VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA TECHNICAL & NON-TECHNICAL MEASURE POLICY

Transcription

1 VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA TECHNICAL & NONTECHNICAL MEASURE POLICY Dr. B. Sengupta Member Secretary Central Pollution Control Board Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India, New Delhi Paper Presented at Regional Workshop on Transport Sector Inspection & Maintenance Policy in Asia Organized by ESCAP/UN(DESA) in Bangkok during 02 Dec 200

2 VEHICULAR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN INDIA High vehicle density in Indian urban centers Older vehicles predominant in vehicle vintage Inadequate inspection & maintenance facilities Predominance of two stroke two wheelers Adulteration of fuel & fuel products Improper traffic management system & road conditions High levels of pollution at traffic intersections Absence of effective mass rapid transport system & intracity railway networks High population exodus to the urban centers.

3 CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SECTORS TO AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES Domestic Industrial Vehicular 72% 8% 20%

4 GROWTH OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN INDIA Numbers in Thousand

5 FUEL SHARE IN INDIA GASOLINE DIESEL CNG LPG/ELEC

6 FUEL CONSUMPTION IN METRO CITIES( ) MS HSD CNG METRIC TONNES MUMBAI DELHI KOLKATA CHENNAI

7 SHARE OF ONROAD VEHICLES IN DELHI 2S2W GASOLINE CAR MUVG BUS 4S2W DIESEL CAR MUVD LCV 3W TAXIS TRUCK CNG

8 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF TWO WHEELERS IN DELHI Number of Vehicles Year

9 % EMISSION LOAD CONTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT VEHICLES IN YEAR 2000 IN DELHI Types Load Th.t CO (292.6) HC (2.6) NOX (63) PM (4.4) BENZENE (3.0) BUTADINE (0.36) O3 POTENCIAL (402) BUS 23 5 < < LCV MUVG < 2 < MUVD 3 < < PCG PCD < < < < < < TAXIS < < < < < TRUCKS < 2 3W 8 3 < S/2W S/2W

10 TECHNICAL MEASURES VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY FUEL QUALITY AFTER COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVE FUEL ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES (ZEVS) MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM URBAN ROAD & FLYOVER PROJECTS I&M / PUC PROGRAMME

11 EuroIII (Country) EuroIV (metros) EuroII (Country) 200 EuroIII (7 megacities) EuroI equivalent (Country) EuroII eqv. For cars (4 metros) nd set norms notified 2000/0 Emission norms for catalytic vehicles 996 st set norms notified VEHICLE EMISSION NORM SCHEDULE IN INDIA

12 GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS & SCHEDULE PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS YEARS RVP at 38deg.c,kpa BENZENE (all).0 %by Vol.,Max 3.0 (metros).0 (metro) Lead 0.5%(low pb) G/m3, Max 0.03% (unleaded) Sulphur 0.0(unleaded) %by Mass,max 0.20 (leaded) Aromatics % v/v., Max Oxygen %by Vol.,max

13 DIESEL SPECIFICATIONS & SCHEDULE PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS YEAR Cetane No, Min Sulphur % W/w, Max 0.05 (METRO) Distillation T95 Polyaromatic

14 GASOLINE BENZENE REDUCTION PRORAMME IN INDIA No Specifications June 994 Before % 0.5 g/l (4 metro) Unleaded 4 metros April 995 Low leaded Entire Country April 996 Jan 997 Jan 999 April % in Metro cities % in NCT & Mumbai Nov Unleaded Feb NCR 2000 Unleded Country GASOLINE LEAD PHASEOUT PROGRAMME IN INDIA

15 DIESEL SULPHUR REDUCTION PROGRAMME IN INDIA Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj April 996 August 997 Sulphur 0.25% Delhi & Taj Sulphur 0.25% Metro cities April 998 Sulphur 0.25% Entire Country Jan 2000 Sulphur 0.05% Mumbai Sulphur 0.05% Jan 200 NCR Sulphur 0.05% June 200 Chennai & Kolkata July 200

16 INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION SYSTEM Fitness certification is a statutory requirement for commercial vehicles and public transport vehicles. Periodicity for certification is once in a Year. For noncommercial passenger cars, fitness certification is required for renewal of registration, only after 5 years from the date of first registration. In case of two wheelers no such requirement exists. Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificates are required to be obtained every three months for all categories of vehicles. In case of petrol vehicles idling CO measurements are taken and in case of diesel vehicles, free acceleration smoke is measured. RTOs, filling stations & service stations are authorized to issue PUC certificates. There are more than 400 PUC centers in Delhi. The agency for issue of Fitness Certificate is the Transport Department. A fee of Rs.50 per vehicle for heavy commercial vehicles and Rs.50 for medium & light commercial vehicles is levied for obtaining PUC certificates.

17 Current & Proposed Emission Standards for inuse Vehicles Vehicles Category Current Standard Proposed Standard CO (%) HC (ppm) CO (%) HC (ppm) Gasoline 2/3 Wheelers 2stroke stroke Gasoline 4wheelers Without close loop Cat. Con To be proposed With close loop Cat. Con Diesel Vehicles other than agricultural tractors Full load 75 HSU (Smoke Density) Not Proposed Free acceleration 65 HSU Not Proposed Diesel Agri Tractors 80% load 75 HSU Not Proposed LPG/CNG 2/3 Wheeler 4.5 4Wheeler 3.0

18 VEHICLE CHECK SHEET FOR FITNESS CERTIFICATE S Tyres Engine Horn Brake Lamps/signals Embossing of chassis Speedometer Painting Wiper Dimension Body Electrical Finishing Road Test Others Item Steering Suspension Cut, deformation, threadease were Gear backlash, kingpin, stub axle, steering freeplay Noise level 85 db Leafspring position, clamping, shock absorber, bushes,shackle, centre bolt Electrical, bulb, pressure horn Total brake effort > 45%, stopping distance at 30 kmph < 3 mtrs, parking brake, brake oil leakage Headlamps, parking, turn signal, top lights, reflectors Chassis & engine no. identification plate, month & year of mfg. Functioning, speed governors. As per Act and rules Wiper fitment & functioning As per CMVR, DMV rules Seating, mudguard, emergency gate, window size, glasses, floor, etc. Insulations, switches, doom light, spark arrester Riveting, welding, bonnet, crankcase cover, etc. Clutch, transmission, axels & performance As per specifications. Check

19 TECHNICAL MEASURE EVALUATION BY EMISSION Up gradation of fuel quality & tightening of vehicle emission norms resulted in decreasing trends of pollution in major cities of India. Inspection & Maintenance has definite utility on emission performance. Concentration of lead in traffic intersection shows good downward trends. SO2 shows decreasing trends over the years. Nox & PM still remain a problem though trends are decreasing. Marginal decrease in RSPM observed at traffic intersections.

20 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (TRAFFIC INTERSECTION) IN DELHI SO2/NO2ug/m3 RSPM0 x ug/m3 LEAD0 x ng/m3 CO00 x ug/m SO2 NO2 LEAD CO RSPM

21 AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFIC INTERSECTION IN DELHI ( CO IN ug/m3x 00 / VEHICLES IN LAKHS) CO VEHICLES SO2 IN ug/m3 /DIESEL S IN 00 X ppm NO2 IN ug/m3 SO DIESEL S NO2 59

22 AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFIC INTERSECTION IN DELHI LEAD IN 0 X ug/m3 / PTRL Pb IN mg/l LEAD PETRL Pb JAN RSPM IN 0 X ug/m3 / DIESEL S IN 00 X ppm RSPM DIESEL S CORRELATION OF AMBIENT NO2 LEVEL WITH CALM CONDITIONS OF WIND IN DELHI NO2 MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR CALM MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV

23 PARTII NONTECHNICAL MEASURE POLICY

24 NONTECHNICAL MEASURES EMISSION WARRANTY SCRAPING OLD POLLUTING VEHICLES TOLL TAX FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES SUBSIDIES FOR CLEAN VEHICLES PARKING CHARGES & FINE ENCOURAGING CAR POOL AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS

25 PERCENTAGE TRIPS FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES IN MEGA CITIES WORK EDUCATION SOCIAL 00% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 0% 0% MUMBAI CALCUTTA DELHI CHENNAI

26 ECONOMIC GROWTH & VEHICLE GROWTH Per capita Income (Rs) Number of Vehicles in Delhi X 000 Per capita State Domestic Product (Delhi) Per Capita Net National Product 993/94 994/95 995/96 996/97 997/98 998/99 999/00 SourceNEERI

27 POPULATION ROAD LENGTHVEHICLE DENSITY IN DELHI ROAD LENGTH X 00 Km VEHICLE DENSITY (NO. PER KM) POPULATION IN DELHI (X/0) Lakhs SourceNIPFP

28 PUBLIC PERCEPTION FOR TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN DELHI Enchroachment Increased Vehicles Bad Road Condition Traffic Indiscipline Mixed Traffic Police Barrier Insufficiant pedestrian facility Insufficiant road width Others SourceNEERI

29 INDICATIVE FUEL PRICING STRUCTURE IN INDIA GASOLINE CNG PARKING CHARGES DIESEL VEHICLE GROWTH IN LAKHS PRICE IN RS PRE 90s GASOLINE DIESEL CNG * Administered Pricing Mechanism (APM) will be off by 2002.

30 INDICATIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORT FARE IN METROS 2 BUS FARE IN RS MUMBAI KOLKATA CHENNAI DELHI SourceT&CPO/GOI

31 60000 Proposed Investment in road infrastructure (Million Rs) MUMBAI KOLKATA CHENNAI DELHI SourceT&CPO/GOI

32 VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES TAKEN AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN DELHI (JanJun) Emission Norms of Vehicles.Relaxed norms.emission norms made stringent as compared to 99..Emission norms for cat.converter fitted vehicles made stringent..hotstart replaced by cold start tests which gives less emissions..euroi equivalent norms for all types of vehicles except passenger vehicles which are EuroII equivalent. CNG/LPG Norms finalized. Fuel Quality Improvement.Diesel S %.Gasoline lead 0.56 g/l.benzene no limit.fuel quality specifications notified under EPA for the first time. Pb (g/lit)=0.5 Diesel S=0.5% Gasoline Benzene=5%.Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25%.Gasoline Benzene reduced to 3%.Gasoline Lead phased out.diesel sulphur reduced to 0.05% in selected outlets..gasoline Benzene reduced to %.Gasoline sulphur with 0.05% max.sulphur in all outlets..low smoke 2T oil introduced.diesel with 0.05% sulphur throughout retail outlets in NCT. Other Measures.Govt. vehicles to run on CNG/Catalytic Converter..5 years oldcommercial vehicles banned.premix 2T oil in retail outlets. Buses more than 8 years old phased out. Replacement of pre990 autos/taxis with vehicles on clean fuels.conversion of post990 autos to CNG initiated. Fuel testing lab established.all autos/taxis and buses to run on CNG.. At present 600 buses, 000 taxis and cars, autos on CNG. CO (ug/m3) SO2 (ug/m3) NO2 (ug/m3) Pb (ng/m3) RSPM (ug/m3) Vehicle No.(Lac) % Calm Wind

33 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION & EMISSION EVALUATION PRESENT & FUTURE PROJECTION FOR DELHI u gm/m CO NOX PM F / VT A 2000/2000 B 2000/2005 C 2005/2000 D 2005/2005 E EUROIII/EUROIII F EUROIV/EUROIV 250 CO STANDARD CO=ugmX NOX AND PM STANDARD A 200 B 200 C 200 D 200 E 200 F

34 THANKYOU