A MULTI OBJECTIVE MODEL FOR OPTIMIZATION OF A GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK

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1 Tansacon on Evouonay agoh and connuous ozaon ISSN: Onne Pubcaon June NG-O35 /GJTO A MULTI OBJETIVE MODEL FOR OPTIMIZATION OF A GREEN SUPPLY HAIN NETWORK Tuan Pasoy a Een Özceyan a Gehad-Whe Webe b a Seçu Unvesy Deaen of Indusa Engneeng aus Konya Tuey b Mdde Eas Technca Unvesy Insue of Aed Maheacs Anaa Tuey Eas: asoy@yahoo.co eozceyan@secu.edu. gwebe@eu.edu. Receved Juy 010 Revsed Seebe 010 Acceed Febuay 011 Absac Because of eadng he envonena dsases he goba cae aeaon has been one of he os oan conovesa ssues n decades. The geenhouse gas essons (O ehane nc oxde ozone ec.) begn wh he ndusa evouon. Afe hs esone he goba wang s geng wos as ong as he enegy deands ae e by he foss fues. Thee ae a o of facos o evauae he efoance of he suy chans such as cusoe sevce quay ead e cos ec. Bu due o he envonena equeens (soca esonsbes Kyoo Pooco govenen agences ec.) an nceasng aenon has o be gven o deveo envonena saeges. If he afoeenoned envonena acaons ae consdeed n he suy chans hen we caed Geen Suy han (GS). Ths sudy deveos a ode of a cosed-oo suy chan newo whch sas wh he sues and ecyces wh he decooson cenes. As a adona newo desgn we consde nzng he a ansoaon coss and he aw aea uchasng coss. To ay aenon fo he geen acs dffeen ansoaon choces ae esened beween echeons accodng o he O essons. The ans can uchase dffeen aw aeas n esec of he ecycabe aos. The focuses of hs ae ae conducng he nzng oa O essons. Aso we y o encouage he cusoes o use ecycabe aeas as an envonena efoance vewon besdes nzng oa coss. A u obecve nea ogang ode s deveoed va esenng a nueca exae. We cose he ae wh ecoendaons fo fuue eseaches. Keywods: Suy han Newo osed-loo Geenhouse Gas Esson Geen Suy han Mu- Obecve Ozaon. 1. Inoducon Suy chan and anageen s a busness and acadec e ha has eeged n he as few yeas and s ganng n ouay qucy. Bowesox and oss [7] defned he suy chan ha he suy chan efes o a hose acves assocaed wh he ansfoaon and fow of goods and sevces ncudng he aendan nfoaon fows fo he souces of aeas o end uses. A ocesses even he suy chans need cean caaces and esouces. The os ndcaons on ou ha he eah s changng fo a wod of abundan fesh chea enegy o a wod of ed exensve enegy dough and oued. Afoee wheeas he os oan hng was ansoaon o oducon coss now he eneses have o ae no accoun envonena facos because of nadequae esouces. A suy chan desgn obe coses he decsons egadng he nube and ocaon of oducon faces he aoun of caacy a each facy he assgnen of each ae egon o one o oe ocaons and sue seecon fo sub-assebes coonens and aeas [0]. The GS desgn exends hs defnon by ncudng: () Wase of a ocesses () Usng effcen enegy esouces () Geenhouse gas essons (v) Usng caaces and esouces effceny (v) onsdeng ega envonena facos. Fgue 1. Geenhouse gas essons by secos [1] Ths s a fac ha a suy chan newo consss of ndusa/dsbuon ocesses and needs ansoaon fues o acuaze hese ocesses. We consde he geenhouse gas esson and ecycabe oducs faco whe desgnng he GS n ou sudy. As seen n he Fgue 1 hese suy chan 011/go

2 85 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo acves ae sgnfcan souces (oay %30.8) of geenhouse gas essons and a ouon aso ceang hafu effecs on vng heah and eadng o goba wang. Inenaona oganzaons o govenens woud encouage he decson aes o ae easues o ncease he afoeenoned daages va ng he envonena acs. Acuay n an ea wh oe envonena conscence on a goba eve (Kyoo Soca Resonsbes Loca Govenens ec.) he eneses and sevce ovdes coud no onge eec ndefney on he couny of envonena coss and w be n a obaby subeced o heavy envonena ax n nex yeas [4]. These sancons have ased he concens on deceasng negave effecs on geen wod. In hs esec any eneses ncudng oca o goba suy chan newos have se sc ages o bud a geen sucue. Fo exae esenng coanes hghghed hese ao esus [16]: In 007 $9B coue ae HP eos w enae cubc fee of oysyene coue acagng and oe han sx on ounds of PV acagng fo s ne ne busness. The coany w aso educe s cabon foon by 0 ecen by 010. To secue s faes a vng wage and ean a sed abo oo Sabucs ays s faes 4% oe han he gong coody ce of Aabca coffee beans. $1.5B foowea and aae ae Tbeand says w acheve cabon neuay n a of s ea and oducon faces by 010. The coany has chosen o conve o enewabe souces of enegy use geen budng echnques and esabsh cabon offses by anng ees n equaoa egons whee cabon s oe eady absobed by he vegeaon. Though s Zeo Wase nave $31B eae Wa- Ma has so fa saved on gaons of wae 0.7 on gaons of dese fue and ons of ounds of sod wase. Though s 100% Renewabe Enegy oga he coany execs o educe enegy consuon by 30% a a of s new soes n seven yeas. Fgue shows ha oay 35% ao of ansoaon geenhouse gas esson s acuazed va heavy and gh ucs whch ae oony used n he suy chan ansoaon. I s cea ha he fs ob has o adus he ansoaon gas essons o change he exan newo o geen one. hoosng new odes dese oos neoda ansoaon [4] aenave enegy esouces ec. woud be souons fo hafu gas essons. Accodng o Fgue 4 O s 7% H 4 s 18% and NO 3 s 9% of oa gas essons. Fgue. Tans. geenhouse gas essons [] Wase s anohe seous ssue n suy chans besdes he gas essons. In esonse ecycng s dawng aenon as conves wha was once seen as wase no usefu aeas. Thus oves suy chan anageen by heng o cose he aea oo of oducs fo esouce exacon hough oducon use and end of fe (Fgue 3). Fgue 3. Geenhouse gas esson dsbuon [1] To fuhe deveo suy chans fo ecycabe and ecyced aeas w be necessay o ove ecycng echnooges o aow ecycabe aeas o be eocessed no ecyced aeas of suffcen quay ha hey can coee wh vgn aeas [3]. In esonse o nceasng cusoes deand fo envonenay oducs eneses and anufacues of fna oducs ae exeng geae essue on he sues o ase he envonena sandads. The eneses have been yng o deveo oducs ha ae oe enegy effcen ess oxc and ess hazadous o he envonen. The conce of GS has been noduced and anufacues ae changng oduc desgns o be geene. In ode o change oduc desgn and o ove he ecyced conen of he oducs eneses us have ecycedaeas and wo wh he ecyced-as sues. Theefoe he eneses need o deveo a cosed oo eaonshs wh sues of ecyced aeas and ecyced as (Fgue 4). In hs sudy we ae ovaed o sudy a GS newo ozaon obe whee O gas essons accodng o ucs oons and ecycabe oducs ae consdeed o becoe a o of geenness. We deened a enay cos o even oe O gas essons and encouaged he cusoes o use ecycabe oducs va gvng a sa of. Tucs ena fees and uchasng coss of ecycabe oducs can nfuence he envonena ndcaos n he ode because of an exsng a ade-off. Wh such a concen we oze he newo aso unde ansoaon coss and caacy aocaon consans. The es of he ae s oganzed as foows: In he nex secon a eaue of geen and cosed-oo suy chan s gven. In Secon 3 we dea ou oosed ode wh s aheaca fouaon. And hen we conduc a nueca exae o chaaceze he oa souons. Fnay he ae s ended wh concusons and suggesons fo fuhe eseaches.. Leaues Revew In hs secon we obe he eaue and caegoze sudes no wo. The fs one s he GSs and he second one s he cosedoo suy chans n desgnng he newos..1 The Geen Suy han Thee s a age of aoun of eaue on suy chan newo desgn concened wh envonena ssues hough he GS newos. Gaede and Aenby [13] defned Indusa Ecoogy s he eans by whch huany can debeaey and aonay aoach and anan a desabe cayng caacy gven connued econoc cuua and echnoogca evouon. I s a syses vew n whch 011/go

3 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo 86 Fgue 4. Recycng n a suy chan [18] one sees o oze he oa aeas cyce fo vgn aea o fnshed aea o coonen o oduc o obsoee oduc and o uae dsosa. GS anageen nvoves envonena cea o concens no oganzaona uchasng decson and ong e eaonshs wh sues. A GS as a confnng he wases whn he ndusa syse n ode o conseve enegy and even he dssaon of dangeous aeas no he envonen ([17] Fgue 5). Beaon [5] descbed he cuen sae of he naua envonens nvesgaed he envonena facos esened efoance easues fo he GSs and deveoed a genea ocedue owads achevng he GS. Tsabouas and Mouds [6] deveoed EFET whch s a geneazed ehodoogca faewo fo evauang he acs esung fo ansoaon oecs wh a secfc oenaon o envonena acs. The nnovave asec of he ehodoogca faewo s he cobnaon of Mu-ea Anayss (MA) wh os-benef Anayss (BA) ehods o coe u wh an ovea assessen of anso naves acs ove dffeen geogahca egons and e eods. Sas [3] aed o focus on he coonens and eeens of GSN anageen and how hey seve as a foundaon fo he decson faewo. Fo hs he exoed he acaby of a dynac non-nea decson ode defned as he ANP fo decson ang whn he GS. The decson suo odes fo desgn of goba suy chans and assess he f beween he eseach eaue n hs aea and he acca ssues ae handed n Mexe and Gageya s [0] sudy. Fgue 5. Funcona ode of a geen suy chan [3] Sheu e a. [4] esened an ozaon-based ode o dea wh negaed ogscs oeaona obes of geen-suy chan anageen (G-SM). In he oosed ehodoogy a nea u-obecve ogang ode s fouaed ha syseacay ozes he oeaons of boh negaed ogscs and coesondng used-oduc evese ogscs n a gven geen-suy chan. Kanua and Tawaa [18] exended he ange of he suy chan o ncude e-use and ecycng houghou he fe cyce of oducs and sevces. Usng he defnon hey oosed he ue abue uy heoy ehod assessng a suy chan consdeng hs aoach o be one of he GS ehods. Ancaux and Yuan [4] oosed o show he ssues fo negang he eans of anso whn he GS as we as a decson-adng ode whch aows ozng he souon choce of neoda anso obes. Svasava [5] ae oo an negaed and fesh oo no he aea of GS anageen. The eaue on GS anageen s coveed exhausvey fo s conceuazaon ay ang a 'evese ogscs ange'. Usng he ch body of avaabe eaue ncudng eae evews ha had eavey ed esecves he eaue on GS anageen s cassfed on he bass of he obe conex n suy chan's ao nfuena aeas. Fee e a. [10] ognaed fo an ndusa case sudy n he fed of he aunu suy chan. The suy of oen ea eesens a subsana benef fo he whoe suy chan because of he enegy savngs c n he ehod sef (.e. boh enegy and e can be saved when eng he ea a he coany funaces). Moeove he sudy negaed 011/go

4 87 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo he concens abou anso ouon addessng he ocs of a GS obe and ncooang he envonena asecs n s anayca descon. Beaon [6] descbed he chaenges and oounes facng he suy chan of he fuue and descbed susanaby and effecs on suy chan desgn anageen and negaon. Tadona and GSs ae coaed and conased va focusng sevea oan oounes n GS anageen n deh ncudng hose n anufacung bo-wase consucon and acagng [17]. hen and Sheu [8] deonsaed ha a oe desgn of envonena-eguaon cng saeges s abe o ooe Exended Poduc Resonsby fo GS fs n a coeve ae. A dffeena gae ode cosng Vdae Wofe [] equaon has been esabshed n gh of saes coeon and ecycng dynacs as we as eguaon eaed of funcon.. The osed-suy han The genea cosed-oo suy chan (LS) newo nvesgaed s usaed n Fgue 7. As can be seen n he newo hese chan ebes can be cassfed no wo gous [8]: (1) Fowad ogscs chan ebes shown a he ef sde of Fgue 6 ncudng aw aea sues anufacues eaes and deand aes; () Revese ogscs chan ebes shown a he gh sde of Fgue 6 ncudng deand aes ecovey cenes and anufacues. Manufacues and deand aes coud be ecognzed as he nodes o cobne he fowad suy chan newo and he evese suy chan newo ogehe o fo he cosed-oo suy chan newo. Feschan e a. [11] subdvded he fed no hee an aeas naey dsbuon annng nvenoy cono and oducon annng. Fo each of hese hey dscussed he caons of he eegng euse effos evew he aheaca odes oosed n he eaue and on ou he aeas n need of fuhe eseach. Feschann e a. [1] consdeed ogscs newo desgn n a evese ogscs conex. They esened a genec facy ocaon ode and dscussed dffeences wh adona ogscs sengs. Moeove hey used he ode o anayze he ac of oduc eun fows on ogscs Newos and hen hey showed ha he nfuence of oduc ecovey s vey uch conex deenden. Gude e a. [14] oo a conngency aoach o exoe he facos ha ac oducon annng and cono fo cosed-oo suy chans ha ncooae ecovey. A sees of hee cases ae esened and a faewo Fgue 6. The cosed oo suy chan newo [8] deveoed ha shows he coon acves equed fo a eanufacung oeaons. To bud on he saes and usae and negae he dffeences n cosed-oo suy chans Hayes and Wheewgh s oduc ocess ax s used as a foundaon o exane he hee cases eesenng Reanufacue-o-Soc (RMTS) Reassebe-o-Ode (RATO) and Reanufacue -o-ode (RMTO). The evous sudes have addessed he obe of deenng he nube and ocaon of na coecon ons n a ue e hozon whe deenng he desabe hodng e fo consodaon of euned oducs no a age shen. To f he vod n such a ne of eseach Mn e a. [1] oosed a xed-nege nonnea ogang ode and a genec agoh ha can sove he evese ogscs obe nvovng boh saa and eoa consodaon of euned oducs. Zhu e a. [9] eoed on esus fo a coss-secona suvey wh anufacues n fou yca hnese nduses.e. owe geneang checa/ eoeu eecca/eeconc and auoobe; o evauae he eceved GS anageen acces and eae he o cosng he suy chan oo. hung e a. (9) anayzed an nvenoy syse wh adona fowad-oened aea fow as we as a evese aea fow suy chan. In he evese aea fow he used oducs ae euned eanufacued and shed o he eae fo esae and hen deveoed a LS nvenoy ode and axze he on ofs of he sue he anufacue he hd-ay ecyce deae and he eae unde conacua desgn. Kannan e a. [19] deveoed a u echeon u eod u oduc LS newo ode fo oduc euns and he decsons ae ade egadng aea ocueen oducon dsbuon ecycng and dsosa. The oosed heuscs based genec agoh (GA) s aed as a souon ehodoogy o sove xed nege nea ogang ode (MILP). Yang e a. [8] deveoed a ode of a genea cosedoo suy chan (LS) newo whch ncudes aw aea sues anufacues eaes consues and ecovey cenes. The obecve of he ae s o fouae and oze he equbu sae of he newo by usng he heoy of vaaon nequaes. In Wang and Hsu [7] sudy he negaon of fowad and evese ogscs was nvesgaed and a geneazed cosed-oo ode fo he ogscs annng was oosed by fouang a cycc ogscs newo obe no an nege 011/go

5 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo 88 nea ogang ode. Moeove he decsons fo seecng he aces of anufacoes dsbuon cenes and dsanes wh he esecve oeaon uns wee suoed wh he nu cos. A evsed sannng-ee based genec agoh was aso deveoed by usng deenan encodng eesenaon fo sovng hs NP ode. 3. Pobe Defnon and Modeng Fo he afoeenoned conces we descbed above s nown ha a LS newo sucue s necessay o desgn a GS. Regadng he adona suy chans LS and GS obes nvoved oe coex and need oe effos o cono fowad and evese ogscs suaneousy consdeng he envonena acs. Mosy he cos s consdeed va eneses o easue he effecveness of he newo. Besdes he cos faco he foowng condons ae handed n ou ode; O gas esson Poducs whch conss of dffeen ecycabe ao aw aeas Oouny ces o encouage cusoes usng ecycabe oducs Fgue 7. The oosed cosed oo suy chan newo acoss he geen suy chan Penay coss o even uch O gas esson and ec. As can be seen n Fgue 7 hese chan ebes ae cassfed no wo gous: he fs a s fowad suy chan ebes and he second a s used-oduc evese suy chan ebes. Hee a yca 5-aye fowad suy chan s oosed n coesondng ayes ncudng aw aea suy ans waehouses dsbuon cenes and endcusoes esecvey. Say a 5-aye used-oduc evese suy chan s secfed whch ncudes coecng cenes eang cenes dsanes decooson cenes and fna dsosa ocaons of wases esecvey. We consdeed ha a decson ae woud en he ucs fo ony fowad fow. Fuheoe he sues ovde hee dffeen aw aeas (no hee dffeen oducs) o ans va ayng aenon ecycabe aos of he. onsdeng he oena effecs oened fo coesondng govenena eguaons he envonena oecon adnsaon and soca esonsbes he geenhouse gas essons s ed o nze owng o a enay cos and encouage he cusoes o use ecycabe oducs owng o a oouny ce. To secfy he sudy scoe and facae ode fouaon assuons ae osuaed beow; (a) The deand of each cusoe s cean and us be sasfed. (b) The fow s ony aowed o be ansfeed beween wo sequena echeons (exce waehouse-cusoe) (c) The caaces of a acos ae ed and cean. (d) The ansoaon uchasng enay and oouny coss ae gven. (e) The O essons and a evese a aes ae gven. Because of he fs hee assuons ae aso basc condons fo suy chan desgn we sha consde he n ou oosed ode. The os oan ssue of desgnng cosed oo suy chan s evese aes. Wang and Hsu [7] oned ou ha n he ecovey syses; a coon assuon s ha he aouns of he euned oducs. The ecovey aoun s assued o be a ecenage of he cusoe deand n he ode. Mnzng he oa coss (ansoaon uchasng and enay) s aed whe axzng he aoun of oduc whch s ecyced. 3.1 Maheaca fouaon of he ode onsde a suy chan newo n Fgue 7 n hs secon based on fve assuons and he newo sucue; we sha oose a aheaca ode o descbe he goa of he ae. Defnons of vaabes and aaees n he geen cosed-oo suy chan newo ae suazed beow: Indces; I he nube of sues wh = 1... I J he nube of ans wh = 1... J K he nube of dsbuon cenes (Ds) wh = 1... K 011/go

6 89 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo L he nube of cusoes wh = 1... L M he nube of coecon cenes wh = 1... M P he nube of dsanes wh = 1... P D he nube of decooson cenes wh d = 1... D T he nube of ucs wh = 1... T R he nube of aw/end aea wh = 1... R Tuc ena fee aaees; he ena fee of uc dung he ansoaon sue H and an H he ena fee of uc dung he ansoaon an and D he ena fee of uc dung he ansoaon an H and waehouse he ena fee of uc dung he ansoaon H waehouse and D he ena fee of uc dung he ansoaon H waehouse and cusoe he ena fee of uc dung he ansoaon D H and cusoe Tansoaon coss aaees afe cusoes; un ansoaon cos of oduc fo cusoe o coecon cene un ansoaon cos of oduc fo coecon cene o eang cene un ansoaon cos of oduc fo eang cene o D un ansoaon cos of oduc fo eang cene o waehouse un ansoaon cos of oduc fo coecon cene o dsane un ansoaon cos of oduc fo dsane o dsosa d un ansoaon cos of oduc fo dsane o decooson cene d d un ansoaon cos of oduc fo decooson cene d o sue d un ansoaon cos of oduc fo decooson cene d o an Geenhouse gas esson aaees n fowad ogsc; O un O esson of uc dung he ansoaon sue and an O un O esson of uc dung he ansoaon an and D O un O esson of uc dung he ansoaon an and waehouse O un O esson of uc dung he ansoaon waehouse and D O un O esson of uc dung he ansoaon waehouse and cusoe O un O esson of uc dung he ansoaon D and cusoe Incenves aaees fo ecycng; P oouny of of sue because of choosng aw aea P oouny of of an because of choosng aea P oouny of of waehouse because of choosng aea P oouny of of D because of choosng aw aea aacy aaees of faces; a caacy of aw aea a sue a caacy of oduc a an a caacy of oduc a waehouse a caacy of oduc a D a caacy of oduc a coecon cene c a caacy of oduc a eang cene a caacy of oduc a dsane d caacy of oduc a decooson cene d a Tuc caacy aaees n fowad ogsc; a ansoaon caacy of uc deas fo sue a ansoaon caacy of uc deas fo an a ansoaon caacy of uc deas fo waehouse ansoaon caacy of uc deas fo sue a The ecenage aes aaees n evese ogsc; α he nu and axu coecon ecenage ae n/ ax fo cusoes o coecon cenes fo each oduc β he eang ecenage ae fo coecon cenes o he eang cene fo each oduc χ he ansoed eaed oduc ecenage ae fo he eang cene o Ds fo each oduc δ ε De P O he dsosa ae fo dsanes o dsosa fo each oduc he decoosed oduc ae fo decooson cenes o sues fo each oduc oduc deand of cusoe un uchasng cos of aw aea fo sue P enay cos fo exa O c esson Fowad ogsc vaabes; 011/go

7 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo 90 X Y Z Q W E A ansoed aw aea va uc fo sue o an ansoed oduc va uc fo an o D ansoed oduc va uc fo an o waehouse ansoed oduc va uc fo waehouse o D ansoed oduc va uc fo waehouse o cusoe ansoed oduc va uc fo D o cusoe oa aoun of aw aea uchased fo sue Revese ogsc vaabes; K ansoed oduc fo cusoe o coecon cene T ansoed oduc fo coecon cene o eang cene U ansoed oduc fo eang cene o D O ansoed oduc fo eang cene o waehouse S ansoed oduc fo coecon cene o dsane D ansoed oduc fo dsane o dsosa d F ansoed oduc fo dsane o decooson cene d d G ansoed oduc fo decooson cene d o sue d H ansoed oduc fo decooson cene d o an Gven he afoeenoned assuons and defnons now s un o descbe he fou obecve funcons (OBJF) beow; OBJF 1 X... H + Y H + Z H + Q.. H + W H + (1) E. H The fs OBJF s o nze he oa cos of he ansoaon whch acuaze va dffeen ucs (fowad ogscs) and he OBJF 1 eesens hs goa (1). OBJF K T U D O. +.. S + + G d F. d + d. d + d d d d H. () d The second OBJF s o nze he oa cos of ansoaon whch ae fo cusoes (evese ogscs) and he OBJF eesens hs goa (). OBJF 3 O ( P X O Y O c O Q O Z ) (3) W O E O The hd OBJF s eesenng he geenness of he ode. By addng hs OBJF we aed o nze oa O essons whch s oduced by ucs on fowad ogsc. To dssuade he decson aes no o cause oe O essons we deened a enay cos based on an envonena egsaon he decson aes have o ay aenon hs ssue due o no be unshed. OBJF 4 AP.. U P OP G d. d. P H P (4) d d The fouh and as OBJF s fouaed o encouage he cusoes o choose and use ecycabe oducs. We encouage usng ecycng by nzng he uchasng coss ( A. P ) nus he oa oouny ofs whch s ganed va usng ecycabe oducs. Le s hn wo dffeen oducs one of he s chea bu no ecycabe and he ohe s oe exensve because of s ecycaby. If he second one s chosen we w no o uchase agan due o s ecycaby and aso he envonena esonsby w be accoshed. We deene he ce dffeence whch s caused by he e-uchasng cos nus ecycabe cos as an oouny of. Facy caacy consans n fowad ogsc X a Z Y a + Q + W a E a (5) (6) (7) (8) The consans any conan wo yes: one s fo ed caaces and he ohe s fo he baance of he fow convesaon n boh of fowad and evese ogscs. onsans (5) (6) (7) (8) eesen he of he caacy and ovde no o exceed hese caaces fo sues ans waehouse and dsbuon cenes fo each oducs esecvey n fowad ogsc. Facy caacy consans n evese ogsc T + S a (9) c U + O a D F a d + d d d d G + H a (10) (11) (1) d onsans (9) (10) (11) and (1) guaanee ha coecon cenes eang cene dsanes and decooson cenes coud no 011/go

8 91 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo exceed he gven caacy fo each oducs esecvey n evese ogsc. The ucs caacy consans n fowad ogsc (13) X a Y Z a + Q + W a E a (14) (15) (16) onsans (13) (14) (15) and (16) show ha he ucs coud no ove oe han he caacy s dung deang fo sues ans waehouse and Ds esecvey n fowad ogsc. X = A (17) onsan (17) shows ha he oa aoun of oduc whch s ansoed fo sue o ans by uc s equa he oa aoun of oduc whch s uchased fo sue. The equbu consans n fowad ogsc = + (18) X Z Y Z = Q + W Q Y + = E W + E De (19) (0) (1) o Ds and waehouse esecvey. onsan (7) and (8) guaanee he ecyced oduc equbu fo dsanes o dsosa and decooson cenes esecvey. onsan (9) and (30) guaanee he ecycabe oduc equbu fo decooson cenes o sues and ans esecvey. X Y Z Q W E K T U O S D F H A d d d 0 G d (31) Fnay consan (31) esc ha he vaabes ae non-negave n ou ode. 4. A ouaona Exeen 4.1 Genea Infoaon and Daa In hs secon n ode o evauae he oosed ode we ceae an agnay suy chan newo based on a hyoheca daa. We sha use a sa exae o usae he oees of he obe and he ode. In he nueca exae we desgn a cosed oo suy chan newo whch consdes he envonena acs (Fgue 7). onsde he newo n Fgue 8. The newo of he exae conans wo any a. The fs a s fowad ogsc and consss of hee sues hee ans one waehouse wo Ds and fve cusoes. Sues ovde hee nds of aw aeas whch ae 100% ecycabe 50% ecycabe non-ecycabe aw aeas esecvey. I s nown ha 100% ecycabe oducs have o conan e-useabe aeas. Bu oducng onsans (18) (19) and (0) sasfy he aw of he fow of each oducs convesaon by n-fow equa o ou-fow fo ans waehouse and Ds esecvey n fowad ogsc. onsan (1) s o sasfy he cusoe deand fo each oduc. The equbu consans n evese ogsc ( ) α n + W E K K W E ( α + ) ax ( β ) = K T (1 β )( ) K = S :1 χ ( ) T = U χ T O (1 )( ) = S ( δ ) = S D d (1 δ )( ) = F d d ε ( ) F = G F d d (1 ε )( ) = d H () (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) :3 (8) :1 (9) d :1 (30) d :1 onsan () descbes he cusoe ecovey eaonsh beween he nu and axu ecovey ae. onsan (3) and (4) ovde he ecyced oduc equbu fo coecon cenes o eang cene and dsanes esecvey. onsan (5) and (6) show he eaed oduc equbu fo eang cene and usng ecycabe aw aeas ae exensve han he noa oducs because of sandng he hgh echnoogca ocesses and he 100% naua aw aeas. So he decson ae faces a ade-off uchasng coss vesus he ecycabe ae. To esen ecycabe oducs o cusoes and consde geenness he decson ae has o choose e-usabe aw aeas. Besdes hs envonena faco we consde he geenhouse gas essons n fowad ogsc. We assue ha an ousoucng s used fo ony ansoaon. The 3PL f esens hee nds of ucs fo ansong whch ae 0-3 yeas 4-7 yeas and 8-11 yeas od esecvey. Inheeny as agng he ucs he ena fees w be cheae. So choosng aways he odes ucs ae he bes oon bu o consde geenness of he ode we ay he aenon O esson of ucs. I s cea ha as agng he ucs he O essons ae aso nceased because of he engne dffeences. The added deeen enay cos ( O P = 0.05 $/g han oe 000 g c O ) n ode us he decson ae no anohe ade-off suaon whch s enay cos vesus O essons (Tabes 1 3). The ans uchase aw aeas n hee nds enoned above fo he sues. The ans waehouse and Ds angua has a fexbe sucue. Afe he oducon n ans he end-oducs fow can be acuaze o waehouse and aso Ds. The waehouse sends he end-oducs o cusoes decy and aso can be haen by Ds. The caacy s of sues ans waehouse Ds and ucs ae gven n Tabes 4 and /go

9 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo 9 Tabe 1. The ena coss ($/un) of each uc and he O essons (g/un) dung he ansoaon beween Sues-Pans- Waehouse Sues Pans Pans Waehouse Tuc Tuc Tuc O Esson (g/un) Tuc Tuc Tuc Tabe. The ena coss ($/un) of each uc and he O essons (g/un) dung he ansoaon beween Pans-Ds Pans 1 3 Dsbuon enes Tuc Tuc Tuc O Esson (g/un) Tuc Tuc Tuc Tabe 3. The ena coss ($/un) of each uc and he O essons (g/un) dung he ansoaon beween Waehouse-Ds- usoes D Waehouse 1 D usoes usoes Tuc Tuc Tuc O Esson (g/un) Tuc Tuc Tuc Tabe 4. The aea caaces of Sues-Pans-Waehouse-Dsbuon enes (un) Sues Pans Waehouse Dsbuon ene Maea %100 Recyc %50 Recyc Non Recyc Tabe 5. The ansoaon caaces of each uc beween Sues-Pans-Waehouse-Ds (un) Tucs Sues Pans Waehouse Dsbuon enes Tuc Tuc Tuc The second a s evesng ogsc and conans wo coecon cenes wo dsanes one eang cene one dsosa and wo decooson cenes. The coecon cenes ae esonsbe fo coecng he used-oducs fo cusoes. Mnu and axu coecon aes of coecon cenes ae assued o be α = %30 and n α =%60. ax Accodng he decsons n coecon cenes he oducs whch need us eang ae sen o eang cene ( β = %40). Afe he eang n eang cene oducs coud be sen o waehouse and aso Ds ( = %70 %30). χ 011/go

10 93 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo The es of he oducs n coecon cenes ae ansoed o dsanes (1-β =%60). Afe he dsanng ocesses haf of he seconday and oa of he eay oducs ae dsosa ( δ = %50 %100). :3 Fu of he ay and he es of he seconday oducs ae ansoed o decooson cenes. Accodng o decooson suaons soe of he ae sen o sues ( ε =%70) and he es of he o ans (1- ε =%30). A ansoaon n evese ogsc s acuazed by he decson aes. Tabes 6 7 and 8 gve he un ansoaon coss beween evese faces. Fgue 8. The newo of he usave exae Tabe 6. The un ansoaon coss beween usoes-oecon enes-dsanes-reang enes ($) usoes oecon enes oecon enes Reang ene Dsanes Maea %100 Recyc %50 Recyc Non Recyc Tabe 7. The un ansoaon coss beween Reang.-Waehouse-Ds-Dsanes-Dsosa-Decooson enes ($) Reang ene Dsanes Waehouse Ds Dsosa Decooson enes Maea %100 Recyc %50 Recyc Non Recyc Tabe 8. The un ansoaon coss beween Decooson enes-sues-pans ($) Decooson enes 1 1 Sues Pans Maea %100 Recyc %50 Recyc Non Recyc /go

11 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo 94 Tabe 9. The aea caaces of oecon enes-reang ene-dsanes-decooson ene (un) and he deands of each usoe (un) oecon Reang Decooson Dsanes enes ene enes usoes Maea %100 Recyc %50 Recyc Non Recyc A fow decsons n evese ogsc ae cacuaed va consdeng he caacy nfoaon and cusoe deands n Tabe 9. We enoned he encouagng facos a he begnnng of ae. Usng ecycabe aw aeas ae bee han e-uchasng hese aw aeas wh a hgh cos. We deened an oouny of ganed choosng ecycabe aw aeas and oducs (Tabe 10). Tabe 10. Ganed he ne of of Sues-Pans-Waehouse-Ds due o ecycng each aea ($) and aw aea uchasng coss ($/un). Sues Pans Waehouse Ds Maea %100 Recyc %50 Recyc Non Recyc Puchasng coss ($/un) %100 Recyc %50 Recyc Non Recyc The Ouus of he Iusave Exae In hs exae wh I=3 J=5 K= L=5 M= P= D= T=3 and R=3 hee ae 445 vaabes and 60 consans. Usng LINDO 6.1 wh he os 1(s) eased e we obaned he oa souon as shown n Tabe 11. acuaed obecve vaues ae gven n Tabe 1. A he exeens ae conduced on a noeboo wh he Ine oe Duo 1.66 GHz and GB RAM. Tabe 11. The oa souon of nueca exae Vaabe Vaue Vaabe Vaue Vaabe Vaue Vaabe Vaue X Z K U X Z K U X W K U X W K D 1 55 X W K D X W K D 400 X W K D X W K F X W K F X W K F 1 55 X W K F X W T F 400 X W T G X W T G X W T G X E T 1900 H X E T H Y E S H 877 Y E S A Y E S A Y E S A Y E S A Z K S A 9500 Z K S A Z K S 850 A Z K S A Z K O A Z K O 1170 Z K O /go

12 95 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo Tabe 1. acuaed obecve funcon vaues OBJF Defnon Vaue OBJF1 Mnzaon he oa ansoaon cos n fowad ogsc $ OBJF Mnzaon he oa ansoaon cos n evese ogsc $ OBJF3 Mnzaon he oa O esson and he enay cos g 00000g= g Penay os: *0.05= 5890 $ OBJF4 Mnzaon he oa uchasng coss va axzaon he oa Toa uchasng coss: $ oouny of Toa oouny of: $ Toa $ Accodng o he esus obaned by LINDO 6.1 acage oga he oa cos s $ (Tabe 1). Toa ansoaon cos n fowad ogsc s cacuaed $. Ths oney s exended fo ansong uns oduc whch ae conss of 8000 un %100 ecycabe 3500 un %50 ecycabe and 9500 un non-ecycabe. A ucs essons oay g O gas dung he a ansoaon n fowad ogsc. We deened a owe (000 g O ) fo essons and a enay cos fo each a g O afe hs owe. So he decson ae ad 5890 $ as he oa enay cos. To answe a cusoes deand oay uns of aw aea s uchased fo hee sues va ayng $ uns of e-used oducs ae coeced fo cusoes and sen o he coecon cenes. Because of efeng he ecycabe aw aeas he decson ae ganed $ va savng he e-uchasng coss. 5. oncuson hanges n he sae of he envonen eadng o subsequen ubc essue and envonena egsaon have necessaed a fundaena shf n suy chan acces [5]. Anyoe he suy chan does no descbe ony he a oducon sage fo aw aea o end-oduc devey. Thus he conce of he suy chan has o be handed n a geen fae. Theefoe o consde he geenness and he seous egsaons he adona sucue of he suy chan w be nadequae. Ths shoage can be soved by assebng a oduc ecovey ocess as caed he cosed oo suy chan. In hs ae we deveoed and oosed a u obecve aheaca ode o sove he geen suy chan obes whch ae eeged because of envonena esonsbes. The dsngushng feaue of he oosed ode s consdeng he envonena effecs on suy chans. Fs we exaned why we deveoed hs ode va enonng he geenness acs and a cosed oo suy chan n he noducon secon. The easons why we added he O esson faco and encouagng he ecycabe usng ae cafed. In he eaue secon we evewed he odebased eaue fo he geen and cosed oo suy chan. We exaned he ongong and eegng ssues n geen cosed oo suy chans. A hd secon he nzng he oa cos ode s gven wh s aheaca fouaon. We aed o nze he oa cos va; nzng he ansoaon coss n boh fowad and evese ogsc nzng he oa O esson aoun nzng he oa uchasng coss axzng he oa oouny of n he ode. A fouh secon he ode s esed wh an usaed exae and he osng esus have shown he acaby of he oosed ode wh he souon ocedue. Fo fuhe eseaches he ode coud be exended n a few decons. Fo exae he unceany ebedded n deand caacy and ecovey aes shoud be handed o facae acca acaons. Anohe exenson s assocang he evese a of hs ode wh ans o ohe faces n ohe suy chans. And as a as suggeson he ode s envonena and geenness facos can be enaged va addng nose ouon accden s and e assessen facos ec. 6. Refeences [1]h://en.weda.og/w/Fe:Geenhouse_Gas_by_Seco.n g []h:// [3]h:// [4]D. Ancaux K. Yuan Geen Suy han: Ineoda Tansoaon Modeng Wh Envonena Iacs Assocaon of Euoean Tanso and onbuos Mez Fance 007. [5]B.M. Beaon Desgnng The Geen Suy han Logscs Infoaon Manageen Vo. 1 No [6]B.M. Beaon Susanaby and he Fuue of Suy han Manageen Oeaons and Suy han Manageen Vo. 1 No [7]D.J. Bowesox D.J. oss Logsca Manageen: The Inegaed Suy han Pocess 1996 McGaw-H New Yo. [8]Y.J. hen J-B. Sheu Envonena-eguaon Pcng Saeges fo Geen Suy han Manageen Tansoaon Reseach Pa E Vo [9]S-L. hung H-M. Wee P-. Yang Oa Pocy fo a osed Loo Suy han Invenoy Syse wh Reanufacung Maheaca and oue Modeng Vo. 48 No [10]I. Fee S. Zanon L. Zavanea A. Dana Geenng he Aunu Suy han Inenaona Jouna Poducon Econocs Vo [11]M. Feschann J.M. Boehof-Ruwaad R. Dee E. Laan J. Nunen L. Wassenhove Quanave Modes fo Revese Logscs: A Revew Euoean Jouna of Oeaona Reseach Vo [1]M. Feschann P. Beuens J.M. Boehof-Ruwaad L. Wassenhove The Iac of Poduc Recovey on Logscs Newo Desgn Poducon and Oeaon Manageen Vo [13]T.E. Gaede B.R. Aenby Indusa Ecoogy 1995 Engewood NJ: Pence Ha. [14]V.D.R. Gude V. Jayaaan D.L. Jonahan Budng onngency Pannng Fo osed-loo Suy hans Wh Poduc Recovey Jouna of Oeaons Manageen Vo /go

13 A Mu Obecve Mode fo Ozaon of a Geen Suy han Newo 96 [15]R.H. Hayes S.. Wheewgh Ln Manufacung Pocess and Poduc Lfe yces Havad Busness Revew Vo. 57 No [16]S. Hochan Geen Suy han: Rea Wod Lessons fo Deand Dven Leades AMR Reseach h:// co/ onen/vew.asx?co URI = c: & e=geen+suy+han%3a+reawod+lessons+fo +Deand-Dv en+ Leades 007. [17].H. Johnny K.S. Mauce T. Tzu-Lang S.A. Davd Oounes n Geen Suy han Manageen The oasa Busness Jouna Vo. 8 No [18]Y. Kanua N. Tawaa A Mue Abue Uy Theoy Aoach o Lean and Geen Suy han Manageen Inenaona Jouna of Poducon Econocs Vo [19]G. Kannan P. Sasua K.. Deva A Genec Agoh Aoach fo Sovng a osed Loo Suy han Mode: A ase of Baey Recycng Aed Maheaca Modeng do: /.a [0]M.J. Mexe V.B. Gageya Goba Suy han Desgn: A Leaue Revew and que Tansoaon Reseach Pa E Vo [1]H. Mn.S. Ko H.J. Ko The Saa And Teoa onsodaon Of Reuned Poducs In A osed-loo Suy han Newo oues and Indusa Engneeng Vo []A. Pasad S. Seh oeve Advesng Unde Unceany: A Sochasc Dffeena Gae Aoach Jouna of Ozaon Theoy and Acaons Vo. 13 No [3]J. Sas A Saegc Decson Faewo fo Geen Suy han Manageen Jouna of eane Poducon Vo [4]J.B. Sheu Y.H. hou. Hu An Inegaed Logsc Oeaona Mode fo Geen Suy han Manageen Tansoaon Reseach Pa E Vo [5]S.K. Svasava Geen Suy han Manageen: A Sae of he A Leaue Revew Inenaona Jouna of Manageen Revews Vo. 9 No [6]D. Tsabouas G. Mouds EFET- Evauaon Faewo of Envonena Iacs and oss of Tanso Inaves Tansoaon Reseach Pa D Vo [7]H-S. Wang H-W. Hsu A osed-loo Logsc Mode wh A Sannng Tee Based Genec Agoh oues & Oeaons Reseach Vo [8]G. Yang Z. Wang X. L The Ozaon of he osed- Loo Suy han Newo Tansoaon Reseach Pa E Vo [9]Q.H. Zhu J. Sas K.H. La Geen Suy han Manageen Icaons Fo osng The Loo Tansoaon Reseach Pa E Vo /go