Risk Factors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Cattle Ranches
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1 Risk Factors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Cattle Ranches Royce Larsen - UCCE L. Benjamin UC Davis M. Jay-Russell UC Davis R. Atwill UC Davis M. Cooley USDA ARS D. Carychao USDA ARS R. Mandrell USDA ARS
2 Thanks to all the landowners that allowed us to do this research.
3 1982 E. coli O157:H7 first recognized as foodborne pathogen Outbreaks are generally from: Ground Beef - 41% Leafy Greens (Spinach, Lettuce, Alfalfa Sprouts) 21% (increasing number) Melons Apple Juice Orange Juice Milk Water Etc. CDC (1999 est.) 73,000 infected, 2,170 hospitalizations, & 61 deaths each year.
4 E. coli O157:H7 in Leafy Greens 1) Infection of humans from lettuce and spinach, Salinas Valley and other regions (Fresno and Kern Co.) 2) Out breaks have been occurring since ) 2006 outbreak captured national headlines, 204 reported cases, 102 hospitalized, 3 died. Investigation of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak March 21, 2007 Prepared by: California Food Emergency Response Team California Department of Health Services U.S. Food and Drug Administration
5 1982 E. coli O157:H7 first recognized as foodborne pathogen Outbreaks are generally from: Ground Beef - 41% Leafy Greens (Spinach, Lettuce, Alfalfa Sprouts) 21% (increasing number) Melons Apple Juice Orange Juice Milk Water Etc.
6 Studies show that Ec O157 prevalence in beef cattle on rangeland can be 0.7% to 18%, can be higher if in feedlots.
7 Cattle do not show clinical signs of being Ec O157 positive Questions: Are cattle or wildlife the source of E. coli O157:H7 on Central Coast? Does E. coli O157:H7 move from animals to produce fields?
8 Objectives To determine prevalence rates for cow/calf beef operations on the Central Coast Correlate risk factors, i.e. climate variables and management practices with Ec O157 prevalence
9 Methods 8 Different Ranches in MO, SB, and SLO Counties Sampled while preg checking, or from fresh cow pats Sampled water and sediment from troughs, streams, ponds, diptanks, and standing water Fedex overnight to lab at UC Davis, cultured for Ec O157 and generic E. coli Management practice questionnaires completed each time ranches were sampled Study took place during summer 2008 fall Collected a total of 2654 fecal samples, 204 water, 93 sediment
10 Results for Fecal Samples (Draft) 5 of 8 ranches were Ec O157 positive at least once during study Proportion of positive fecal samples ranged from 0 10% on any given ranch per sampling Yearly prevalence (all ranches) /398 (0%) /1322 (5.3%) /1322 (1.4%)
11 2008 0/398 (0%) /1322 (5.3%) /1322 (1.4%) Highest prevalence occurred during a drought year.
12 Results for Fecal Samples 5 of 8 ranches were Ec O157 positive at least once during study Proportion of positive fecal samples ranged from 0 10% /398 (0%) /1322 (5.3%) /1322 (1.4%) Overall Prevalence on Central Cost Cow / Calf Herds was Low Total 68/2654 (2.6%)
13 Results for Water/Sediment Samples River / Stream Water 3/78 (3.8%) (not significantly different from fecal samples) Sediment 1/55 (1.8%) Note: Chances samples being positive for Ec O157 increased when the drinking source included surface water. Troughs Water 0/70 (0%) Sediment 0/7 (0%)
14 Results for Weather Variables Related to Samples Odds = chance of being positive for Ec O157 Increase max soil temp, increase odds Increase max humidity, increase odds
15 Results for Management Practices Related to Samples Odds = chance of being positive for Ec O157 Increase herd size, increase odds (increase in outside cattle being brought in? more chances of cow to cow contact) Increase percent of unweaned calves, increase odds (more chances of contact, increase young vulnerable? Increase calving season length, decrease odds (decrease contact, decrease young vulnerable? All positive samples were from cow/calf pair being moved after calving (increase stress) No positive samples if the cow/calf pair were not moved (decrease stress)
16 Main Conclusions (final model) Max soil temp, higher relative humidity, increased herd size, and drinking water source were the main variables leading to increased chance of being positive for Ec O257.
17 Main Conclusions (final model) Type of Management was not Significant Traditional cow / calf operation on rangeland Higher densities, i.e. stockers, short duration high density, on rangeland Need more studies? Nutrition? Animal Stress? Grass-fed beef irrigated pasture
18 Plant Secondary Compounds Tannins viewed from a different angle (BEHAVE Program) Highly reactive compounds Nutrition bypass protein (better absorption of amino acids) Health decrease bloat (trefoil + alfalfa) Health reduce internal parasites Health improve immune function
19 Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Intermountain Irrigated Pasture Project Lewiston, Utah Utah Page 1
20 24 yearlings in 2 groups, groups 1& 2 12 pregnant cows in 2 groups, groups 3 & 4 There were 84 cattle, separated into 8 different groups. 24 cows and 24 calves in 4 groups, groups 5, 6, 7, & 8
21 Overflow pasture Pastures at the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station B C D A B C D Groups 1 & 2 Groups 5 & 6 Groups 7 & 8 N Strips: Sanfoin Cache Meadow Brome Monoculture Seine Tall Fescue Strips: Seine Tall Fescue AC Grazeland Alfalfa Norcen Birdsfoot Trefoil F E F G H Mixture: Vernal Alfalfa Reed Canary Grass KY 31 Tall Fescue Goldie Birdsfoot trefoil H Groups 3 & 4 Strips: Tuschany II Tall Fescue AC Grazeland Alfalfa Norcen Birdsfoot Trefoil I J K L Some groups were creep supplemented, (corn hominy 72%, wheat middlings 25%, limestone 3%) Pasture B, C, D, F, H, and the overflow pastures were used in this experiment.
22 Fecal samples were taken 3 times and shipped to UC Davis and tested for E. coli O157:H7
23 Pasture B. Sainfoin / Cache Meadow Brome Yearlings, 12 each group E. coli O157:H7 in Yearlings # Infected Group 1 Group 2 Groups Jul 7, 2008 Sep 8, 2008 Nov 1, 2008 These groups were in a pasture with birdsfoot trefoil. Group 1 was creep supplemented. corn hominy (72%), wheat middlings (25%) and limestone (3%).
24 Pasture H. Tuschany II Tall Fescue / AC Grazeland Alfalfa / Birdsfoot Trefoil 6 pregnant cows each group E. O157:H7 in Fall Calving Cows # Infected Group 3 Group 4 Groups Jul 7, 2008 Sep 8, 2008 Groups 3 and 4 had access to birdsfoot trefoil most of the time. Group 3 was creep supplemented.
25 Pasture C. Monoculture of Seine Tall Fescue 6 cows 6 calves in each group E. coli O157:H7 in Spring Calving Cows E. coli in Calves # Infected 3 # Infected Group 5 Group 6 Groups 0 Group 5 Group 6 Groups Jul 7, 2008 Sep 8, 2008 Oct 15, 2008 no sample Sep 8, 2008 Oct 15, 2008 Groups 5 and 6 were in a pasture with birdsfoot trefoil from July 1 July 7, then moved to a pasture with the monoculture of tall fescue. The calves in group 5 were creep supplemented.
26 Pasture D. Seine Tall Fescue / AC Grazeland Alfalfa / Birdsfoot Trefoil 6 cows 6 calves in each group E. coli O157:H7 in Spring Calving Cows E. coli in Calves # Infected 3 # Infected Group 7 Group 8 Groups 0 Group 7 Group 8 Groups Jul 7, 2008 Sep 8, 2008 Oct 15, 2008 no sample Sep 8, 2008 Oct 15, 2008 Groups 7 and 8 were on pastures with birdsfoot trefoil all the time, except for 1 week. Calves in group 7 were creep supplemented.
27 Prevalence of E. coli in Cattle 0.35 Shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle on different pastures at the Lewiston Ag Experiment station, Utah In this observation: Cattle on tannins were 13 times less likely to shed E. coli, With Birdsfoot Trefoil Without Birdsfoot Trefoil Statistically different at P < 0.02
28 Prevalence of E. coli in Cattle Shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle on different pastures at the Lewiston Ag Experiment station, Utah In this observation: Cattle that were supplemented with Creep were 7 times less likely to shed E. coli Creep Supplemented 1 2 Not Supplemented Statistically different at P < 0.05
29 Tannins viewed from a different angle (BEHAVE Program) Highly reactive compounds Nutrition bypass protein (better absorption of amino acids) Health decrease bloat (trefoil + alfalfa) Health reduce internal parasites Health improve immune function Other Research has shown Phenolic acids (tannins) decreases E. coli in feces para-coumaric acid (tannins) increases E. coli death rates in feces Phenolic acids (tannins) from cranberry concentrates decreases E. coli in hamburger
30 Questions
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