Designing Information Displays. Overview

Transcription

1 Designing Information Displays Claremont Graduate University Professional Development Workshop August 23, 2015 Tarek Azzam Ph.D Site 5 Site 7 Site 1 Site 4 Site 2 Site 3 Site 6 Overview Principles of Data Visualization Applying Principles to Practice Interactive Data Displays Data Dashboards Qualitative Data Displays Tools & Resources 1

2 Activity #1 We will conduct a small data visualization study, and see the results later in the day. 2

3 Importance Source: 3

4 Personal Annual Report Source: Perception Rules Following perception-based rules, we can present our data in such a way that important patterns stand out. If we disobey the rules our data will be incomprehensible. -Colin Ware (2000) 4

5 Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press This one graph This one graph Excel Example Source: Tufte, E. (2006). Beautiful Evidence. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. 5

6 How Does the Mind See? Gestalt Principles Proximity Similarity Continuity Enclosure Closure Connection Why are these principles important? They help us reduce non-data ink and enhance relevant data ink. Reduce non-data ink Subtract unnecessary non-data ink De-emphasize and regularize the remaining non-data ink Enhance data ink Subtract unnecessary data ink Emphasize the most important data ink Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 6

7 Reduce non-data ink Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press Emphasize important data ink Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 7

8 Proximity Objects that are close together are perceived as a group. Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 8

9 Similarity Objects that share similar attributes (e.g. color or shape) are perceived as a group. Source: xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx 9

10 Harder to decipher (Too many attributes: Shape & Hue) Easier to decipher (Just one attribute: Hue) Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 10

11 Harder to decipher (Not enough hue contrast) Easier to decipher (Greater hue contrast) Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press USD Pay Grade Female Male Source: Few, S. (2009). Now You See it. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 11

12 Shape Differentiation USD Pay Grade Female Male Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 1. Red 2. Green 3. Yellow 4. Blue 5. Black 6. White 7. Pink 8. Gray 9. Orange 10. Brown 11. Purple Hues that are distinct enough to be used together Source: Berlin & Kay (1969) Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. 12

13 Color Context Which is the lighter colored box? Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press Color Context Which is the lighter colored box? Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 13

14 White text on a black Background works well. Yellow text on a white Background works poorly. Black text on a white Background works best. Blue text on a black Background works poorly. Enclosure Objects that appear to have a boundary around them (e.g. formed by a line or area of common color) are perceived as a group. Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 14

15 Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press Closure Open structures are perceived as closed, complete, and regular whenever there is a way that they can be reasonably interpreted as such. Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 15

16 15 Closure Continuity Objects that are aligned together or appear to be a continuation of one another are perceived as a group. Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 16

17 Continuity Site5 Site4 Site3 Site2 Site Continuity School/Teacher Score Jefferson Smith 350 Anderson 345 Holly 357 Ing 364 Washington Brenda 323 Wade 333 Pat

18 Connection Objects that are connected (e.g. by a line) are perceived as a group Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press Activity 18

19 Activity Telling a Fuller Visual Story It s always tricky to balance encoding too much or too little data when visually representing information. The key is to prioritize your data elements and build a visual tool that reflects these priorities. 19

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21 Activity #2 The following is a table containing data about Napoléon s failed invasion of Russia and his subsequent retreat from Russia in If you were asked to visually represent this data how would you do it? Date Temprature (C) Location Army Size Oct Moscow Oct Obninsk Nov Smolensk Nov Mogliev Nov Barysau Nov Minsk Dec Malasziecna Dec Vilnius Dec Kaunas Source: Tufte, E. (2006). Beautiful Evidence. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. 21

22 Army Size Temp. (Celsius) Encoding only two elements (Army Size & Temperature) 22

23 Where are the priorities here? Source: 23

24 Adding performance information Site 5 Site 1 Site 4 Site 2 Site 7 Site 3 Site 6 Planned Adding performance information 24

25 Average Site 5 Site 7 Site 1 Site 4 Site 2 Site 3 Site 6 Representing deviations from the average Excel Graphs Example USD Pay Grade Female Male Source: Few, S. (2009). Now You See it. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 25

26 Box Plot 50 th percentile Mean (optional) Source: Few, S. (2009). Now You See it. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press Source: Few, S. (2009). Now You See it. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press 26

27 Source: Few, S. (2004). Show Me the Numbers. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press Program Start Date Start Staff Trained End of Staff Training 2 0 Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4 Time 5 Time 6 Time 7 Adding contextual information Events Example: How to: 27

28 Bubble chart Example: How to: Heat Map Source: Christopher Lysy How to: 28

29 Multivariate Data Displays Math Low Average High Reading Social Studies Science Source: Few, S. (2009). Now You See it. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press Low Performance Average Performance High Performance 29

30 High Math Low Math Average Social Studies High Reading High Social Studies High Reading Average Science Low Science Avoid 3-D 30

31 A better way to represent the same information. This allows you to easily compare the shapes of the distribution Treatment Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4 Time 5 Control Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4 Time 5 Comparison Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4 Time 5 Avoid Pie Charts Is site 4 or site 2 larger? 31

32 Site1 Site2 Site3 Site4 It is easier to make distinctions in a bar chart. Truthful Representation Both these graphs represent the same data Attention: The data scale begins above zero to reveal a subtle trend improvement. 32

33 Geography & Data Visualization Source: Introduction to GIS Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a method of linking quantitative or qualitative data to geographic markers and locations. This ability allows evaluators to create maps that combine program information with geographic characteristics that surround them. 33

34 Potential Applications in Evaluation GIS in Evaluation Formative: - Conduct needs assessment -Track program implementation/activities -Track barriers or supporting factors to program implementation Summative - Investigate the relationship between environment and outcomes. -Track change in outcomes over time. - Document participant experiences. Quick GIS Logistics GIS in many of these examples utilizes a databaselike system to create the maps. This means that the format of the data would look almost exactly like a database sheet in Excel or SPSS, with the only difference being the addition of some form of geographic variable such as: An address GPS coordinate City name, street name Census block Some states and counties also have GIS-based websites that allow users to create their own maps using publically available data. (eg. Healthycity.org) Typically each state has a GIS office that can provide additional resources to users although the breadth and depth of these resources vary from state to state 34

35 You can import this data using a standard database format (i.e. Excel) Scale matters Quick GIS Logistics Change in map-scale often results in changes in the observed pattern of the results (e.g. a map created at the state level will hide details that may appear in a county- or city-level map). Scale can also affect the type of data that can be accessed and embedded within maps. Some data or variables may only be available at the state or county level, while others can be accessed at census tract level or even individual household level. These varying scales can enable you to create maps with different levels of resolution and detail, but be aware that selecting the appropriate scale for an analysis is a critical step in this process. Scale can be determined by the program s expected impact area. 35

36 Layering is a key capability of GIS Distribution on tobacco billboards ( ) Mapping Context: Why is it important? Source: Luke, Esmundo & Bloom (2000) 36

37 Location of each public school (radius.5 miles) and the location of tobacco billboards. Use existing GIS resources & databases to represent community characteristics. Source: 37

38 Show change over time Track change over time 38

39 Can provide you with a street view of a community Google Maps Provide Program Descriptions 39

40 Google Maps Provide Program Descriptions Track clusters or program service areas 40

41 Show Program Connections & Networks Visually Document Program Activities & Stories Mural Restoration Project 41

42 Visually Illustrate Program Outcomes Poor Outcomes Average Outcomes Good Outcomes Factors Effecting School Attendance df 42

43 Google maps could be embedded in dashboards. Google Engine Lite (support will end in 2016) 43

44 Bing Maps for Office Paper & Pencil Cholera Outbreaks Source: John Snow

45 Cartodb.com ArcGIS Explorer Desktop 45

46 It should be noted that GIS is best applied in evaluations of programs that: Span a relatively large geographic area Contain Multi-implementation sites/locations Have access/collect stakeholder geographic locations (i.e. address) limitations Access to geo-data on participants Privacy issues Training on complex GIS software Expense of the software There are standards and rules to get results 46

47 It should be noted that GIS is best applied in evaluations of programs that: Span a relatively large geographic area Contain Multi-implementation sites/locations Have access/collect stakeholder geographic locations (i.e. address) 47

48 Interactive Data Visual Analysis Filtering. Highlighting. Grouping. Zooming/Panning. Re-visualizing. Aggregating/Disaggregating. Drilling. Re-scaling Source: 2009 Stephen Few, Perceptual Edge 48

49 Interactive Information Display 49

50 Other Examples 50

51 Interactive Reports Source: 51

52 What is a dashboard? Visual display of the most important information needed to achieve one or more objectives consolidated on a single screen (or page) so it can be monitored and understood at a glance. Stephen Few Dashboards Smith, V. S. (2013). Data Dashboard as Evaluation and Research Communication Tool. New Directions for Evaluation, 2013(140),

53 Track program progress and/or impact over time 35 Student Program Enrollment Number of Students Number of Current Students Target 5 0 Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Implementation against expected results (plan vs actual) Student Subject Performance 120% 100% 80% Very Good Good Fair Poor Value Target Test Scores 60% 40% 20% 0% Math Reading Science Subject Area How to create bullet graphs: 53

54 Dashboards in Excel Dashboards in Tableau 54

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56 Qualitative Display Source: 56

57 Qualitative Data Display Types Source: Stuart Henderson & Eden Segal Qualitative Display 57

58 Many-eyes.com Data Display Tools 58

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60 Results of Small Study 60

61 Software JMP Website: Tableau Tools & Resources Website: Spotfire Website: Adobe Flash Website: SwishMax Website: ESRI (GIS) Website: Websites Tools & Resources Azzam, T., Evergreen, S., Germuth, A. A., & Kistler, S. J. (2013). Data Visualization and Evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 2013(139), Evergreen, S. D. (2014). Presenting Data Effectively: Communicating Your Findings for Maximum Impact. SAGE Publications. Few, S. (2004). Show Me The Numbers: Designing Tables and Graphs to Enlighten. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. Few, S. (2006). Information Dashboard Design. North Sebastopol, CA: O Reilly Press. Few, S. (2009). Now You See it. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. Koomey, J. (2008). Turning Numbers into Knowledge. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. Tufte, E. (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Tufte, E. (1990). Envisioning Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Tufte, E. (1997). Visual Explanations. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Tufte, E. (2006). Beautiful Evidence. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Koomey, J. (2008). Turning Numbers into Knowledge. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. 61

62 Thank You 62