ERP Implementation and Its Use
|
|
- Brendan Cameron
- 3 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ERP Implementations a never ending story? Ewa Zimmerman & Jo Smedley Halmstad University Sweden, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering Ewa.Zimmerman@ide.hh.se & Jo.Smedley@ide.hh.se Abstract. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems integrate software solutions that support the integration of all information flows leading to organizational changes. This paper outlines a research proposal concerning the implementation and use of ERP systems in organizations. Taking an information and knowledge perspective on organization from the management and consultant perspective, we present issues that are of interest when ERP systems are implemented and used. The paper ends with discussion concerning future work. Key words: ERP Implementations, Organizational adjustments, Action Research, knowledge management 1
2 Introduction Information systems is the overall name for systems that handle, store and distribute information. Today, development is turning to information and communication systems. Processing data and using information effectively is essential for all types of organizations. In their day-to-day operations, organizations use information for functions such as planning, controlling, organizing, and decision-making. Information is unquestionable a critical resource in the operation of all organizations. Speed and vast quantities of information are key issues. Many companies today choose to implement ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system not only to support the daily operations but also to handle information, buiding services to customers etc. This leads to organizational change for example, implementing new ways to process and disseminate information between different departments and between individuals. The need for information in organizations today is vital for their survival and the need for speedy access to the right information in a timely, accurate and easy manner is growing. In order to provide this, many organizations implement ERP systems to support various functional areas. This paper presents an attempt to formulate a research approach, proposing that adjustment has to be made not only in the implementation process but also in the organization itself. Today, organizations make adjustments to fit in the ERP system and its processes but there has to be a limit in how much the organisation can change. It would be interesting to investigate what happens in the organisation when an ERP system is implemented and used. When traditional system development processes are being performed the process follows pre-defined stages, ending with the implementation of a system for the organization to maintain. ERP implemenations do not follow the traditional approach prefering an on-going style, making the organization change as the use increases. The organization may have to change their work processes on a continual basis as the ERP system is complex and contains a lot of parts that will be used as the knowledge increase. The changes in organizations can be viewed from both the organizational perspective and the user or employee perspective. One question that can be raised concerns the loss of individual knowledge when best practice in the ERP system is adopted on the work processes. This is connected to the adjustments the organisation has to make when the ERP System is emplemented. At this early stage we have formulated the following proposal: We want to clarify what kind of adjustments are made towards the ERP system and identify the consultants role in this by taking the organisational perspective and examine these changing factors in the organization. The structure of this paper is as follows, we begin by trying to give a theoretical frame to the problem situation. Then we present an informal meeting with a small company using an ERP system in their organization. Some research is performed within the problem area is then presented and therafter 2
3 suggestions for research design are formulated. Finally, we conclude and discuss how the proposed reseach can be designed and performed. Theoretical framework An ERP system is an integrated software solution that supports the integration of all the information flowing through an organization (Wong & Scarbrough, 2005). Before the millenium, several companies felt that new information systems had to be implemented in order to support their business processes. Now, many of these systems are replaced by ERP systems with the purpose of increasing the efficency in their business processes. According to Sumner (2005), the ERP market is one of the fastest growing markets in the software industry and this development will create changes in the information systems development process. Davenport (2000) discusses the future of Enterprise Systems where there is a gap between the capabilities which will be valuable in the future and the capabilities currently available for ES. As this was stated five years ago, we can today assume that this was a correct statement. From the informations systems development perspective there are both human and organizational aspects of information systems e.g. ERP systems (Avison & Fitzgerald, 2003). Avison and Fitzgerald also express that information systems are useful, usually improving the effectiveness in the way that the organizations operate and that information systems do not exist for their own sake. This can be applied to ERP systems as well, and we believe that the implementation and use of ERP systems in organizations should be considered in new perspectives as it effects every individual in the organization and most of all the organisation itself. ERP and Information The interpretation of information and knowledge as concepts differ in many ways. Castells (1996) express information is organized and communicated data and knowledge is a complex of organized expressions or ideas that is conveyed to others in a systematic form. He also express that the information society is one where information and communication of knowledge are the ground source for productivity and power. Information plays an important role for development. The implementation of ERP systems has effects on both the organization itself and the members who work in it. The use of the ERP system to disseminate information can create a flow of internal information, accessible at every level and to everyone in the organization. We believe that the information is not always analyzed before it is disseminated in the ERP system and can probably create an overload of 3
4 information that is time consuming, and the opposite effect from the expected is achieved. It can also create a frustration not knowing were to find information that is useful and needed. Orlikowski (1994) argues that an understanding of people's interpretations of a technology is critical to understanding their interaction with it. To interact with technology, people have to make sense of it. In this sense making process, they develop particular assumptions, expectations, and knowledge of the technology, which then serve to shape subsequent actions toward it [ibid.]. Allwood (1998) suggested that a user s acceptance of the system and of the process of computerization itself depends on the degree to which he or she views the system as a threat or a resource. Knowing how to create information that people can use and rely on is within an area that has come to be known as knowledge management (KM). Knowledge management supports the creation, archiving, and sharing of valued information, expertise, and insight within and across communities of people and organizations with similar interests and needs (Rosenberg, 2001). From the KM perspective organizations need to archive and store knowledge created in both internal and external communication processes to facilitate knowledge creation and sharing. In ERP systems there are parts supporting knowledge management. The organizations should be aware of and have interest in using this parts of the ERP system so they can benefit from using it. An important issue is to build linkages between knowledge management and the knowledge work process it is design to support (Davenport & Prusak, 1998). ERP Implementation and Changes The implementation of ERP systems in organizations new information architectures have emerged without being planned for. And new functions within these architectures have emerged. When we use the term emergent we refer to tasks and positions in the expressed environment that occurs without any considerations during and after the implementation process. The need for information in organizations today is vital for their survival and the need for access to the right information fast is growing (Castells, 1996). Information systems today are moving towards ERP systems where every process in the organization is integrated. Small and large organizations integrate all processess such as communication, business operations, administration and so on into ERP systems. ERP systems are on-line, interactive systems that support crossfunctionally processes and data integration (Brown, Vessey, Powell, 2005). This creates changes in Information systems development according to Hedman (2003). Hedman presents a framework with key characteristics as an enterprise system life cycle supporting our suggestions that a holistic perspective should be addressed to the implementation and use of ERP systems. 4
5 From a similar perspective Wong, Scarbrough, Chau and Davison (2005) presents critical failure factors identified in their study concerning ERP implementation problems and ERP implementation failures. The fourteen critical failure factors were analyzed and three common failure factors were examined. The three common factors were poor consultant effectiveness, project management effectiveness and poor quality of business process re-engineering (Wong, Scarborugh, Chau and Davison, 2005). The result stresses the importance of the consultants role in the implementation and maintainance of the ERP system. The consultant should not only have knowledge concerning the system but also have communication skills, good language capability, industrial knowledge and business analytical skills according to the results from Wong, Scarborugh, Chau and Davisons study. Their results suggests that the role performed by consultants is important to fill the knowledge gap within the different phases of ERP implementation. Another issue stressed by performed research is that the success of ERP systems implementation depends on its use by the end-users (Nah, Tan & Beethe, 2005). Therefore they stress that it is important to understand the phenomena underlying the end-users acceptance of ERP systems. A lot of research concerning users adoption of new technology has stated and confirmed that end-users acceptance is one of the most important issues if a information system development is going to be successful (Davis, 1989; Davis, Bagozzi & Warshaw, 1989). Evaluation research in the information technology area concerns often the efficiency and the effectiveness. In the efficiency perspective, the focus is on the operations of the system itself, while in the effectiveness perspective; the focus is on how well the use of the technology serves the need of the organization and its employees according to George (2000). According to this, the ERP system has to fulfill both the efficiency and the effectiveness perspective in order to serve the organization as it was intended when the ERP system was implemented. The SECI model Providing a theoretical framework for the development of knowledge management within this structure, the SECI model (Nonaka et al 1998) is a spiralling process of interactions between explicit and tacit knowledge, leading to the acquisition of new knowledge. It highlights the importance of relating the development of information systems to users and ensuring that they are engaged at appropriate stages throughout the process. Tacit Knowledge Tacit Knowledge 5
6 Tacit Knowledge Socialisation (Originating Ba) Externalisation (Interacting Ba) Explicit Knowledge Tacit Knowledge Internalisation (Exercising Ba) Combination (Cyber Ba) Explicit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge Figure 1: Nonaka s SECI Model The Socialisation stage or originating ba is the world where individuals share feelings, emotions, experiences and mental models, sympathising and/or empathising with others and removing barriers between self and others. Operating in an unfamiliar environment can produce entrainment (Condon 1976) and improvisation, providing feelings of care, love trust and commitment. In this case, the issues here are primarily of being able to engage with theoretical tacit knowledge already in place to the new everyday practice. Of importance here is learning how to relate to other employees in the organisation, adopting accepted codes of practice in terms of behaviour, approach, etiquette and communication. Changing the way of performing work and how to communicate by using the ERP system has an impact on employees through their behaviour. The externalization process or interacting ba follows where tacit knowledge becomes explicit. As such, it is important that all ideas are positively encouraged however they may be initially communicated, encouraging individuals to engage jointly in the creation of meaning and value. During this phase, the individual within the organization becomes one of the group, accepting standard practices and adopting accepted practices. This section represents quite a challenge and also varies depending on the individual s personality and their willingness and ability to be reflective in accepting practices and adjusting accordingly. The combination phase or cyber ba follows where the combining of new explicit knowledge with existing information and knowledge generates explicit knowledge through the organization (Condon 1976). This is the section where individuals start to learn and adopt new practice, putting their theoretical knowledge into use with regards to reforming existing real-life practice, suggesting new methods of operation while also recognizing that sometimes existing practices are in place based not just on ideals but from experienced points of view. This can cause frustration and requires careful management to ensure that positive lessons are learned to enable the employee to continue to progress and develop. 6
7 The internalization phase or exercising ba allows the conversion of explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge. Focusing on training with senior employees, this consists of exercises that form certain patterns and disciplines. Therefore, the internalization of knowledge is continuously enhanced through the use of formal explicit knowledge in real life or simulated applications. This represents the most exciting phase from an employability point of view, providing them with the valuable insights of how their previous knowledge can be further developed and applied to this new opportunity. It enables an appreciation of how the knowledge can be put into practice and understood fully, demonstrating the impact of the knowledge framework on their individual knowledge process. The understanding and interpretation of knowledge always depends on the individual. In Western cultures, explicit knowledge management is promoted whereas in Japan, tacit knowledge management approaches are the main focus (Nonaka et al 1998). Knowledge is manageable as long as leaders embrace and foster to enable it to be created. Consequently, the role of the manager is crucial in order that the employees adopt expected practices, are able to acquire the necessary skills and are encouraged to display and develop their individual creativity. Their role is therefore to manage emerging knowledge by supporting the changing process with vision while also committing time and influence. Knowledge needs to be nurtured, supported, enhanced and cared for and the users of the ERP system should feel that their knowledge and experiences are considered and has a value when work processes change. Knowledge activists support the concept of ba by demonstrating commitment to ideas, experiments and human beings through acting as catalysts of knowledge creation and connectors of initiatives and foresight. With their commitment, the vision on the type of knowledge to create and how this is best supported for emerging ba act as a driving force for all organizational members. This type of knowledge management provides space for knowledge creation processes to emerge, opening the door to a new type of creative, inspiring and imaginative management. Information Quality It is important to have quality information within the ERP system and all information should be used. A framework with four IQ categories, developed through empirical studies (Huang, Lee et al. 1999), could be applied here. The first category is intrinsic IQ which denotes that information has quality in its own right. Contextual IQ highlights the requirement that IQ must be considered within the context of the task at hand; that is, information must be relevant, timely, complete and appropriate in terms of amount so it adds value. Representational IQ and accessibility IQ emphasize the importance of the role of the systems and the systems must be accessible but secure. The systems must present information in a way that is interpretable, easy to understand, and concisely and consistently represented. These four categories should be considered in information consumer s 7
8 as in the empoloyees, perspective which is all individuals at every level in the organisation. The organisational change affects the knowledge possesed by the users and it should be captured, developed and used together with the processes within the ERP system. The ERP system should support and enhance the creation of new knowledge and by applying the SECI-model whis could perhaps be supported. The next section will present and discuss the SECI-model and its relevance in our proposal. Initial interview To apply this model to a real-life situation, a contact was made with a small company using an ERP system in their business. The company develops and delivers a product on customer demand. The purpose with the meeting was to capture overall opinions, positive and negative effects of the use of the ERP system. And also to identify how the ERP system was used in their operations and how their further development of the use of the ERP system progressed. The interview was performed as an informal meeting with three participants; the manager, the production manager and the IT-manager. In this initial interview the participants were asked to describe and tell the story about the implementation and use of their ERP system. The company expressed that the ERP system has changed their way of performing their work processes to some extent. All of the participants expressed that there was several modules in the ERP system that they did not use. They also expressed that it is easier to use the old systems and modify them to the new ERP system. An explanation to this was that if processes are time consuming to put in the ERP system the choice was made to use the old system and convert the information into the ERP. So, they expressed that the ERP system was almost used as a database at some level. All three managers expressed that there is a strong need for the IT-people to have very good insight and knowledge concerning the organization to be able to maintain the ERP system. They expressed that they have ideas on how to increase the use of the ERP system but that they do not have the time available at the moment. In the interview the managers indicated that they still have yearly costs for consultant support which confirms our assumptions. The change is an on-going process since they still, after some years are dependent on the consultant to support the ERP system and the employees using it. This indicates that there is no defined end of the process. The weakest link in the system always needs further development and new ideas for how processes can be improved by using the ERP system are constantly growing. 8
9 Research Design To understand in-depth the impact the implementation of an ERP system has on organizations and its users a framework will be constructed. Baskerville and Myers (2004) state that action research aims to solve current practical problems while expanding scientific knowledge (pg 329) which we believe could be applied on our study. The empirical work will be conducted using a case study approach. A case study allows an investigation to retain the holistic and meaningful characteristics of real-life cycles and organizational and managerial processes (Yin 1994). The study will be using interviews, document reviews, and personal observations as the main methods for information collection. The result will be evaluated and hopefully used in the participating companies. Further work include companies and consultants using ERP systems in their daily activities and as the action research aims to solve current practical problems while expanding scientific knowledge (Baskerville & Myers, 2004) we believe that this could be applied. Baskerville and Myers (2004) describe action research as a two-stage process. First, the diagnostic stage involves a collaboration analysis of the social situation. This step will include the SECI model with an attempt to capture the individual knowledge and engagement in the use of the ERP system. The second step is a therapeutic stage involving collaborative change. In this case, it will create a creative collaboration between the researchers and the management in the companies that are studied. The researchers will bring knowledge into the companies and the companies will contribute with practical knowledge to the research. The participating companies will share their knowledge and experiences which will enhance their use of the ERP system in their organizations. Hopefully, the results can be useful for the companies to achieve a successful use of the ERP system in every level in their organizations. An interesting approach could be to use a modified version of TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) as a starting point to identify and capture relevant issues concerning user s adoption of new technology. TAM is a model that is used to investigate the user s acceptance of information technology. Nah, Tan and Beethe (2005) points out that TAM has limitations used in an ERP context and suggests that TAM has to be extended or revised on order to be suitable for explaining end-user acceptance of complex and advanced information technology (IT) in organizational settings. We have an idea of using TAM not to investigate the end-user but to put the organization as the enduser to identify the added-value and usefulness in the use of ERP systems. Viewing the organization as user could be an interesting approach since we are convinced that there is a need for a framework or a model to be used when ERP systems are investigated. Taking a holistic perspective on the use of ERP systems and not the end-user (e.g. individual level) will hopefully lead to useful results for the organization and the consultants working with implementation and maintenance of ERP systems. 9
10 Further work and Discussion In the beginning of this paper we started by expressing that the market of ERP systems is growing fast and this needs some attention and further research. Traditional system development theories focusing almost on the development of new technologies, e.g. information systems, today ERP systems are already developed and include different software. The implementation process of ERP system concerns how the organization should adjust and change in relation to how much the ERP system can be modified to suit the organization. We have also presented research concerning how important it is that new technologies are adopted and accepted by the users in organizations. A lot of research the last years has been focusing on the end-user level and we believe that the management level needs some attention when ERP systems are used. In the background we mentioned Hedmans (2003) framework with key characteristics as an enterprise system life cycle and together with the results from Wong, Scarbrough, Chau and Davisons (2005) research where they identified critical failure factors we believe that this area needs some attention. The conclusions from the presented research confirm that the consultant s role is vital for succeeding with implementation and use of ERP systems in organizations. Accordingly, these affect the information quality and manage of the knowledge within the organization. The presented SECI model could provide the organization with a perspective supporting them to create an on-going learning process between individuals supporting them to share experiences and knowledge anchored in real-life practices and put it into the ERP system. This could enhance the use of the ERP system and new functions and operations could develop adding a value both for the individual and for the organization. From the organizational perspective it would create an awareness of the opportunity to capture and manage the knowledge possessed by the users. From this perspective we suggest that setting up a study including several companies and consultants could present relevant results both for the research community and the practitioners. The study could focus on how the implementation and use of ERP systems have affected the organization, how have the organization change and how many adjustments has been made towards the ERP system? It could also be interesting to investigate how the ERP system is used, what kind of operations is performed outside the system? Furthermore, what role has/have the consultant played in the implementation process and in their future work with the ERP system? We are aware that more work needs to be undertaken to establish how this theoretical model relates to real-life practice. In particular, emphasis needs to be placed on the impact of the individual on the knowledge management within the organization and the role that the ERP plays in shaping the transition and impact of this. Supporting knowledge management theories, it is our intention to 10
11 focus on the management level within the organization and also on the consultant s role in implementing ERP system which we feel plays a key role in forming the strategy and operation of the organization and the use of the ERP system. References Allwood, C. M. (1998). Human-computer interaction - a psychological perspective. Lund, Studentlitteratur. Avison, D., Fitzgerald, G., (2003) Information Systems Development Methodologies, Techniques and Tools. McGraw-Hill Education, New York. Baskerville, R., Myers, M.D., (2004) Special Issue on Action Research in Information Systems: Making IS Research Relevant to Practice Foreword. MIS Quarterly, Vol 28. No 3 pp Brown, C.V., Vessey, I., Powell, A., (2000) The ERP Purchase Decision: Influental Business and IT Factors. American Conference on Information Systems. Castells, M, (1996). The Information Age. Economy, Society and Culture. Volume 1: The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd (Swedish edition 1998 by Diadolos, Göteborg). Condon, W.S. (1976) An analysis of behavioural organisation, Sign Language Studies, 13 Davis, F.D., (1989) Perceived Usefulness, Percieved Ease of Use, and End-user acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, vol 13, pp Davis, F.D., (1989) User Acceptance of Computer Technology; A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models. Management Science, vol 35, pp Davenport, T.H., (2000) The Future of Enterprise System-Enabled organizations. Information Systems Frontiers 2:2, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Manufactured in The Netherlands. Davenport, T.H., Prusak, L., (1998) Working Knowledge, How Organizations Manage what they Know. Harward Business School Press. of the Eleventh Americas Conference on Information Systems, Omaha, NE, USA, August. Hedman, J., (2003) On Enterprise Systems Artifacts: Changes in Information Systems Development and Evaluation. Doctorial Dissertation, Lund University. KFS AB Lund. Huang, K., W. Lee, et al. (1999). Quality Information and Knowledge. New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Nah, F., F-H., Tan, X., Beethe, M., (2005) End-users Acceptance of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems: An investigation Using Grounded Theory Approach. Proceedings Nonaka, I. & Konno, N. (1998) The Concept of Ba: Building a foundation for knowledge creation, California Management Review, Vol 40, No. 3 Orlikowski, W. and D. C. Gash (1994). "Technological Frames: making Sense of Information Technology in Organizations." ACM 12(2): Sumner, M., (2005) Enterprice Resource Planning. Pearson Education, Inc New Jersey. ISBN Wong, A., Scarbrough, H., Chau, P.Y.K., Davison, R., (2005) Critical Failure Factors in ERP Implementation. Pacific Asia Conferense on Information Systems. Yin, R. K. (1994). Case Study Research: Design and Methods, SAGE Publications 11
12 12
The Role of Tacit Knowledge Management in ERP Systems Implementation
78 The Role of Tacit Knowledge Management in ERP Systems Implementation Iuliana SCORŢA Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, România iuliana.scorta@ie.ase.ro Many organizations that implemented ERP systems
More information2 Computer Science and Information Systems Research Projects
2 Computer Science and Information Systems Research Projects This book outlines a general process for carrying out thesis projects, and it embraces the following components as fundamentally important:
More informationCreation of Innovation by Knowledge Management A case study of a learning software organisation
Creation of Innovation by Knowledge Management A case study of a learning software organisation Karin Auernhammer Mark Neumann Annette Leslie Fiona Lettice Fraunhofer IAO Cranfield University Nobelstr.
More informationMiracle Integrating Knowledge Management and Business Intelligence
ALLGEMEINE FORST UND JAGDZEITUNG (ISSN: 0002-5852) Available online www.sauerlander-verlag.com/ Miracle Integrating Knowledge Management and Business Intelligence Nursel van der Haas Technical University
More informationThis historical document is derived from a 1990 APA presidential task force (revised in 1997).
LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES: A Framework for School Reform & Redesign TABLE OF CONTENTS: Background Learner-Centered Principles Prepared by the Learner-Centered Principles Work Group of the
More informationKouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2007). The leadership challenge (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2007). The leadership challenge (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Reviewed by Chelsea Truesdell Introduction The Leadership Challenge serves as a resource for any
More informationMaster of Science in Management
Programme Syllabus for Master of Science in Management 120 higher education credits Second Cycle Established by the Faculty Board of the School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg,
More informationIMPACT OF JOB CHARACTERISTICS ON JOB SATISFACTION AMONG ERP SYSTEM USERS
IMPACT OF JOB CHARACTERISTICS ON JOB SATISFACTION AMONG ERP SYSTEM USERS S.Lakshmi 1 * and M.R.Vanithmani 2# 1. School of Management, Sri Krishna College Of Engineering And Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil
More informationERP implementation and Organization Changes
ERP implementation and Organization Changes Jen Yin YEH Fortune Institute of Technology University of South Australia jenyiny@yahoo.com.tw Abstract Numerous ERP evaluations have been presented in previous
More informationCHANGE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN ORGANISATION
CHANGE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN ORGANISATION Dr. Mane Vijay Annaso Associate Professor in Commerce Mahatma Phule Mahavidyalaya Pimpri, Pune-17, India. vijay_mane5777@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT:
More informationCRM Adoption Framework and Its Success Measurement
CRM Adoption Framework and Its Success Measurement Leo Willyanto Santoso Faculty of Industrial Technology, Petra Christian University Jl. Siwalankerto 121-131, Surabaya 60236 Tel. 031-2983455, Fax. 031-8417658,
More informationOverview of Knowledge Management in Organizations
Overview of Knowledge Management in Organizations 1 Overview of Knowledge Management in Organizations Yu Huang Graduate Student, Training and Human Resource Development Key words: Knowledge Management,
More informationMaster of Science in Management
Programme Syllabus for Master of Science in Management 120 higher education credits Second Cycle Established by the Faculty Board of the School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg,
More informationAttribute 1: COMMUNICATION
The positive are intended for use as a guide only and are not exhaustive. Not ALL will be applicable to ALL roles within a grade and in some cases may be appropriate to a Attribute 1: COMMUNICATION Level
More informationCrucial development areas for organizations and how to succeed in them. Leadership Development & Coaching
INNONews Crucial development areas for organizations and how to succeed in them Innotiimi newsletter 2010 Leadership Development & Coaching Change Team Innovation Meaningful Meetings Global Challenges
More informationSession One. Introduction to Knowledge Management
Knowledge Management Session One Introduction to Knowledge Management Knowledge economy Economic performance based on knowledge, technology and learning Mobilising knowledge to add value to goods and services
More informationHelen Featherstone, Visitor Studies Group and University of the West of England, Bristol
AUDIENCE RESEARCH AS A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT TOOL Sofie Davis, Natural History Museum Helen Featherstone, Visitor Studies Group and University of the West of England, Bristol Acknowledgements: The authors
More informationThe Role of Knowledge Management in Building E-Business Strategy
The Role of Knowledge Management in Building E-Business Strategy Mohammad A. ALhawamdeh, P.O.BOX (1002), Postal Code 26110, Jarash, Jordan, +962-2-6340222 M.al-hawamdeh@bcs.org.uk Abstract - e-business
More informationGROUPING OF CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR ERP IMPLEMENTATIONS
316 ABSTRACT GROUPING OF CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR ERP IMPLEMENTATIONS T.SUGANTHALAKSHMI*; C MOTHUVELAYUTHAN** *Assistant Professor, School of Management Studies, Anna University of Technology. Coimbatore.
More informationTHE ROLE OF CULTURE IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT. Woo-Soon Park Department of Public Administration, Dong-A University, Pusan 602-714 Korea
THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Woo-Soon Park Department of Public Administration, Dong-A University, Pusan 602-714 Korea Keywords: knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge organization,
More informationTechnology Complexity, Personal Innovativeness And Intention To Use Wireless Internet Using Mobile Devices In Malaysia
International Review of Business Research Papers Vol.4 No.5. October-November 2008. PP.1-10 Technology Complexity, Personal Innovativeness And Intention To Use Wireless Internet Using Mobile Devices In
More informationCopyright subsists in all papers and content posted on this site.
Student First Name: Ahmad Student Second Name: Al-Halak Copyright subsists in all papers and content posted on this site. Further copying or distribution by any means without prior permission is prohibited,
More informationAn Instrument to Assess Organizational Readiness to Implement Knowledge Management Process
An Instrument to Assess Organizational Readiness to Implement Knowledge Management Process Mohamed Jalaldeen Mohamed Razi, Nor Shahriza Abdul Karim Department of Information Systems Kulliyyah of Information
More informationCorporate Finance: Mergers & Acquisitions
COURSE DESCPRIPTIONS ZSEM international summer school 2015 June 29-July 17 2015 Zagreb School of Economics and Management, Zagreb, Croatia Corporate Finance: Mergers & Acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions
More informationKnowledge Transfer Procedures From Consultants to Users in ERP Implementations
Knowledge Transfer Procedures From to Users in ERP Implementations Przemysław Lech University Gdańsk, Poland Przemysław.lech@lst.com.pl Abstract: This paper focuses on the issue knowledge transfer from
More informationEnvisioning a Future for Public Health Knowledge Management
Envisioning a Future for Public Health Knowledge Management By Cadence Group Public health today faces challenges and opportunities of a degree that it has never seen before. Never before have methods
More informationWhat is Reflective Practice? Joy Amulya Senior Associate Community Science
What is Reflective Practice? Joy Amulya Senior Associate Community Science Community Science 0 May 2011 What is Reflective Practice? Joy Amulya Senior Associate, Community Science Reflection: the foundation
More informationFactors for the Acceptance of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems and Financial Performance
Factors for the Acceptance of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems and Financial Performance Ayman Bazhair and Kamaljeet Sandhu Abstract The purpose of this research paper to present the synthesized
More informationConsidering the Cultural Issues of Web Design in Implementing Web-Based E-Commerce for International Customers
Considering the Cultural Issues of Web Design in Implementing Web-Based E-Commerce for International Customers Kyeong. S. Kang The First International Conference on Electronic Business, Faculty of Information
More informationc. Capturing and preservation of the knowledge
9 9.1 Importance of Knowledge Management in Government 9.1.1 Earlier e-governance was considered as mere application of ICT tools to the governance processes. But, as has been emphasized in this Report,
More informationUNDERSTANDING EXPLORATORY USE
UNDERSTANDING EXPLORATORY USE OF ERP SYSTEMS 1 Rui D. Sousa Terry College of Business University of Georgia rsousa@uga.edu Dale L. Goodhue Terry College of Business University of Georgia dgoodhue@terry.uga.edu
More informationKnowledge Management in Software Companies An Appraisal
Knowledge Management in Software Companies An Appraisal B. Gopalkrishna, Lewlyn L. R. Rodrigues, P. K. Poornima, and Shivanshu Manchanda Abstract The present study involved evaluation of state of knowledge
More informationCOURSE DESCPRIPTIONS. ZSEM international summer school 2016. June 27-July 15 2016. Zagreb School of Economics and Management, Zagreb, Croatia
COURSE DESCPRIPTIONS ZSEM international summer school 2016 June 27-July 15 2016 Zagreb School of Economics and Management, Zagreb, Croatia Corporate Finance: Mergers & Acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions
More informationHolistic Development of Knowledge Management with KMMM
1 Karsten Ehms, Dr. Manfred Langen Holistic Development of Knowledge Management with KMMM Siemens AG / Corporate Technology Knowledge Management & Business Transformation If knowledge management is to
More informationSoft Skills Requirements in Software Architecture s Job: An Exploratory Study
Soft Skills Requirements in Software Architecture s Job: An Exploratory Study 1 Faheem Ahmed, 1 Piers Campbell, 1 Azam Beg, 2 Luiz Fernando Capretz 1 Faculty of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates
More informationTHE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN SCHOOL: PERCEPTION OF APPLICATIONS AND BENEFITS
THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN SCHOOL: PERCEPTION OF APPLICATIONS AND BENEFITS YOHANNES KURNIAWAN Bina Nusantara University, Department of Information Systems, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia E-mail:
More informationExploring Information Quality in Accounting Information Systems Adoption
IBIMA Publishing Communications of the IBIMA http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/cibima/cibima.html Vol. 2011 (2011), Article ID 683574, 12 pages DOI: 10.5171/2011.683574 Exploring Information Quality
More informationThe Impact of Information Technology on Knowledge Management Practices
International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology Vol. 2 No. 7; December 212 The Impact of Information Technology on Knowledge Management Practices Kamel Mohamad Hawajreh & Abdel-Aziz Ahmad
More informationPROGRAMME SPECIFICATION
Programme Specification Section 1: Basic Data Awarding institution/body Teaching institution Faculty responsible for programme University of the West of England University of the West of England Faculty
More informationKnowledge Economy. Knowledge Management. Defining the K.M framework. Knowledge Economy. Defining the K.M framework. Defining the K.
Knowledge Management Knowledge Economy What is it & how should be applied in a business and in an academic context? An empirical study from Greece. Speaker: Nikos Katsiadakis, Thessaloniki Technology Park
More informationModule 1 Personal Vision and Mission Statements for Business Leaders
Module 1 Personal Vision and Mission Statements for Business Leaders By Michelle Pate, MA, MBA How many times have you worked for a company and many of your co-workers don t know what is happening at the
More informationHow to make impact with journal publications on Software Process Improvement
How to make impact with journal publications on Software Process Improvement! Profes Doctoral Consortium, 10 December 2014! Torgeir Dingsøyr Senior scientist, SINTEF Adjunct professor, Norwegian University
More informationCertificate in Leadership and Management Excellence Training. Europe - North America - Middle East - Asia - Africa
Certificate in Leadership and Management Excellence Training Europe - North America - Middle East - Asia - Africa Introduction This highly interactive seminar will allow you to examine yourself, and your
More informationLeiders in cultuurverandering
Leiders in cultuurverandering Een praktische gids voor strategische en culturele veranderingen in organisaties Jaap Boonstra Deze studie is eerder financieel mogelijk gemaakt en begeleid door de Stichting
More informationEnterprise Resource Planning Global Opportunities & Challenges. Preface
Preface This book provides a socio-technical view of enterprise resource planning (ERP) selection and implementation practices from a global perspective. The emphasis of this book is not on the technology
More informationCourse Curriculum for Master Degree in Nursing/Adult Acute Care Nursing
Course Curriculum for Master Degree in /Adult Acute Care The Master Degree in /Adult Acute Care, is awarded by the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) upon
More informationE-Commerce Web Sites Trust Factors: An Empirical Approach
Contemporary Engineering Sciences, Vol. 6, 2013, no. 1, 1 7 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com E-Commerce Web Sites Trust Factors: An Empirical Approach Radwan M. Al-Dwairi Department of Computer Information
More informationIntroduction to Knowledge Management
Introduction to Knowledge Management SECI model Ikujiro Nonaka & Hirotaka Takeuchi 1995. Introduction Japan top of the world economy - business, working discipline, organizational abilities After 2nd world
More informationLondon School of Commerce. Programme Specification for the. Cardiff Metropolitan University. Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Business Studies
London School of Commerce Programme Specification for the Cardiff Metropolitan University Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Business Studies 1 Contents Page 1. Aims and Objectives 3 2. Programme Learning Outcomes
More informationPHYSICIANS ACCEPTANCE OF WEB-BASED MEDICAL ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS: FINDINGS FROM A NATIONAL SURVEY
PHYSICIANS ACCEPTANCE OF WEB-BASED MEDICAL ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS: FINDINGS FROM A NATIONAL SURVEY Bengisu Tulu School of Information Science Claremont Graduate University bengisu.tulu@cgu.edu Brian Hilton
More informationMBA students develop, or already possess,
Master MBA Leadership of Business Specialisation Administration MBA students develop, or already possess, strong management skills; however the practice of effective leadership is essential for dedicated
More informationSchool of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Management In Organizational Leadership. DM 004 Requirements
School of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Management In Organizational Leadership The mission of the Doctor of Management in Organizational Leadership degree program is to develop the critical and creative
More informationThere are business opportunities in abundance
Master MBA Business of in Emerging Administration Markets Specialisation There are business opportunities in abundance throughout the emerging markets of the world; however the unique challenges that accompany
More informationTHE QUEBEC WOOD SUPPLY GAME: AN INNOVATIVE TOOL FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND TRANSFER
THE QUEBEC WOOD SUPPLY GAME: AN INNOVATIVE TOOL FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND TRANSFER Constance VAN HORNE and Philippe MARIER FOR@C Research Consortium, Pavillon Pouliot, Université Laval, Quebec City,
More informationDeveloping Policies, Protocols and Procedures using Kotter s 8 step Change Management Model
2013 Developing Policies, Protocols and Procedures using Kotter s 8 step Change Management Model Marion Foster Scottish Practice Management Development Network [Pick the date] IMPLEMENTING CHANGE POWERFULLY
More informationECTS equivalent. Any special criteria PGDip International Marketing 120 60 Students undertake 120 credits from taught modules 4. Exit award.
PROGRAMME APPROVAL FORM SECTION 1 THE PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION 1. Programme title and designation International Marketing 2. Final award Award Title Credit value ECTS equivalent MSc International Marketing
More informationInternal Marketing from a Marketing Manager s perspective
Internal Marketing from a Marketing Manager s perspective Date: 28 April 2011 By: To: Assignment: Angela Shaw Student ID 01105264 Penny Robson Massey University Part 1 Individual Assignment Written Report
More informationSTANDARDS FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE WITH GROUPS. Second Edition
STANDARDS FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE WITH GROUPS Second Edition ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SOCIAL WORK WITH GROUPS, INC. An International Professional Organization (AASWG, Inc.) First edition Adopted
More information7 Conclusions and suggestions for further research
7 Conclusions and suggestions for further research This research has devised an approach to analyzing system-level coordination from the point of view of product architecture. The analysis was conducted
More informationSchool of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Health Administration. DHA 003 Requirements
School of Advanced Studies Doctor Of Health Administration The mission of the Doctor of Health Administration degree program is to develop healthcare leaders by educating them in the areas of active inquiry,
More informationCRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS IN ERP IMPLEMENTATION: A REVIEW
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS IN ERP IMPLEMENTATION: A REVIEW Khaled Al-Fawaz, Information Systems Evaluation and Integration Group (ISEing) Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. khaled.al-fawaz@brunel.ac.uk
More informationThe entrepreneurial role in the market economy
MBA Entrepreneurship Specialisation The entrepreneurial role in the market economy is a major influence behind spirited economic activity in all corners of the globe. Our MBA with a Specialisation Track
More informationBA Psychology (2014 2015)
BA Psychology (2014 2015) Program Information Point of Contact Marianna Linz (linz@marshall.edu) Support for University and College Missions Marshall University is a multi campus public university providing
More informationCreating a Strategy-Focused Organization
Creating a Strategy-Focused Organization Werner Bruggeman Valerie Decoene Geert Scheipers In recent years, organizations have sought to develop more comprehensive performance measurement systems to provide
More informationAll available Global Online MBA routes have a set of core modules required to be completed in order to achieve an MBA.
All available Global Online MBA routes have a set of core modules required to be completed in order to achieve an MBA. Those modules are: Building High Performance Organisations Management and Organisational
More informationProceedings of the 41st International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering
Surveying Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) success factors in governmental organizations in Middle East Seyed Mohamad Mahdi kazemi Department of Endustrial Engineering, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad
More informationCOMMUNICATIVE LEADERSHIP
COMMUNICATIVE LEADERSHIP 3, 33, 25, 8 THEORIES, CONCEPTS, AND CENTRAL COMMUNICATION BEHAVIORS Catrin Johansson Vernon D. Miller Solange Hamrin CORE COMMUNICATION, ORGANIZATION, RESEARCH, EDUCATION DEMICOM
More informationComputing & Communications Services
2010 Computing & Communications Services 2010 / 10 / 04 Final Kent Percival, M.Sc., P.Eng. Defining the Value of the Business Analyst In achieving its vision, key CCS partnerships involve working directly
More informationSchool Psychology Program Goals, Objectives, & Competencies
RUTGERS SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM PRACTICUM HANDBOOK Introduction School Psychology is a general practice and health service provider specialty of professional psychology that is concerned with the science
More informationSIXTH WATER INFORMATION SUMMIT: BREAKING THE BARRIERS LET WATER INFORMATION FLOW!
SIXTH WATER INFORMATION SUMMIT: BREAKING THE BARRIERS LET WATER INFORMATION FLOW! WATERWEB CONSORTIUM AND IRC INTERNATIONAL WATER AND SANITATION CENTRE SEPTEMBER 9-12 DELFT, THE NETHERLANDS 2003 KNOWLEDGE
More informationB.Ed. Two Year Programme. F.2: Human Development, Diversity and Learning
B.Ed. Two Year Programme F.2: Human Development, Diversity and Learning Maximum Marks: 100 Vision This course will facilitate an understanding of the processes of development and learning and some of the
More informationC. Wohlin, "Is Prior Knowledge of a Programming Language Important for Software Quality?", Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Empirical
C. Wohlin, "Is Prior Knowledge of a Programming Language Important for Software Quality?", Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering, pp. 27-36, Nara, Japan, October 2002.
More informationThe NSW Health Leadership Framework
The NSW Health Leadership Framework July 2013 Foreword It is with great pleasure that I recommend to you the first NSW Health Leadership Framework. This framework has been developed by the Health Education
More informationThe Success Profile for Shared Services and Centres of Expertise
1 The Success Profile for Shared Services and Centres of Expertise Contents Role and models 3 Great minds think alike 4 Five factors that make the difference 5 Five factors in action 7 What can we take
More informationDemand Chain Management: The Other Side of Supply Chain Management. Abstract
Demand Chain Management: The Other Side of Supply Chain Management Dr. Ungul Laptaned Logistics Engineering Department, School of Engineering, The University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce Vibhavadee-Rangsit
More informationTHE CHALLENGE AND BENEFITS OF USING PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES IN MILITARY EDUCATION: WH-QUESTIONS AS QUALITY CATALYSTS
Journal of Defense Resources Management No. 1 (1) / 2010 THE CHALLENGE AND BENEFITS OF USING PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES IN MILITARY EDUCATION: WH-QUESTIONS AS QUALITY CATALYSTS Livia Ecaterina TĂTAR
More informationResearch into competency models in arts education
Research into competency models in arts education Paper presented at the BMBF Workshop International Perspectives of Research in Arts Education, Nov. 4 th and 5 th, 2013. Folkert Haanstra, Amsterdam School
More informationICSEI 2010: Educational Evaluation
ICSEI 2010: Educational Evaluation Rikke Sørup (rs@eva.dk) Katja Munch Thorsen (kmt@eva.dk) The Danish Evaluation Institute From knowledge production to sustainable practice - presentation of tools for
More informationExecutive Summary Principles and Standards for School Mathematics
Executive Summary Principles and Standards for School Mathematics Overview We live in a time of extraordinary and accelerating change. New knowledge, tools, and ways of doing and communicating mathematics
More informationThe Technology Acceptance Model with Online Learning for the Principals in Elementary Schools and Junior High Schools
The Technology Acceptance Model with Online Learning for the Principals in Elementary Schools and Junior High Schools RONG-JYUE FANG 1, HUA- LIN TSAI 2, CHI -JEN LEE 3, CHUN-WEI LU 4 1,2 Department of
More informationEXECUTIVE BEHAVIORAL INTERVIEW GUIDE
EXECUTIVE BEHAVIORAL INTERVIEW GUIDE INTERVIEW GUIDE INSTRUCTIONS: This Interview Guide is intended to help hiring executives conduct behavioral interviews for executive classifications covered by the
More informationFPROGRAMME SPECIFICATION KEY FACTS. Cass Business School. Programme code PSDMBA. Total UK credits 230 Total ECTS 115 PROGRAMME SUMMARY
FPROGRAMME SPECIFICATION KEY FACTS Programme name Award School Department or equivalent Programme code Type of study Total UK credits 230 Total ECTS 115 PROGRAMME SUMMARY Full-Time MBA MBA Cass Business
More informationORDERING CREATIVITY? KNOWLEDGE, CREATIVITY, AND SOCIAL INTERACTION IN THE ADVERTISING INDUSTRY
ORDERING CREATIVITY? KNOWLEDGE, CREATIVITY, AND SOCIAL INTERACTION IN THE ADVERTISING INDUSTRY Oded Nov University of Cambridge Judge Institute of Management Trumpington Street Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK Tel:
More informationProceedings of the 41st International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering
Surveying Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) failure factors in governmental organizations in Middle East Seyed hossien Iranmanesh Department of Industrial Engineering, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad Univesity,
More informationFinding the Right People for Your Program Evaluation Team: Evaluator and Planning Team Job Descriptions
: Evaluator and Planning Team Job Descriptions I. Overview II. Sample Evaluator Job Description III. Evaluator Competencies IV. Recruiting members of your strategic evaluation planning team V. Recruiting
More informationUsing qualitative research to explore women s responses
Using qualitative research to explore women s responses Towards meaningful assistance - how evidence from qualitative studies can help to meet survivors needs Possible questions Why do survivors of SV
More informationThe PMO as a Project Management Integrator, Innovator and Interventionist
Article by Peter Mihailidis, Rad Miletich and Adel Khreich: Peter Mihailidis is an Associate Director with bluevisions, a project and program management consultancy based in Milsons Point in Sydney. Peter
More informationE-Learning at Kyongju University in Seoul, Korea: the Present and the Future
E-Learning at Kyongju University in Seoul, Korea: the Present and the Future Hyunju Jeung, Ph D Full-time lecturer Kyongju University hjeung@kyongju.ac.kr Abstract Internet is spreading fast in our lives.
More informationBPMJ 7,3. The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://www.emerald-library.com/ft
The research register for this journal is available at http://wwwmcbupcom/research_registers The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://wwwemerald-librarycom/ft BPMJ
More informationFunctional Title Classification FLSA Status Reports To Team Purpose
Functional Title Classification FLSA Status Reports To Team Purpose Vice President of Marketing and Engagement Director, Marketing & Communications UWW 400 N Exempt President & CEO Marketing & Engagement
More informationLEGAL MANAGER - JOB DESCRIPTION
Job details LEGAL MANAGER - JOB DESCRIPTION Reference number: ESD/LM2011 Job title: Legal Manager Division: Legal Reports to: Company Secretary Location: Nairobi Job summary The job holder is responsible
More informationDepartment of Leadership and Organizational Psychology
Azusa Pacific University 1 Department of Leadership and Organizational Psychology Department Overview The Department of Leadership and Organizational Psychology (http://www.apu.edu/bas/leadershippsych)
More informationBusiness Intelligence and Decision Support Systems
Chapter 12 Business Intelligence and Decision Support Systems Information Technology For Management 7 th Edition Turban & Volonino Based on lecture slides by L. Beaubien, Providence College John Wiley
More informationCloud Computing: A Comparison Between Educational Technology Experts' and Information Professionals' Perspectives
Noa Aharony 1 Cloud Computing: A Comparison Between Educational Technology Experts' and Information Professionals' Perspectives Noa Aharony Department of Information Science, Bar-Ilan University Noa.aharony@biu.ac.il
More information38 Int. J. Voc. Tech. Educ.
Vol. 5(3), pp. 37-41, September, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/IJVTE2013.0119 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/ijvte International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education Full Length Research
More informationCritical Inquiry in Educational Research and Professional Practice
DOCTOR IN EDUCATION COURSE DESCRIPTIONS A. CORE COURSES NEDD 800 Professionalism, Ethics, and the Self This introductory core course will explore and interrogate ideas surrounding professionalism and professionalization.
More informationMANAGING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT CHANGE IN THE KNOWLEDGE AGE: A CASE STUDY
MANAGING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT CHANGE IN THE KNOWLEDGE AGE: A CASE STUDY S. Senaratne and M. G. Sexton Research Institute for the Built and Human Environment, School of Construction & Property Management,
More informationStarts with EQ. Emotional literacy is the key to personal power, because emotions are powerful. Claude Steiner
Human Intelligence Starts with EQ IQ INTELLECTUAL QUOTIENT EASILY MEASURED IMPERSONAL LOW RISK MAIN EMPLOYMENT TOOL FACTS (THEORY) HUMAN DOING LEADS TO A FORMAL RATING EQ EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT VERY EASILY
More informationPRESCHOOL. Curriculum for the Preschool Lpfö 98
PRESCHOOL Curriculum for the Preschool Lpfö 98 Revised 2010 Orders to: Fritzes kundservice SE-106 47 Stockholm Telephone: +46 (0)8 598 191 90 Fax: +46 (0)8 598 191 91 E-mail: order.fritzes@nj.se www.fritzes.se
More informationTHE ASSESSMENT OF ERP SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION IN THE OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF THE LOGISTIC TRADING FIRM IN THAILAND
THE ASSESSMENT OF ERP SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION IN THE OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF THE LOGISTIC TRADING FIRM IN THAILAND by Panant Krairojananan, Songsak Vanichviroon, and Sakuna Anuvareepong
More information