Evidence-Based Design and Eco-Effective Design: Removing the Barriers to Integration

Transcription

1 Evidence-Based Design and Eco-Effective Design: Removing the Barriers to Integration Mara Baum AIA, LEED AP, Dr. Mardelle Shepley, AIA, ACHA, Bill Rostenberg FAIA, FACHA, principal investigators, with Rachel Ginsberg 1

2 Eco-effective design and evidence-based design are significant trends currently shaping healthcare architecture (Shepley, Baum, Ginsberg, & Rostenberg, in review). Eco-effective design refers to the design and operation of buildings to support improved ecological health and indoor environmental quality (MBDC, 2008) 1. Evidence-based design refers to the design and operation of buildings to support positive health outcomes in hospitals through a growing collection of solutions informed by research and practical knowledge (Hamilton, 2003). Although both trends have had a significant impact on recent healthcare architecture (Klein, 2007), they are generally executed separately and are considered by some to be at odds with one another (e.g. Harvie, 2006; Teske & Mann, 2007). The principal investigators consider both evidence-based design (EBD) and eco-effective design (EED) to be highly relevant to healthcare design today, as both strive to attain positive outcomes in human and/or environmental health. As such, the purpose of this study is to better understand if and how these two design goals and strategies intersect, and to remove barriers to integration by identifying real and perceived conflicts and synergies. RESEARCH METHOD The research was approached through a series of phases in which the outcomes from each phase provided input for subsequent phases. (See Addendum 2 for an elaborated discussion of the research methods.) In Phase 1, researchers used advisory groups of experts on EBD and EED to provide direction on the facilities to be used for the Phase 2 survey and the content of the Phase 3 survey questions. In Phase 2, researchers ed a list of centers of excellence in EBD and EED to national experts in EBD and EED; the national experts selected the facilities that represent best practice in each area. In Phase 3, the researchers sent a survey on the relationships between EBD and EED to one 1 William McDonough and Michael Braungart coined the term eco-effective in and define it as "The strategy for designing human industry that is safe, profitable, and regenerative, producing economic, ecological, and social value" (MBDC, 2008). See Addendum 1: Discussion of Language for additional discussion. 2

3 healthcare administrator at each facility identified in Phase 2. In Phase 4, researchers conducted a literature review on each facility for which an administrator responded to the Phase 3 survey. KEY FINDINGS From the results of the Phase 2 survey, the researchers identified 9 EED and 9 EBD best practice facilities to be surveyed in Phase 3. Of the 18 administrators surveyed, 16 responses were received: 8 from EBD facilities and 8 from EED facilities. The Phase 4 survey results suggest that EBD and EED are mostly compatible, but that some specific strategies of one conflict with the goals of the other. About half of the administrators at each set of facilities said that EBD and EED are mutually supportive. About 10% said that EBD and EED conflict with one another. The remaining 40% said that the two design practices bore no relationship to one another, or that the relationship was not applicable to their facility. (See Addendum 3, Figure 1.) Overall, healthcare administrators said that EBD is playing a larger role than EED is in clinical/administrative decisions at both sets of facilities and in the design of EBD facilities. Also, both EBD and EED play a more significant role in the design process than they do in clinical/administrative decision making. (See Addendum 3, Figure 2.) While strategies related to indoor environmental quality overlap, most other EBD and EED issues bear no relation to one another or, in a few cases, are in conflict. Healthcare administrators found the strategies connection between building occupants and nature, use of healthy building materials, and daylight/views in staff/patient spaces to be synergistic between EBD and EED. Two EBD measures 3

4 were identified as being in conflict with EED: staff supportive design and appropriate acoustics and lighting. Three EED strategies identified as being in conflict with EBD: sustainable landscape and/or stormwater design, improved water efficiency, reuse of rainwater or graywater and mechanical system and ventilation design for improved indoor air quality. (See Addendum 3, Figure 3.) The literature review confirmed the majority of these findings. Most articles that directly covered both EBD and EED address them separately, either in separate sections or sidebars (e.g. Eagle, 2005, Klein, 2007). Some articles discuss relationships between specific EBD and EED concepts or strategies, without direct reference to the larger design approaches. In these instances, almost all of the synergistic strategies and some of the conflicting discussed in the articles reviewed are similar to those identified by the Phase 4 survey (e.g. Schwartz, 2007, Guenther and Hall, 2007). CONCLUSIONS This pilot research project suggests that most healthcare administrators in EBD and EED centers of excellence consider EBD and EED to either be synergistic or not in conflict. Of the conflicts that the administrators identified, some are real. For example, some building codes do not allow for the reuse of graywater inside of hospitals. However, some conflicts identified may be based on perception rather than fact. For example, good acoustics supports good indoor environmental quality a fundamental goal of EED 2. It is critical for design teams interested in implementing both EBD and EED to dig deeply, beyond immediate perception, into the relationships of the strategies, and to do so early in the design process. In addition, those interested in implementing EED might consider tying it to synergies with EBD, as EBD is perceived to have a more significant role in facility design than EED has. 2 Though the strategy may be an EBD-EED synergy, the problem with acoustics in green buildings is real. Despite the fact that it impacts indoor environmental quality, many green buildings perform worse acoustically than their non-green counterparts (Abbaszadeh, 2006). 4

5 ADDENDUM 1: DISCUSSION OF LANGUAGE This research stemmed from a need to understand the intersections between evidence-based design and sustainability, as Anshen+Allen Architects was an early adopter of both design practices in healthcare projects. The concept of eco-effective design was more recently introduced into the firm s practice through a project teaming with William McDonough + Partners. William McDonough and Michael Braungart coined the term eco-effective and defines it as "the strategy for designing human industry that is safe, profitable, and regenerative, producing economic, ecological, and social value" (MBDC, 2008). Simply put, the focus of eco-effective, in contrast to that of eco-efficient, focuses on the creation of more good impacts of buildings rather than reducing negative impacts. The philosophy of sustainable design, on the other hand, is driven by the need to address problematic outcomes resulting from standard construction practices during and following the industrial revolution. Sustainable development is defined in the 1987 Brundtland Report as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations, 1987). In other words, sustainable development is development that doesn t cause problems for the future. The principal investigators at Anshen+Allen Architects consider the eco-effective design concept of creating positive environmental impacts to have a stronger relationship with the goals of healthcare architecture than do the goals of sustainability. Eco-effective design and evidence-based design both strive to create increased positive outcomes, not fewer negative ones. 5

6 Given the philosophical alignment between eco-effective design and evidence-based design, the principal investigators chose to use eco-effective design over sustainable design for this research. However, the language of sustainability and sustainable design is prevalent outside of the profession of architecture, whereas the language of eco-effective design is less so. For the purpose of surveying healthcare administrators, the principal investigators used the term sustainable design when explaining eco-effective design. The survey was structured such that the use of one phrase over the other would not alter the survey results. 6

7 ADDENDUM 2: DISCUSSION OF METHODS The research was approached through a series of phases in which the outcomes from each phase provided input for subsequent phases. (See Addendum 2 for additional discussion of the research methods.) Phase 1: Advisory Groups. In the first phase, researchers convened advisory groups made up of experts on evidence-based design and eco-effective design with Anshen+Allen Architects. The advisory groups provided direction on the critical questions on the relationship between EBD and EED that would be addressed in the EBD-EED Survey. The advisory groups also identified names of built healthcare projects that they considered to represent centers of excellence in EBD and/or EED. The principal investigators augmented these lists of facilities with additional projects identified through a literature review. Phase 2: Best Practice Facility Survey. In the second phase, researchers surveyed national experts in EBD and EED to identify the best of the EBD and EED centers of excellence. Twenty-six experts in each area were ed a list of projects identified in the first phase. The national experts were asked to identify the top 10 facilities representing best practice in either EBD or EED hospitals. EED experts were only asked to consider EED projects, and EBD experts were only asked to consider EBD projects. The researchers used the results of this survey to identify best practice facilities to be surveyed in Phase 3. Phase 3: EED-EBD Survey. In the third phase, the researchers surveyed healthcare administrators at the facilities identified in Phase 2. The administrators had been involved with or aware of the design 7

8 process and are currently involved with the operation of the facilities. The administrators were ed a survey and had the option of responding either by , phone or fax. Phase 4: Literature Review. In the fourth phase, researchers conducted a literature review on each of the facilities whose administrators responded to the Phase 3 survey. The literature review focused on discussion by the design team and hospital administrators on the relationships between issues or strategies associated with EBD and EED. The majority of the articles were not peer-reviewed; as such, they only suggest the quantity and quality of knowledge available to design professionals engaged in healthcare architecture. 8

9 ADDENDUM 3: FIGURES Figure 1. Support for EBD and EED. 9

10 Figure 2. Role of EBD and EED in building design and operation. 10

11 Figure 3. Impact of EBD and EED issues. 11

12 ADDENDUM 4: REFERENCES Eagle, A. (2005). Taking the LEED: Environmentally Friendly Design and Construction Earns Distinction. Health Facilities Management, 18 (6) Eagle, A. (2008). Measures of success: Greenfield facility adopts evidence-based design as part of Pebble Project. Health Facilities Management, 21 (6), Guenther, R. and A. G. Hall. (2007). Healthy Buildings: Impact on Nurses and Nursing Practice. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 12 (2). Retrieved on September 4, 2008, from Hamilton, D. (2003). The four levels of evidence-based design practice. Healthcare Design, 3, Harvie, J. (2006). Redefining healthy food: An ecological health approach to food production, distribution, and procurement. In Designing for the 21 st century hospital. Papers presented by the Center for Health Design and Health Care Without Harm at a conference sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. September 2006, Hackensack, NJ. Klein, C. (2007). Market watch: health care. ZweigWhite. Retrieved on September 12, 2007, from MBDC. (2008). Glossary of Key Concepts. Retrieved on November 7, 2008, from Schwartz, E. (2007). Green Guidelines Take Root in Austin: Central Texas Hospital Inspires New Sustainable Standards for Health Care Building. Texas Construction February Retrieved on September 4, 2008, from Shepley, M., Baum, M., Ginsberg, R. & Rostenberg, W. (in review). Eco-effective design and evidence-based design: Perceived synergy and conflict. Healthcare Environments Research and Design. 12

13 Teske, K. & G. Mann (2007). Sustainability and health by design. Medical Construction & Design, United Nations. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. Retrieved on November 7, 2008, from Zimmerman, G. (2007). Healthy and green. Building Operation Management, 54,

14 ADDENDUM 5: BIBLIOGRAPHY Facility Design. Retrieved 08/23, 2008, from Bronson Methodist Hospital. (2002). Architectural Record: McGraw Hill Construction. Evidence-Based Hospital Design Improves Healthcare Outcomes For Patients, Families and Staff. (2004, 2008). Retrieved 08/23, 2008, from OhioHealth Offers First Look at Interior of Dublin Methodist Hospital. (2005, November 17). Retrieved August 23, 2008, from Cheryl Herbert, R.N., president, Dublin Methodist Hospital (OhioHealth). (2006, January 9). Retrieved August 23, 2008, from Clear Goals and the Tools to Reach Them. (2006, September). H&HN: Hospitals & Health Networks, 80, Cultural Transformation, Improved Physical Design Are Trademarks of the New Bronson Methodist Hospital. (2006, March 7). Retrieved August 23, 2008, 2008, from Karlsberger Establishes Research Fund at New Dublin Methodist Hospital. (2006, October 19). Retrieved August 23, 2008, from Green Guide for Healthcare: Best Practices for Creating High Performance Healing Environments. Version 2.2. (2007). Retrieved August 31, 2007, from 14

15 The Pebble Project. (2007). Retrieved August 31, 2007, from Sustainability, Infection Prevention, Evidence-Based Design Among Trends in 41 Billion Healthcare Construction Industry. (2007, May 9). Retrieved September 12, 2007, from n_among_trends_in_41_billion/index.html Center for Advanced Healing: Top 10 List of Evidence Based Design Features. (2008). Retrieved August 23, 2008, from OhioHealth opens doors of Dublin Methodist Hospital. (2008, January 8). Retrieved August 23, 2008, from Ament, L. (2006, January 9). Pursuit of excellence leads Bronson Hospital to Baldrige Quality Award. AHA News, 42, 1-3. Blum, A. (2006, August 15). How Hospital Design Saves Lives. Business Week. Boehland, J. (2005). Hospital Heal Thyself: Greening the design and construction of healthcare facilities. Environmental Building News, 14(6). Brannen, L. (2006). Preventative Medicine for the Environment: Developing and Implementing Environmental Programs that Work. Designing the 21st Century Hospital: Environmental Leadership for Healthier Patients and Facilities, Carpenter, D. (2006). The boom goes on, Health Facilities Management. Carpenter, D. (2008). Greening up: Hospitals getting savvier on sustainability. Health Facilities Management, 21(7), Clitheroe, H. (2000). Mapping the Creative Context of Architects. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Irvine. 15

16 Coderre, F., & Mathieu, A. (2004). Comparison of the quality of qualitative data obtained through telephone, postal and surveys. International Journal of Market Research, 46(3), Cohen, G. (2006). First, Do No Harm. Designing the 21st Century Hospital : Environmental Leadership for Healthier Patients and Facilities, McGraw-Hill Construction. (2007). Health Care Green Building SmartMarket Report Domke, H. (2007, December 28). The Art of Dublin Methodist Hospital. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from Dubbs, D. (2006, April ). The test of time : As healthcare evolves, so does Planetree. Health Facilities Management, Eagle, A. (2005). Taking the LEED: Environmentally Friendly Design and Construction Earns Distinction. Health Facilities Management, 18(6), Eagle, A. (2006, April). Design and Culture Innovations Combine at Baldrige Winner. Health Facilities Management, 19, 4-5. Eagle, A. (2008). Measures of Success: Greenfield facility adopts evidence-based design as part of Pebble Project. Health Facilities Management. Edwards, R. (2008). A New Model for Hospital Design Rises in an Ohio Cornfield, H&HN: Hospitals & Health Networks: Health Forum, Inc. Flower, J. (2006). Five-Star Hospitals. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from Frampton, S. (2003). Putting Patients First: Designing and Practicing Patient-Centered Care. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass AHA Press. Garman, A., Tyler, L., & Darnall, J. (2004). Development and validation of a 360-degreefeedback instrument for healthcare administrators. Journal of Healthcare Management, 49(5),

17 Groves, K. (2006). View from the top: CEO perspectives on executive development and succession planning processes in healthcare organizations. Journal of Health Education Administration, 23(1), Guenther, R., & G. Vittori. (2008). Sustainable healthcare architecture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Guenther, R., Vittori, G., & Atwood, C. (2006). Values-Driven Design and Construction : Enriching Community Benefits through Green Hospitals. Designing the 21st Century Hospital : Environmental Leadership for Healthier Patients and Facilities, Hamilton, D. K. (2006, January). Four Levels of Evidence-Based Practice. AIA Journal of Architecture. Harrelson, K. (2006, 2008). Cultural Transformation, Improved Physical Design Are Trademarks of the New Bronson Methodist Hospital. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from Harvie, J. (2006). Redefining Healthy Food: An Ecological Health Approach to Food Production, Distribution and Procurement. Designing the 21st Century Hospital : Environmental Leadership for Healthier Patients and Facilities, Johnson, J., & Barach, P. (2008). The role of qualitative methods in designing healthcare organizations. Environment & Behavior, 40(2), Jones, R., & Pitt, N. (1999). Health surveys in the workplace; Comparison of postal, and World Wide Web methods. Occupational Medicine, 49(8), Joseph, A. (2006). The Role of the Physical and Social Environment in Promoting Health, Safety, and Effectiveness in the Healthcare Workplace. Concord, CA. Joseph, A., & Ulrich, R. (2007). Sound Control for Improved Outcomes in Healthcare Settings. Concord, CA. 17

18 Klein, C. J. (2007, September 12). Market Watch: Health Care, from Kliment, S. A., ed. (2008). Building type basics for healthcare facilities, second edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kong, D. (2007, April). The 5-Star Hospital. Business 2.0, 8, Kroll, K. (2005). Evidence Based Design in Healthcare Facilities, Building Operating Management: Trade Press. Livingston, H. (2004). Design Matters in Health-care Facilities: And the Pebble Project has the stats to prove it, AIArchitect. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects. Malkin, J. (2008). A visual reference for evidence-based design. Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design. Manshum, J. (2007). Bronson Campus Grows Again! New North Pavilion Opening April 15 Retrieved 08/23, 2008, from Marberry, S. O., ed. (2006). Improving healthcare with better building design. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press. Mare, G. C., & Walters, S. (2007, March). Dublin Methodist Hospital: Applying evidence-based design in a race to revolutionize healthcare. Healthcare Design. Mark Rossi, P., & Lent, T. (2006). Creating Safe and Healthy Spaces: Selecting Materials that Support Healing. Designing the 21st Century Hospital : Environmental Leadership for Healthier Patients and Facilities, Marshall-Baker, A. (2006). Human and environmental health: Sustainable design for the NICU. Journal of Perinatology, 26, S31-S33. 18

19 Martin, C. S., & Guerin, D. A. (2006). Using Research to Inform Design Solutions. Journal of Facilities Management, 4(3), McGraw-Hill Construction. (2007). Health Care Green Building SmartMarket Report Naik, G. (2006, May 8). To reduce errors, hospitals use innovative designs. Wall Street Journal. Nelson, V. H. (2008). Blending old and new to achieve the extraordinary, Healthcare Design. New York, NY: Vendome Group. Neppert-Boehland, M. (1957). Stricken und Sticken mit Apparaten; Liebhabereien--leicht gemacht. München,: M. Wittkop. Ollanketo, A., & Elsas, C. R. (2007, December). No longer an afterthought: The emerging importance of art. Healthcare Design. Phelps, A. Enhancing the Performance of Healthcare Facilities Through Improved Building Envelope Design and Construction. Pitts, F. M., & Hamilton, D. K. (2005, September ). Therapeutic Environments : The increasingly documented connection between design and care. Health Facilities Management, Pradinuk, R. Doubling Daylight (pp. 1-16). Vancouver, BC: Stantec Architecture. Reiling, J. G. (2004). Patient Safety-centered Hospital Design. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 21(1), Sardone, F. J., & Reinoehl, S. (2006, May/June). Strategy, Stability, and Strength: Bronson's Journey to Excellence. Healthcare Executive, 21, Schneider, J. (2007, February 15). Learn the Top 3 patient safety concepts influencing hospital design. Building Design and Construction. Shepley, M. M. (2007). Research, Innovation, & Guidelines (RING) Paper: Eco-effective Hospital Design: Steffian Bradley Architects. 19

20 Smith, J. (2007). Health and Nature: The Influence of Nature on Design of the Environment of Care. Concord, CA. Smith, R., & Watkins, N. (2008, October 17). Therapeutic Environments. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from Teske, K., & Mann, G. J. (2007). Sustainability and Health by Design. Medical Construction & Design, 3(2), Thrall, T. H. (2006, July). The Baldrige Journey. H&HN: Hospitals & Health Networks, 80. Vakili-Ardebili, A., & Boussabaine, A. (2007). Design eco-drivers. The Journal of Architecture, 12(3), Zamosky, L. (2008, July 28). Making Hospitals Healthy. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from Zensius, N. (2008, February). Dublin Methodist Hospital: Evidence-based design at work. Healthcare Design. Zigmond, J. (2006, March 13). Built-In Benefits; Annual Construction & Design Survey shows spending remains strong; patient-safety focus, "sustainable design' among noteworthy trends. Modern Healthcare. Zimmerman, G. (2007). Healthy and green. Building Operating Management. Trade Press. 20

21 ADDENDUM 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The principal investigators would like to acknowledge Rachel Ginsberg M.L.S for her ongoing research efforts and the following individuals for their contribution to the literature review: Samantha de Lew LEED AP, Sayo Suzuki LEED AP, and Alyssa Tromfohrde, all of Anshen+Allen Architects. The following individuals contributed through practitioner focus groups: Scott Benjamin AIA, Suzanne Drake IIDA, LEED AP, Daniel Grandy AIA, LEED AP, Tyler Krehlik AIA, LEED AP, Mary Lee IIDA, CID, AAHID, and Sharon Woodworth AIA, all of Anshen+Allen Architects. Many thanks to the Boston Society of Architects, the AIA Upjohn Initiative and Anshen+Allen Architects for financial support. 21

22 ADDENDUM 7: FORTHCOMING PUBLICATIONS The research prompted the writing of a draft publication that has been submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for consideration. One of the principal investigators discussed the project at Healthcare Design 08, the annual Center for Health Design conference, on November 10, 2008 in Washington D.C., and a second principal investigator will be discussing it at Greenbuild, the annual US Green Building Council conference, on November 21, 2008 in Boston. Additional publications and presentations are expected to follow. 22

23 ADDENDUM 8: CONTACT INFORMATION Mara Baum, AIA LEED AP Anshen+Allen Architects 901 Market Street Suite 600 San Francisco, CA tel: direct: fax: