Research design and methods Part II. Dr Brian van Wyk POST-GRADUATE ENROLMENT AND THROUGHPUT
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1 Research design and methods Part II Dr Brian van Wyk POST-GRADUATE ENROLMENT AND THROUGHPUT
2 From last week Research methodology Quantitative vs. Qualitative vs. Participatory/action research Research methods Methods of sampling, data collection and data analysis Research design Experimental, descriptive, exploratory
3 RESEARCH DESIGN Logic of the inquiry Purpose of the inquiry Types of research design Directions of reasoning (logic)
4 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Is best suited to the investigation of structure rather than process Can answer how many, what and where questions Relies on predetermined response categories and standardised data collection instruments The standardised measurement and sampling procedures are intended to enhance the validity and reliability of observation (counting) and to facilitate replication studies
5 SAMPLING IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Aim for generalisation to a larger (study) population. Sample size = large Random sampling from study population is preferred when possible, where not possible systematic, stratified and cluster sampling methods may be used Why? And verification of theory
6 DATA ANALYSIS IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH I. Descriptive statistics Simple distribution (one variable) Bivariate relationships (2 variables., e.g. frequency distributions) More than 2 variables (tri/multivariate, e.g. multiple regression analysis)
7 Inferential statistics Use probability theory: to test hypotheses to draw inferences as to whether results from a random sample hold true for a designated study population (generalisability) to test whether descriptive results are likely to be due to random factors or to a real relationship. It helps researchers decide whether a relationship really exists between different sets of statistical results
8 NEED TO KNOW - CONCEPTS Statistical significance means that results are not likely to be due to chance factors the probability of finding a relationship in the sample when there is none in the population. It tells the researcher whether the results are produced by random error in random sampling. Results an be statistically significant but theoretically meaningless or trivial. BEWARE OF THE STATISTICIAN! Probability theory refers to a process that generates a mathematically random result that is, the selection process operates in a truly random method and a researcher can calculate the probability of outcomes. It is a true random process in that each element has an equal probability of being selected.
9 STEPS IN DESIGNING A QUANTITATIVE STUDY Formulate a researchable question Review related literature State hypotheses Determine the variables to be studied Identify dependent, independent, control and other variables Determine how these variables will be operationalised Determine level of measurement Determine research plan/method of data collection Define population Determine what instruments will be used to collect data Pretest instruments Determine statistical tests to use
10 DATA COLLECTION IN QUANTITATIVE STUDIES Experimental Simple post-test Classic pre-test, post-test Pre-test, post-test, control group Secondary analysis of quantitative data Observation Use check or tally sheet Surveys Use questionnaires
11 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH The aim of qualitative research is to get close to the data in their natural setting It is designed to best reflect an individual s experience in the context of their everyday life. It uses smaller sample sizes and digs deeply for data.
12 DATA COLLECTION IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Participant observation Case studies Formal and informal interviewing Videotaping Archival data surveys OR document review
13 Emphasises comprehensive, interdependent, dynamic and holistic structures Is appropriate in the investigation of messy problems and complex, interdependent issues, and allows for the collection of rich data that can explore the why and how of the problem, and not just the what (quantitative research) Often draws on multiple sources of data Is particularly appropriate to the investigation of research problems that are under-theorised, given its strength in generating / developing theory (inductive).
14 DATA ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE STUDIES Discourse analysis Narrative analysis Content analysis Thematic analysis
15 SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Sampling is mostly purposive with specific criteria in mind! Seek conceptual applicability rather than representativeness (quantitative representivity) You want to capture the range of views/experiences Or seek after/pursue saturation of data Or to draw theory from data.
16 TRIANGULATION IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Data triangulation multiple data sources to understand a phenomenon Methods triangulation multiple research methods to study a phenomenon Researcher triangulation multiple investigators in analysing and interpreting the data Theory triangulation multiple theories and perspectives to help interpret and explain the data
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