louisiana Spanish Rio Grande valley of New Mexico and Texas.

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65 21c. Rectangular Survey System Also known as Township and Range System A more systematic approach used after US becomes independent Divided land into six mile squares called townships. The townships were than sub-divided into one mile squares. Created the square block patterns seen in county road systems, city streets and layout of farms and fields Used throughout the Midwest and Western States (everywhere except east coast)

66 Township and Range The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines are every 1 mile.

67 Food Inc. QOD 1. Explain what it means when the film states that most food starts in a corn field in Iowa. Give at least two examples. 2. A single crop like corn, grown in large fields, is an example of monoculture. This type of agriculture may require large amounts of pesticides. Explain why you think monoculture is so pesticide dependent compared to a small field with a great diversity of crops. 3. There has been a noticeable increase in the frequency of food recalls in the last several years. Describe how both the industrialized food system and the government regulatory agencies are behind this problem. 4. What were the advantages of the McDonalds restaurant switching to an assembly-line type operation? 5. Explain how obesity, diabetes, and poverty are linked.

68 22. The Second Agricultural Revolution Coincided with the Industrial Revolution in the 17 th and 18 th centuries. Massive migration to industrial cities caused huge jump in demand for food New farming technology was invented new fertilizers, irrigation systems, storage systems More Food = More People

69 23. Commercial Farming Commercial farmers produce crops to sell in the marketplace Types of commercial farming Mixed crop and Livestock farming Ranching Dairying Large-scale grain production Plantation

70 23a. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming Growing both crops and raising animals Most of the crops are used to feed the livestock Most income comes from selling animal products Mixed farming exists widely in Europe and north America usually near large urban areas where land is not available for more extensive farming

71 23b. Ranching Commercial grazing raising animals on a plot of land on which they graze Requires extensive land Practiced in Western US, Argentina, Southern Brazil, and Uruguay

72 23c. Dairying Production of milkbased products for the Marketplace 23c(i). Milkshed - Zone around a city center which milk can be produced and shipped to the marketplace without spoiling

73 23d. Large-Scale Grain Production Grains are grown to be exported to other places for consumption Wheat is most common large scale crop Most common in US, Canada, Argentina, Australia, France, England and Ukraine Dominated by US and Canada Growing more than half the world s wheat

74 23e. Plantation Farming Plantation or estate that specializes in one or two high demand crops for export Common in tropical and subtropical zones Introduced by European colonizers Common crops coffee, tea, pineapples, palms, coconuts, tobacco, sugarcane and cotton

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76 24. Intensive Agriculture A method of farming in which as much use is made of the land as possible by growing crops close together, growing several crops in a year or using large amounts of fertilizer. The goal is to get the most yield possible per acre.

77 25. Double cropping Double cropping is a sustainable practice in which more than one crop is grown and harvested at the same time, on the same ground. Double cropping helps to naturally control pests, weeds and diseases while encouraging healthy soil.

78 26. Extensive Agriculture An agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed. Extensive farming most commonly refers to sheep and cattle farming in areas with low agricultural productivity, but can also refer to large-scale growing of wheat, barley and other grain crops

79 27. Capital Intensive Farms: Uses a lot of machinery in the farming process 28. Labor-intensive Farms: Uses mainly human labor in the farming process.

80 29. Von Thunen s Agricultural Location Theory Model explains and predicts where and why different agricultural activities would take place around a city s market place

81 Von Thunen s Agricultural Location Theory Model Basics A central marketplace is surrounded by agricultural activity zones that are in concentric rings. Each ring represents a different type of agricultural land use.

82 Von Thunen s Agricultural Location Theory Center = CBD (marketplace) Ring 1 = Market Gardening and dairying Ring 2 = Forestry Rings 3 = Grains and Field Crops Ring 4 = Ranching and Livestock Outside of 4 = Wilderness

83 30. Market Gardening: A relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants.

84 Von Thunen s Agricultural Location Theory BIG IDEA - Moving outward from the center farming activities change from intensive to more extensive

85 31. Bid-Rent Curve Predicts and explains real estate prices in an urban area Land in CBD has the highest accessibility and visibility and will have the highest rent prices Land decreases in value moving away from the CBD

86 Bid-Rent Curve

87 QOD Explain the connection between Von Thunen s agricultural model and the bid-rent curve. HINT Your answer should include the following concepts: intensive agriculture extensive agriculture the cost of land

88 32. The Third Agricultural Revolution Began in the late 1800 s Was the globalization of industrialized farming Globalizes the use of Mechanized Farming Chemical Pesticides Chemical Fertilizers Mechanical Irrigation

89 33. Industrialization of Farming Commercial farmers harvest crops and ship them to be processed, packaged, and distributed.

90 34. Agribusiness A term used in agriculture for the various businesses involved in food production, including farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery, wholesale and distribution, processing, marketing and retail sales

91 35. Cash Crops A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower..

92 36. Luxury Crops Specialized crops typically not essential to human survival. Historically grown on plantations by European colonial powers Examples: tea, coffee, tobacco and cocoa.

93 37. Factory Farm a farm in which animals are bred and fattened using modern industrial methods.

94 38. Feedlot An area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up.

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101 QOD: The Meatrix Watch the video take note of the major issues/problems of factory farming. Choose 3 of those major issues. Go to themeatrix.com or similar source of information. Gather data, examples, etc. In your notebook write a one page essay on the three major issues of factory farming.

102 39. MonoCulture The cultivation of a single crop in a given area.

103 40. Deserttification The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

104 42. Food Desert An urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food. Many poor people live in food deserts where they have plenty of food but none of it healthy. "

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106 42. Biotechnology The application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants and animals to enhance their value. Examples: GMO s and Cloning

107 43. Green Revolution The invention and rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques during the 1970 s and 1980 s. Began as agricultural experiments funded by US charities to improve Mexico s wheat grain production and reduce hunger in developing countries Introduced new higher yield seeds and expanded the use of fertilizers and pesticides. The so called miracle seeds increased agricultural production faster than population growth.

108 Green Revolution What are the problems and issues? 1. Heavy reliance on fossil fuels 2. Farmers in developing countries cannot afford seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and machinery. 3. Modern farming techniques may destroy the environment for example increasing soil erosion. 4. Technology is controlled by Agribusiness motive is profit not necessarily to increase food production for those that need it the most.

109 The Next Revolution?

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112 44. Organic Agriculture Growing food naturally. Avoids the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers and genetically modified organisms.

113 45. Truck Farm Agricultural practice of growing one or more vegetable crops on a large scale for shipment to distant markets. At first this type of farming trucked produce to local or regional markets. Railroads, air transport and refrigerated carriers have greatly increased shipping to distant markets. Major truck-farming areas are in California, Texas, Florida. Most important truck crops are tomatoes, lettuce, melons, beets, broccoli, celery, radishes, onions, cabbage, and strawberries.

114 46. Mediterranean Agriculture A form of specialized agriculture that is known for producing grapes, olives, citrus and figs Crops require a warm year-round climate

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