Coping with Natural Disasters in Japanese Urban Planning: How to Build Disaster Resilient Cities?
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1 Prof. Dr. Uta Hohn Ruhr-University Bochum 17th Japanese-German Symposium: Natural Disasters: Impact and Management Coping with Natural Disasters in Japanese Urban Planning: How to Build Disaster Resilient Cities? Disaster Prevention Base Shirahige Higashi, Sumida-ku Pocket Park with underground water tank, Higashi Ikebukuro 1
2 : How to Build Disaster Resilient Cities? 1. Introduction: The Big Earthquake Ahead Lessons from Kôbe 2. Damage Assessment and District-based Vulnerability in Tôkyô: Reflections of Physical and Socioeconomic Structures 3. Earthquake-Related Disaster Prevention Planning and its Development Path in Tôkyô after the Second World War 1. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô 2. Conclusion: Tôkyô on its Way Towards a Disaster Resilient City 2
3 1. Introduction: The Big Earthquake Ahead Lessons from Kôbe January 17th, 1995: Kôbe not Tôkyô! 3
4 1. Introduction: The Big Earthquake Ahead Lessons from Kôbe Hanshin daishinsai chizu. May 1995 (violet: burnt down areas, red: totally destroyed buildings, green: semi-destroyed buildings, yellow: areas with ground liquefaction) 4
5 1. Introduction: The Big Earthquake Ahead Lessons from Kôbe Disruption of Infrastructure Lifelines 5
6 1. Introduction: The Big Earthquake Ahead Lessons from Kôbe Temporary Housing on Port Island
7 1. Introduction: The Big Earthquake Ahead Lessons from Kôbe Integration of hardware, software and orgware aspects by: 1. strengthening standards for earthquake- and fire-proof construction 2. widening streets, building firebreaks, creating open and green spaces 3. building disaster-resistant city structures by land readjustment and urban renewal projects 4. promoting disaster prevention oriented careful urban renewal in cooperative projects of the machizukuri-type 5. improving public crisis management 6. promoting capacity building on neighbourhood level aiming at disaster prevention, emergency aid and post-disaster reconstruction 7
8 1. Introduction: The Big Earthquake Ahead Lessons from Kôbe Obstacles towards implementing disaster prevention measures: 1. complicated ownership structures concerning land and buildings 2. land property divided into small plots 3. highly esteemed private land ownership and reluctance with regard to compulsary purchase for purposes of public utility 4. lack of financial resources and old age of many land owners 5. missing locational attraction for private developers 6. lack of public money to invest in infrastructure improvement and to give more incentives to private urban renewal 8
9 2. Damage Assessment and District-based Vulnerability in Tôkyô Assessment of Damages and Losses in Case of 3 Types of Earthquakes with Epicenters in Tôkyô Metropolitan Area Tôkyô-to bôsai-kaigi (Disaster Prevention Council of TMG) (2012): Shuto chokka jishin nado ni yoru Tôkyô no higai sôtei hôkokusho. anese/tmg/assumption_h24.html (published: ; access: ) 9
10 2. Damage Assessment and District-based Vulnerability in Tôkyô Distribution of Totally Destroyed Wooden Buildings by Collapse in Case of an Earthquake in the Northern Part of Tôkyô Bay (M7.3) Tôkyô-to bôsai-kaigi (Disaster Prevention Council of TMG) (2012): Shuto chokka jishin nado ni yoru Tôkyô no higai sôtei hôkokusho. etro.tokyo.jp/japanes e/tmg/assumption_h 24.html (published: ; access: ) 10
11 2. Damage Assessment and District-based Vulnerability in Tôkyô Distribution of Totally Destroyed Wooden Buildings by Fire in Case of an Earthquake in the Northern Part of Tôkyô Bay (M7.3) Tôkyô-to bôsai-kaigi (Disaster Prevention Council of TMG) (2012): Shuto chokka jishin nado ni yoru Tôkyô no higai sôtei hôkokusho. etro.tokyo.jp/japanes e/tmg/assumption_h 24.html (published: ; access: ) Prof. Dr. Uta Hohn, RUB, 17th Jçapanese-German Symposium: Natural Disasters: Impact and Management. May 12th,
12 2. Damage Assessment and District-based Vulnerability in Tôkyô District-based Vulnerability to Fire in the 23 Wards of Tôkyô 2012 and Effects of Disaster-proof Reconstruction after Kantô Earthquake 1923 Tôkyô-to (2012): Mokumitsu-chiiki funenka 10 nen purojekuto jisshi hôshin (Implementation principles of the 10 years project to make high density wooden housing areas fire-resistant ).Tôkyô, p. 16. Masai, Yasuo (1986): Atlas Tôkyô.Tôkyô, p
13 3. Earthquake-related Disaster Prevention Planning and its Development Path after the Second World War Concept of Disaster Prevention Bases in Kôtô Delta access:
14 3. Earthquake-related Disaster Prevention Planning and its Development Path after the Second World War Disaster Prevention Base Shirahige East in Kôtô Delta ikaihatu_j/tikubetu/shahige_higashi/ind ex.html;
15 3. Earthquake-related Disaster Prevention Planning and its Development Path after the Second World War Disaster Prevention Base Shirahige West in Kôtô Delta hatu_j/tikubetu/shirahige_nishi/images/01l. jpg;
16 3. Earthquake-related Disaster Prevention Planning and its Development Path after the Second World War Designated Evacuation Areas in 23 Wards (2002) TMG (2002): Anata no machi no chiiki kikendo. Tôkyô, p
17 3. Earthquake-related Disaster Prevention Planning and its Development Path after the Second World War Concept of Disaster-proof Living Zones Surrounded by Firebreaks TMG (2001): Shinsai fukkô gurando dezain (Grand Design for Reconstruction after an Earthquake). Tôkyô, p ro.tokyo.jp/bosai/gd/honb un.htm;
18 3. Earthquake-related Disaster Prevention Planning and its Development Path after the Second World War Concept of Firebreaks and Disaster-proof Living Zones Tôkyô-to (2010): Bôsaii toshizukuri suishin keikaku (Plan to Promote Urban Planning aimed at Disaster Prevention).Tôkyô, p
19 3. Earthquake-related Disaster Prevention Planning and its Development Path after the Second World War Concept of Disaster-proof Living Zones Surrounded by Firebreaks Tôkyô-to (2010): Bôsaii toshizukuri suishin keikaku (Plan to Promote Urban Planning aimed at Disaster Prevention).Tôkyô, p
20 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô Tôkyô-to (1997): Bôsai-toshizukuri suishinkeikaku 1996, p
21 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô 21
22 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô 28 Designated Improvement Districts of Disaster Prevention 2010 (7000 ha, 1.8 Mio. Inhabitants) Tôkyô-to (2010): Bôsaitoshizukuri suishinkeikaku. Revision January 2010, p
23 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô 11 Designated Priority Improvement Districts of Disaster Prevention 2010 (2400 ha) Tôkyô-to (2010): Bousaitoshizukuri suishinkeikaku. Revision January 2010, p
24 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô Designated Priority Improvement District No. 10: Kanegafuchi and Kyôjima (218 ha, 51,900 Inhabitants) Tôkyô-to (2010): Bôsaii toshizukuri suishin keikaku (Disaster-resistant City Development Promotion Plan).Tôkyô, p. 125,
25 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô Impressions from Kyôjima 25
26 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô Machizukuri in Kyôjima 26
27 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô Machizukuri Model Project in Kyôjima: Living Street (seikatsu dôro) 27
28 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô Concept of Specified Districts for Fire-Resistance Promotion (funenka tokku) Tôkyô-to (2012): Mokumitsu-chiiki funenka 10 nen purojekuto jisshi hôshin (Implementation principles of the 10 years project to make high density wooden housing areas fire-resistant ).Tôkyô, p
29 4. Striving for Better Disaster Prevention in the Belt of Densely Built-up Wooden Houses in Tôkyô Designated Zones with New Regulations for Fire-Resistance of Buildings 2012 (3140 ha) Tôkyô-to (2012): Mokumitsu-chiiki funenka 10 nen purojekuto jisshi hôshin (Implementation principles of the 10 years project to make high density wooden housing areas fireresistant ).Tôkyô, p
30 5. Conclusion: Tôkyô on its Way Towards a Disaster Resilient City Strategic Concepts of Urban Reconstruction after TMG Grand Design for Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Nakabayashi, I., Aiba, S. and Ichiko, T. (2008): Pre-Disaster Restoration Measure of Preparedness for Post-Disaster Restoration in Tokyo. In: Journal of Disaster Research, Vol. 3, No. 6, p
31 5. Conclusion: Tôkyô on its Way Towards a Disaster Resilient City Concept of Community Based Recovery According to the Manual of Post-Earthquake Reconstruction of TMG Nakabayashi, I., Aiba, S. and Ichiko, T. (2008): Pre-Disaster Restoration Measure of Preparedness for Post-Disaster Restoration in Tokyo. In: Journal of Disaster Research, Vol. 3, No. 6, p
32 5. Conclusion: Tôkyô on its Way Towards a Disaster Resilient City Promoting a holistic approach in disaster prevention by integrating 1. hardware, software and orgware 2. know-how, activities and financial resources of communities, public and private sector 3. capacitiy building by education and training for citizens and experts 4. preventative, emergency and pre-disaster reconstruction planning 5. toshikeikaku and machizukuri 6. different levels of scale and hierarchies 32
33 Prof. Dr. Uta Hohn Ruhr-University Bochum 17th Japanese-German Symposium: Natural Disasters: Impact and Management Coping with Natural Disasters in Japanese Urban Planning: How to Build Disaster Resilient Cities? Disaster Prevention Base Shirahige Higashi, Sumida-ku Pocket Park with underground water tank, Higashi Ikebukuro 33
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