Topics: Refrigerant Proliferation, Global Drivers/Regulation

Transcription

1 Recent Developments In Refrigerants For Air-Conditioning And Refrigeration Systems Rajan Rajendran Topics: Refrigerant Proliferation, Global Drivers/Regulation Life Cycle Climate Performance Approach Available Refrigerant Options AC & Refrigeration Systems Evaluation Compressor And Electronics To Enable Solutions

2 The Global Refrigerant Landscape Markets Compression Technologies Refrigerants NH 3 R134a /507 R22, R290 R134a /507 R407A, R22 R134a CO 2 /507 R407A, R22 R134a R290 R410A R407C R22 (R32 Asia) R410A R22 (R32 Asia) Different Refrigerants For Different Regions And Applications Always The Norm 2

3 Ozone Depletion And Montreal Protocol Eliminated CFC & HCFC And Gave Rise To HFC Montreal Protocol Agreement For Reducing ODP Refrigerants: R-22 Phase-Out Timeline % 1996 CAP % 65% Today 90% 65% 32.5% % % No New Equipment EU 25% No New Equipment US 2013 Freeze A5 Nations 10% US EU A5 Nations In January 2012, EPA Announced Reduction Of Allocation For , From 11 47% Actual Reduction To Be Finalized, Summer 2012, TBD Letter To Producers To Reduce By 47% Until Final Decision 2020 * All Reference Material lsourced dfrom: Success Of Montreal Protocol In Reducing ODP Gases Now Being Proposed As A Model For Regulating HFC Gases 3

4 Global Warming And Impact Of HFCs What Is The Effect Of HFCs On Global Warming? CO 2 Equivalent HFCs Direct Effect (Emission) Is Small Other Transportation Emissions Landfills Electricity Generation Indirect Effect Is Large Due To Impact On Energy Efficiency CO 2 Methane N 2 O HFCs PFCS, & SF 6 Less Than 2% Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From HFCs (Adjusting These Gases To CO 2 Equivalent Warming Impact) Source: Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions & Sinks: % Of Global Carbon Emissions (And Energy Use) Due To Refrigeration, A/C And Heat Pumps Concerns about global warming have drawn attention to HVAC&R applications Emerson Confidential 4

5 Global Warming Potential (GWP) Measure Of Estimated Contribution To Global Warming When Directly Emitted Into The Atmosphere Relative Scale, Compares Gas To Same Mass Of Carbon Dioxide (Whose GWP By Convention Is 1) GWP Is Calculated Over A Specific Time Interval, Typically 100 Years Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC), A UN Body, Issues Reports That, Among Other Things, Update The GWP Values For Various Global Warming Gases Latest Report Is Assessment Report 4 (AR4), 2007 Leaking 1 Kg Of = Leaking 3922 kg Of CO 2 GWP Is important but not the only measure of environmental impact! Reference: Emerson Confidential 5

6 Global HFC Regulations In Place Today European F Gas Regulation (2006) General Support Exists In Europe For Full And Complete Implementation Of F Gas Regulation Cap And Phase Down Of HFCs Australian Carbon Eqv. Tax On HFC (July 2012) Refrigerant fi Carbon Price Eqv. Aus $/kg R134a R R143a R R R407C R410A Containment, Control Of Use And Taxes Are All Mechanisms Being Used To Reduce HFC Use Emerson Confidential 6

7 North American Proposal To Phase-Down High GWP Refrigerant Gases 90% 100% 70% 80% 50% 60% (Developing Nations) Attempts To Include In Montreal Protocol Have Failed So Far EU Considering As Part Of Revision To F Gas Regulation (~Dec 2012) US Formed New Climate And Clean Air Coalition 40% 30% 15% Year Latest Proposal For Global Phase down Of HFC s GWP Applies To All Sectors Including Mobile, Foam And Stationary Applications Emerson Confidential 7

8 Climate And Clean Air Coalition CCAC, A Voluntary Coalition Of Governments, NGOs And Public And Private Organizations, Announced By Secretary Hillary Clinton In February, 2012 Goal To Reduce Short-Lived Pollutants t In Atmosphere Through Voluntary Practices Includes HFCs Among Others Canada, EU And Several Countries Have Already Expressed Interest And Joined Emerson Confidential Voluntary Mechanisms May Become A Method Used To Reduce And Affect HFC Use As Well 8

9 Consumer Goods Forum (CGF) Total 433 Companies Are Members Of Paris Based CGF October 2010, Pledged To Reduce Deforestation & Start Phase-Out HFCs By 2015 Worldwide, 144 Retailers Signed Pledge; 17 In The US Walmart, Kroger, Supervalu, A&P, HEB, Walgreens, Tesco, Waitrose, Woolworths, etc. Excerpt From Consumer Goods Industry Announces Initiatives On Climate Protection, Nov 29, 2010 Press Release Consumer Group Organizations Are Also Joining The Effort To Influence HFC Use Emerson Confidential 9

10 Energy Standards Are Increasing In The US And Elsewhere Residential AC Regional Standard Zones Size Category (Btu/Hr) Fed Minimums (Pre 1/1/2010) Federal Minimums (1/1/2010) Commercial AC ASHRAE (1/1/2010) Energy Star (5/1/2010) CEE Tier 1 (1/6/2012) CEE Tier 2 (1/6/2012) ASHRAE (1/1/2010) North 65K <135K 10.3 EER 11.2 EER 11.2 EER 11.4 IEER 11.7 EER +4% 11.8 IEER +4% 11.7 EER +4% 13.0 IEER +14% 12.2 EER +9% 14.0 IEER +23% 11.5 EER +3% 12.0 IEER +5% South 135K <240K 9.7 EER 11.0 EER 11.0 EER 11.2 IEER 11.7 EER +6% 11.8 IEER +5% 11.7 EER +6% 12.5 IEER +12% 12.2 EER +11% 13.2 IEER +18% 11.5 EER +5% 12.0 IEER +7% 240K EER EER 9.5 EER <760K 10.1 IEER Not Defined 10.5 EER +5% 11.3 IEER +12% 10.8 EER +8% 12.3 IEER +22% 10.0 EER %% 10.5 IEER +4% Zones New Federal Minimums (Jan 1, 2015) 760K 9.2 EER 9.7EER 9.7 EER 9.8 IEER Not Defined 9.9 EER +2% 11.1 IEER +13% 10.4 EER +7% 11.6 IEER +18% 9.7 EER % 10.2 IEER +4% Voluntary Standards Driving Increased Efficiency North Air Conditioning 13 SEER Heat Pump 14 SEER 8.2 HSPF Application Standard Ruling Start Date Final Rule Date Effective Date Reach-In Performance Jan 2010 Walk-In Prescriptive Jan 2009 Notes Minimum Energy Specified Various TypesOf Equipment Energy Star Top 25% Performers Requires ECM Evap Fan South 14 SEER 14 SEER 8.2 HSPF Test Jan 2010 Performance Jan 2010 Jan 2012 Jan 2015 Ice Machine Performance Nov 2010 Aug 2013 Jan 2015 AHRI 1250 (AWEF Rating) TwoStandards Standards, One For Box And One For Refrigeration System Will Also Cover Flakes And Water Requirements Rfi Refrigeration Southwest 14 SEER 12.2 /11.7 EER <45K />45K 14 SEER 8.2 HSPF CA Title 24: Refr. Warehouse Test Feb 2011 Jan 2012 Prescriptive 2008 Prescriptive Late2011 Jan 2014 ECM VS Evap Fan Condenser TD 70 F Floating Head Screw, Part-Load EER Requirements similar to Supermarkets Efficiency Standards Continue To Improve Will Be A Challenge When Designing New Equipment Constrained By HFC Regulations 10

11 How To Measure Environmental Impact Of Systems: Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) LCCP (Life Cycle Climate Performance) Direct Indirect Global Global Warming Warming = + Holistic Approach: Safety Performance Environment Economics Refrigerant Leakage Leak during life End of 1. life Leak recovery Rate leak Leak 2. Charge during production Amount 3. Refrigerant GWP Energy Consumption Energy used during life Source of energy 4. Embodied Energy Consumed energy of all material used for manufacturing of fluid Energy Consumption (Annual And Peak) Could Be 90% Or More Of Environmental Impact Of A HVAC&R System Minimize LCCP And Total Cost Of Ownership 11

12 Energy Consumption Plays Major Role In Life Cycle Climate Impact Life Cycle Performance: Typical Low Charge/Leak HFC Systems (AC And Refrigeration) 2 5% Direct Warming Impact (Refrigerant Leakage) 95 98% Indirect Warming Impact (Energy Consumption) Life Cycle Performance: Typical Large And/Or High Leak HFC Systems (Refrigeration) 60% Direct Warming 30% Direct Warming 40% Impact (Refrigerant Impact (Refrigerant Indirect Warming Impact Leakage) Leakage) (Energy Consumption) 40% Indirect Warming Impact (Energy Consumption) Eliminate 30% Of Global Warming Impact For Hermetic Systems, Global Warming Is An Efficiency Issue* (Therefore, Future Refrigerants Must Be Equal Or Higher Efficiency) * Simple US Based Analysis To Show Relative Impact Only; Not Field Data Example Analysis For A 3000 lb, System With 20% Annual Leak, Medium & Low Temperature* 40% Indirect Warming Impact (Energy Consumption) 1. Reduce Refrigerant Leak To 10% Per Year* 40% Indirect Warming Impact (Energy Consumption) 15% Direct Warming Impact (Refrigerant Leakage) Eliminate 45% Of Global Warming Impact 5% Direct Warming Impact (Refrigerant Leakage) Eliminate 55% Of Global Warming Impact Reduce Direct Impact By 92% 2. Reduce Refrigerant Leak To 10% Per Year & Reduce Refrigerant GWP By 50%* 3. Reduce Refrigerant Leak To 10% Per Year, Refrigerant GWP By 50%, And Reduce Charge By 65%* For Large Systems, Global Warming Becomes An Efficiency Issue If Charge/Leaks Are Reduced (Therefore, Future Refrigerants Must Be Equal Or Higher Efficiency) * Simple US Based Analysis To Show Relative Impact Only; Not Field Data Refrigerant And System Architecture Choice Is Not A One Dimensional Problem! 12

13 Emerging Lower GWP Refrigerants For New And Existing Applications Current Applications Unitary A/C Comm. A/C Small Chillers (OEM/Service?) Refrigeration (OEM/Service?) AC Service? Pressure Or Capacity R-410A Like & R407/22 Like CO 2 NH 3 R290 New LGWP Refs For OEM Use Synthetic Refs. For New Applications DP: DR5 HWL: L R32 ARK: ARM DP: DR7 HWL: L40, L20 ARK: ARM 30 New Replacement Refs Synthetic Refs. For Existing/New Applications < 1500 DP: DR33 HWL: N20, N40 ARK: ARM 32 Qualitative Chart Not To Scale Today s Refs R407F R407C R22 R407A R410A Large Chillers Refrigeration Mobile (OEM/Service?) R134a Like R123-Like (V.Low Pr.) 4-6 HFO 1234yf HFO 1234ze DP: DR2; HWL: N12 ~600 DP: XP10 HWL: N13 R134a GWP Level AHRI s Low GWP Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program Will Help Provide Some Answers ; Due 12/ A1 Non Flammable A2L Mildly Flammable A3 Flammable B2L Toxic, Mildly Flam.

14 AC/HP System Example Drop-In Test Of HFO Blends And R32 C HFO#3 HFO#2 % R410A EER 107% 105% 103% EER vs. Capacity A Drop-In Test (TXV Resized) (Charge Adj.) 95 A/C - A 82 A/C - B 47 H/P - HT 17 H/P - LT % R410A Capacity 90% 92% 94% 96% 98% 100% 102% 104% 99% 101% HFO#1 97% R32 (675 gwp) B Drop-In Tests; Only Charge And TXV Adjustment Most Desirable Zones Are Marked A, B & C Drop-In R32 Is Better In Heating Than Cooling Drop-In Blends Do Better In Cooling Than Heating Use Of Micro-Channel HX And Micro-Groove Tubes Will Impact Performance Both Refrigerant And Compressor Manufacturers Working To Improve Candidates Compressor Sizing And Isentropic Efficiency Improvements Will Improve 95% System Performance As Will Other Enhancements Like Vapor Injection Technology Initial Drop In Results Are Positive Scope Exists For Improvement Of Performance Through Refrigerant, Compressor And System Optimization 14

15 AC System Example Drop-In Test LCCP Analysis kg CO2 3 ton H/P 13.0 SEER / 7.7 HSPF Direct Indirect 0 R410 HFO#3 R32 HFO#1 HFO#2 1234yf Direct Indirect LCCP 100.0% 97.1% 96.3% 95.6% 97.1% 100.1% R32 And HFO Blends Will All Result In LCCP Improvement Low Leak Rate Of AC Systems Will Cause Indirect (Energy) Contribution ti To Global Warming To Be Larger Compared To Direct (Leak) Lowest GWP Fluid, HFO1234yf Does Not Necessarily Mean Lowest LCCP Assumed: 4% Annual Leak Rate, 0.65 kg CO 2 /kwh (0.49 To 1.02 kg CO 2 /kwh In USA) Energy Source Varies By Country And Will Affect Conclusions Country kg CO2/kWh India 1.00 Australia 0.92 China 0.84 USA 0.78 Germany 0.54 Brazil 0.09 Sweden 0.05 Norway 0.01 Low Leak AC Systems R32 And HFO Blends Will Result In Less Than 5% LCCP Reduction Over R410A; Regulation, Cost And Availability Will Determine Candidate Of Choice By Region 15

16 Emerging Lower GWP Refrigerants For New And Existing Applications Current Applications Unitary A/C Comm. A/C Small Chillers (OEM/Service?) Refrigeration (OEM/Service?) AC Service? Pressure Or Capacity R-410A Like & R407/22 Like CO 2 NH 3 R290 New LGWP Refs For OEM Use Synthetic Refs. For New Applications DP: DR5 HWL: L R32 ARK: ARM DP: DR7 HWL: L40, L20 ARK: ARM 30 New Replacement Refs Synthetic Refs. For Existing/New Applications < 1500 DP: DR33 HWL: N20, N40 ARK: ARM 32 Qualitative Chart Not To Scale Today s Refs R407F R407C R22 R407A R410A Large Chillers Refrigeration Mobile (OEM/Service?) R134a Like R123-Like (V.Low Pr.) 4-6 HFO 1234yf HFO 1234ze DP: DR2; HWL: N12 ~600 DP: XP10 HWL: N13 R134a GWP Level AHRI s Low GWP Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program Will Help Provide Some Answers ; Due 12/ A1 Non Flammable A2L Mildly Flammable A3 Flammable B2L Toxic, Mildly Flam.

17 Basic Systems Used In Analysis Climate Zones 1 Boston 2 St. Louis Columbus Refrigeration System Analysis a) Centralized DX Rack System b) Distributed DX System c) Cascade CO 2, CO 2 DX LT d) Secondary (Glycol) MT & (CO 2 ) LT e) Transcritical Booster CO Houston Atlanta What Is Impact Of System Architecture On Energy And LCCP? What Is Impact Of Refrigerant Choice On Energy And LCCP? 17

18 Basic Systems Comparison Boston 70 F Min Cond Power / lbs CO2/yr CO Trans 2 Booster Trans Booster CO2 15% Leak Rate +13%/-53% Secondary Secondary Sub-Critical Cascade CO 2 Cascade DX Distr DX Distr 2% Leak Rate 2% Leak Rate +7%/-54% +5%/-54% -11%/-51% LT Indirect MT Indirect LT Direct MT Direct Annual Energy Leak Effect 10% Leak Rate DX DX LT Energy MT Energy LT Leak MT Leak 15% Leak Rate Baseline 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 lbs CO2/yr All Alternatives To DX Rack Offer Significant Reduction In LCCP Distributed System Offers Reduction In Energy As Well 18

19 Basic Systems Comparison R407A/F Boston 70 F Min Cond Power / lbs CO2/yr CO Trans 2 Booster Trans Booster CO2 +13%/-53% 15% Leak Rate R407A R407A R407A R407A Secondary Secondary R407A Sub-Critical Sub-Critical Cascade CO 2 Cascade CO 2 Cascade R407A DX Distr DX Distr 2% Leak Rate 2% Leak Rate 10% Leak Rate +3%/-56% +8%/-54% A <10% Leak Rate Makes This System Quite LCCP Competitive -15%/-58% LT Indirect MT Indirect LT Direct MT Direct R407A/F DX Rack Improves LCCP By 27% (Energy Neutral) Annual Energy Leak Effect DX DX LT Energy MT Energy LT Leak MT Leak Baseline 15% Leak Rate 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 lbs CO2/yr Refrigerants Like R407A And R407F Can Lower Energy And LCCP Compared To Systems 19

20 Basic Systems Comparison R410A Boston 70 F Min Cond Power / lbs CO2/yr CO Trans 2 Booster Trans Booster CO2 +13%/-53% 15% Leak Rate R410A R410A R410A R410A Secondary Secondary R410A Sub-Critical Sub-Critical Cascade CO 2 Cascade CO 2 Cascade R410A DX Distr DX Distr 2% Leak Rate 2% Leak Rate +2%/-57% +2%/-58% -17%/-59% LT Indirect MT Indirect LT Direct MT Direct Annual Energy Leak Effect 10% Leak Rate DX DX LT Energy MT Energy LT Leak MT Leak Baseline 15% Leak Rate 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 lbs CO2/yr R410A Appears To Be A Good Choice In Medium And Low Temperature Supermarket Systems To Lower Energy And LCCP 20

21 Emerging Lower GWP Refrigerants For New And Existing Applications Current Applications Unitary A/C Comm. A/C Small Chillers (OEM/Service?) Refrigeration (OEM/Service?) AC Service? Pressure Or Capacity R-410A Like & R407/22 Like CO 2 NH 3 R290 New LGWP Refs For OEM Use Synthetic Refs. For New Applications DP: DR5 HWL: L R32 ARK: ARM DP: DR7 HWL: L40, L20 ARK: ARM 30 New Replacement Refs Synthetic Refs. For Existing/New Applications < 1500 DP: DR33 HWL: N20, N40 ARK: ARM 32 Qualitative Chart Not To Scale Today s Refs R407F R407C R22 R407A R410A Large Chillers Refrigeration Mobile (OEM/Service?) R134a Like R123-Like (V.Low Pr.) 4-6 HFO 1234yf HFO 1234ze DP: DR2; HWL: N12 ~600 DP: XP10 HWL: N13 R134a GWP Level AHRI s Low GWP Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program Will Help Provide Some Answers ; Due 12/ A1 Non Flammable A2L Mildly Flammable A3 Flammable B2L Toxic, Mildly Flam.

22 Basic Systems Comparison N40 Or DR33 (Future A1 Candidates) Boston 70 F Min Cond Power / lbs CO2/yr CO Trans 2 Booster Trans Booster 0 CO2 GWP 1300 GW WP 1300 GWP 130 GWP 1300 Secondary Secondary GWP 1300 Sub-Critical Sub-Critical Cascade CO 2 Cascade CO 2 Cascade GWP 1300 DX Distr DX Distr DX DX LT Energy 15% Leak Rate 2% Leak Rate 2% Leak Rate 10% Leak Rate MT Energy LT Leak +13%/-53% +3%/-56% +1%/-57% A <10% Leak Rate Makes This System LCCP Competitive -15%/-61% MT Leak LT Indirect MT Indirect LT Direct MT Direct Annual Energy Leak Effect N40/DR33 DX Rack Improves LCCP By 41% (Energy Decrease 5%); With Leak Rd Reduction, Could ldbe A Good da1 Solution 15% Leak Rate Baseline 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 lbs CO2/yr Lower GWP A1 Options Being Developed Will Offer Good Alternatives To To Lower Energy And LCCP; Could These Be Long Term Minimum LCCP Solutions? 22

23 Basic Systems Comparison L40 Or DR7 (Future A2L Candidates) Boston 70 F Min Cond Power / lbs CO2/yr CO Trans Booster 2 Trans Booster GWP 300 GW WP 300 GWP CO2 GWP 300 Secondary Secondary GWP 300 Sub-Critical Sub-Critical CO Cascade 2 Cascade CO 2 Cascade GWP 300 DX Distr DX Distr 15% Leak Rate 2% Leak Rate 2% Leak Rate 10% Leak Rate +13%/-53% +3%/-57% +1%/-57% -15%/-64% LT Indirect MT Indirect LT Direct MT Direct Annual Energy Leak Effect DX DX LT Energy MT Energy LT Leak MT Leak Baseline 15% Leak Rate 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 lbs CO2/yr Future Lower GWP A2L Options Offer Lower GWP Without Much Change In LCCP Good For GWP Regulated Regions [Low Charge And Low Leak => GWP Impact On LCCP Is Low] 23

24 Basic Systems Comparison Of Peak Power Important For Demand Charge Considerations CO 2 Trans Booster CO2 Trans Booster +41% Peak Power Bin = 90 F & 7 Hours Secondary Secondary +10% Sub-Critical Cascade CO 2 Cascade +6% LT Peak Power MT Peak Power DX Distr DX Distr -5% DX DX LT Peak Power MT Peak Power Baseline KW Basic Transcritical CO 2 System Consumes More Power On Hot Days (In Transcritical Region) System Enhancements Needed To Improve High Ambient Efficiency 24

25 Emerging Lower GWP Refrigerants For New And Existing Applications Current Applications Unitary A/C Comm. A/C Small Chillers (OEM/Service?) Refrigeration (OEM/Service?) AC Service? Pressure Or Capacity R-410A Like & R407/22 Like CO 2 NH 3 R290 New LGWP Refs For OEM Use Synthetic Refs. For New Applications DP: DR5 HWL: L R32 ARK: ARM DP: DR7 HWL: L40, L20 ARK: ARM 30 New Replacement Refs Synthetic Refs. For Existing/New Applications < 1500 DP: DR33 HWL: N20, N40 ARK: ARM 32 Qualitative Chart Not To Scale Today s Refs R407F R407C R22 R407A R410A Large Chillers Refrigeration Mobile (OEM/Service?) R134a Like R123-Like (V.Low Pr.) 4-6 HFO 1234yf HFO 1234ze DP: DR2; HWL: N12 ~600 DP: XP10 HWL: N13 R134a GWP Level AHRI s Low GWP Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program Will Help Provide Some Answers ; Due 12/ A1 Non Flammable A2L Mildly Flammable A3 Flammable B2L Toxic, Mildly Flam.

26 Existing And New Equipment Lower GWP Candidates Summary * Application HFCs GWP (AR4) Aftermarket Replacement For GWP Impact Energy Impact Mobile AC HFC 134a 1430 HFC 134a Neutral Refrigeration R 407A 2107 R 404A HCFC 22 Positive Neutral Neutral Neutral R 407F 1820 R 404A HCFC 22 Positive Neutral Neutral Neutral N20 ~1000 Research Fluid; Replace R22 In AC/Ref Positive Neutral DR33 ~1500 Research Fluid; Replace In Ref Positive Positive N40 ~1500 Research Fluid Replace In Ref Positive Positive Stat. AC/HP R 407C 1774 HCFC 22 Neutral ~Neutral R 410A 2088 R 410A Neutral R A2L Fluid Cannot Be Used In A1 Equipment R 410A Has No A1 Replacement Candidate With Lower GWP! Replacements In Refrigeration Rfi i Will Offer Lower GWP & Lower Energy; R22 Replacements Will Be Neutral * Important To Check With Component And System Manufacturer Before Attempting Any Retrofit 26

27 New Equipment Lower GWP Candidates Summary Application Today s Refrigerant Lower GWP Options LCCP Impact Energy* LCCP Comments Mobile AC R 134a HFO1234yf (GWP 4) Neutral Positive Commercialization In Progress Stat. AC/HP R 410A DR5, L41, R32 (GWP ~500 To 675) Neutral to Positive i Positive R&D In Progress IsGWP Low Enough? Timing? Stationary Refrigeration R 404A DR7, L40, L20 (GWP ) Neutral to Positive Positive R&D In Progress Timing? R 290 (GWP 3) Neutral Positive Small Charge Systems Flammability Concerns CO 2 (GWP 1) Neutral to Negative Positive Energy Efficiency Concerns* Trials In US NH 3 (GWP 0) Neutral Positive Industrial Refrigeration Lower GWP And Lower LCCP Synthetic Options Developing In AC/HP And Refrigeration For New Systems * Annual And Peak Demand 27

28 Need Faster Standards Development - New Low GWP Refrigerants Are Rated A2L For Flammability Reference: UL White Paper Revisiting Flammable Refrigerants, 2011 Reference: Low GWP Refrigerant Options For Unitary AC & Heat Pumps Mark Spatz, ASHRAE Jan 2011 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) And Lower Flame Limit (LFL) Difficult To Ignite Globally, IEC And ISO 5149 Lead In Development Of A2L Rules Current Development Based On Duct Free Systems US Dl Delegation Working On Expanding To Include Ducted And Other Systems US Applications Are Diverse Eg., In Residential, There Are Closet, Attic, Basement, Crawl Space Locations For Units In US, UL Has Three Working Groups Engaged In Standards Development, As Is ASHRAE Standard 15 In China, Committee Working On R32 A2L Rules, Mirroring Activity In Europe/US Past Deadlines For 2012 IMC And UMC Adoption; Next Cycle Is 2018 Easy To Ignite High Energy Release Small Leak Can Ignite Burning Velocity Basis For 2 & 2L Classification Low Energy Release Unstable Flame, Low Pressure Rise Large Leak To Ignite Stable Flame, High Pressure Rise Industry Experts From Around The World Are Working Diligently To Develop Rules For Safely Applying A2L Refrigerants In All Types Of Applications Timing Will Affect Adoption 28

29 Summary Many Options That Can Reduce Total Cost Of Ownership And Place Us On A Sustainable Path, Can Be Had Now With Existing State Of The Art Technology Maintenance Energy Efficiency Set Point Control, Low Condensing Operation, EXVs, Retrofit Old With New, Refrigerant Containment t Operation And dend doflif Life Alternatives R407A /R407F - Good Performance With Lower GWP And LCCP R410A Good Option In MT And Acceptable In LT (System Redesign) New Stores In A5 Countries Recommend Transition From R22 To R407A /R407F Instead Of Options Also Available For R22 Stores Needing Conversion R407A, R407F, R407C, R438A, etc.* Revisit Architecture Central Rack, Secondary, Distributed, Cascade CO 2 System Architecture Has Most Impact On Energy, Maintenance, Total Cost And The Environment (LCCP) In AC, R410A Offers Best Efficiency & Lowest LCCP Among A1 Options * Check With Compressor And Component Manufacturers For Compatibility 29

30 Summary y( (Contd.) Minimize LCCP With Available Options To Meet Your Needs; Many A1 Lower GWP Synthetic Candidates Could Be Commercially Available In A Few Years N40 (Honeywell), DR33 (DuPont) With ~1300 GWP As Replacement; N20 (Honeywell) As R22 Replacement; All A1 And Useful For Retrofit And New In Refrigeration In AC Applications, R410A Does Not Have An A1 Alternative With Lower GWP Even Lower GWP, A2L Fluids Being Developed To Enable Large GWP Reductions Along With Only A Small Reduction In LCCP DR7 (DuPont), L40 (Honeywell) With ~300 GWP As Replacement In New (A2L) Refrigeration Applications Substitutes Like R32, DR5 And L41 Lower GWP With Little Impact On LCCP For AC Natural Refrigerants Like NH 3, CO 2 And R290 Should Be Considered When They Make Sense Regulations, Safety, Economics And Performance Have To Favor Choice Over All Alternatives * Check With Compressor And Component Manufacturers For Compatibility 30

31 Compressor And Electronic Products That Enable Solutions To Reduce Cost Of Ownership

32 R410A Discus LT & MT Offers A Single High Efficiency Refrigerant For Ref & AC Energy Efficiency Maintenance Costs Environment Discus Valving Reduced Re-expansion Volume Maximizes Efficiency Digital Technology % Capacity Modulation June 2012 CoreSense Protection Advanced Motor & Oil Protection Extend Compressor Life Vs. R407A Vs. Competition Superior Reliability Capacity MT 19% 6% 20+ Yrs. Copeland MT Efficiency 10% 7-10% Discus Experience System Efficiency + + Aftermarket Support 850+ Authorized Wholesalers Capacity LT LT Efficiency 30% 4% Emerson Confidential 32

33 Copeland Digital - Revolutionary Technology For New & Existing Systems Energy Efficiency Maintenance Costs Environment Precise Temperature & Pressure Control Minimal Food Temperature Fluctuation Equals Longer Shelf Life & Less Food Shrink More Consistent TXV Operation Minimized Formation Of Frost On Evaporator Energy Efficiency 3-10% Energy Reduction Reduces Inrush Current / Power Usage Allows Increasing Suction Pressure Set Point Reduced Defrost Time Cycling Reduction Increased Compressor Reliability Extends Life Of Compressor Reduction In Contactor Maintenance Reduces Tube Stress Due To Comp Start/Stop Ideal Solution For Optimizing New & Existing Systems 33

34 Next Gen 7-15HP Scroll Delivers Unmatched Energy Efficiency & Reliability Energy Efficiency Maintenance Costs Environment Optimized Running Gear & Variable Volume Technology Minimizes Annual Energy Consumption Low Sound & Vibration Optimal For Distributed Systems Jan 2012 Superior Reliability Compliant Scroll Design $60K + Lower Oil Circulation Lightweight g Minimizes Installation & Replacement Costs CoreSense Diagnostics Current Based Diagnostics Provide Superior Compressor Protection Emerson Confidential Next Gen Scroll Current Scroll Delta LT Efficiency i % MT Efficiency % Sound (dba) Annual En nergy $0.1 0/kWh Weight (lb) $55K $50K $45K $40K $35K Total Store Energy Cost Baseline Discus +$3,830 Competitor Recip. $1,654 K5 Scroll

35 Innovative CoreSense Technology Addresses Maintenance Challenges Maintenance Costs 1 Current On & Off Algorithms ON Setup & Control OFF 2 Current Vs. Time Algorithms Analog Data A Current 60 Current DLT 1 Discharge Temp Sensor A Time (sec) Time Temperature Vs. Time Time Current + Voltage Algorithms CoreSense Algorithms Alarm Notification Remote Troubleshooting Benefits: Lower Maintenance Costs Less System Downtime Faster Troubleshooting More Accurate Diagnosis Reduced Contractor Callbacks 2 Liquid Line Temperature 3 Voltage Sensor Response Actions 4 Current Sensor Time 5 Ambient Temperature Emerson Confidential Utilizes Compressor As A Sensor To Predict & Diagnose System Health 35 35

36 CoreSense Technology Lowers End User Maintenance Costs Electronic Protection & Control Integrated I/O Board Improves System Reliability & Visibility Integrated HPCO / LPCO Predictive Diagnostics Demand Early Detection Avoids Major Repairs Cooling Remote & On-Board Communications Digital Control Off-site & Faster Troubleshooting Power Simplified Rack Wiring Measurement Reduces System Start-Up Issues Advanced Motor Protection Optional DLT Protection DLT Protection ti DLT Protection Communication & Diagnostics Advanced d Motor Protection Scroll CoreSense Diagnostics Communication & Diagnostics Oil Protection ti Motor Protection Communication & Diagnostics Oil Protection ti Motor Protection Maintenance Costs Discus CoreSense Protection Discus CoreSense Diagnostics 36