Food Deserts in the Inland Empire Locating space for urban gardens in Ontario, California

Transcription

1 FoodDesertsintheInland Empire LocatingspaceforurbangardensinOntario, California AshleyMcCoy PomonaCollege,EnvironmentalAnalysis Readers:CharMiller,MariaTucker December2010

2 TableofContents Acknowledgements...2 Introduction...3 UrbanGardensandFarming...3 OriginsoftheUrbanGarden...5 OvercomingtheDifficultiesofUrbanFarming...5 OrganizingUrbanGardens...8 MappingtheFoodDesert...9 TheCityofOntario...10 Methods...12 PublicTransportation...12 GroceryStoreandFastFoodLocations...13 LayersProvidedbyERSI...14 AdditionalMaps...14 VacantLandLocations...14 Results...16 BusRoutes...16 MedianIncome...16 FastFood...17 GroceryStores...17 ArcUserOnlineMaps...18 VacantParcels...19 Discussion...20 Low incomeblocks...21 FoodDesertLocations...22 PossibleLandforGardens...24 Conclusion...26 WORKSCITED...28 APPENDIX

3 Acknowledgements ProfessorCharMiller:thankyousomuchforyourcontinuedsupportandadvisingthroughout thisyear.you vebeenexceptionallyunderstandingandhelpful,especiallyduringthepast semester.tomariatucker,thedrapercenterforcommunitypartnerships,professorrick Worthington,andNancyMintieofUncommonGood:Iwouldnothavehadthisresearch opportunitywithoutyouall.additionalthankstomayorpaulleonandseniorsystemanalyst RobertDeCasaswiththeCityofOntario.Withoutyourhelpthisstudywouldnothavebeen possible.andafinalthankyoutomyfamilyandfriendswhoprovidedtheadditionalsupporti neededtogetmethroughperiodsofillnessand ultimatelyandmostimportantly mylast semesterofcollege. ViewfromvacantlotinOntarioatFourthStreetandVineyardAvenue.Courtesyof 2

4 Introduction Foodinsecurityisdefinedas ahousehold leveleconomicandsocialconditionoflimitedor uncertainaccesstoadequatefood (USDAEconomicResearchService2009).Low income householdstendtobefoodinsecureformanyreasons.thefirstandmostobviouswouldbe theaccesstomonetaryresources.ifahouseholddoesnothaveasufficientincome,itis difficulttokeepanadequateamountoffoodforallhouseholdmembersatalltimes.another reasonwouldbethatmanylow incomehouseholdscannotaffordacarand/ordonothave easyaccesstopublictransportationorreliableprivatetransportation.ifonehastowalktoa grocerystore,itisdifficulttobuyanadequateamountoffoodbecauseofthetimeandeffortit takestotransportitbackhome.ifthereisalackofgrocerystoresintheimmediatearea,this couldcreatefoodaccessissuesaswell.ithasbeennotedthata15 minutewalkwouldbethe maximumthatapersonwouldbewillingtotraveltoobtaingroceries(algert,etal.2006). UrbanGardensandFarming Therearemanywaysinwhichpeoplecanhelpthemselvestobemorefoodsecure.Urban farming,onthehouseholdscaleorevenlarger,isagreatwaytosupplementahouseholdfood supplyandreducetheamountofgroceriesafamilyneedstobuy.urbanfarmingisdefinedas theproductionoffoodandnonfoodplantandtreecrops,andanimalhusbandry,bothwithin andfringingurbanareas (KaufmanandBailkey2000).Dependingontheissuessurrounding theland,therearemanyformsthatanurbangardencantake.althoughin groundcultivation iscommonlyseen,sometimesthelandistoocontaminated,inwhichcaseonemayusearaised bed,agreenhouse,orhydroponics(kaufmanandbailkey2000).becausetherearesomany differentmethodsofurbanagriculture,anurbangardencanbelocatedvirtuallyanywhere 3

5 withinacity.urbangardensmaybesitedonvacantcityland,aprivatebackyard,rooftops,or inschoolyards really,theycanbelocatedanywhereinanurbansettingwhereoneisallowed andabletogrowcrops. Urbangardenscanhelpalleviatefoodinsecurityandcreateahealthierdietforlowincomefamilieswhocouldotherwisenotaffordfreshproduce.Forfamilieswhohavegardens, themoreproducetheygrow,thefeweritemstheyneedtobuyatthestore.thisleavesextra moneyforhouseholdstospendonhealthier,andoftenmoreexpensive,foodsatthegrocery storeorotherneeds,suchasclothingortransportation(mougeot2000).localizationoffood, evenifyouarenotthefarmer,meanscheaperfoodduetolesstransportationcosts.muchof thefoodwepurchaseinstoreshastraveledhundredsoreventhousandsofmilestoreachour localgrocer(guptillandwilkins2002).everytimeourfoodpassesthroughadistributor s hands,thecostofthoseproductsgoesupforboththegrocerandourselves nottomention thatthepriceforusishigherthanthepriceforwhichthegrocerboughtit. Inexpensivelocalfoodproductswillnotonlymakefoodmoreaffordable,itwillalso helplow incomefamilieseathealthier.losangelescountyreported40%oftheirmiddleschoolerstobeoverweightorobese.southlosangelesalonehasa30%povertyrateaswellas a35%obesityrateamongadults(macvean2010).itisalsohighlylikelythatmanyofthese householdshavepooraccesstostoreswhichsellfresh,highqualityproduce. ZIPcodeswith largernumbersofpeopleonpublicassistancehadfewerlargegrocerystoresthatoffera greatervarietyoffoodsthanmiddle incomeneighborhoods (Algert,etal.2006).Accordingto mapsonlocalharvest.org,mostlocal grownproduceissoldingrocerystores,farmersmarkets, andrestaurantslocateddirectlyinthedowntownorhigher incomeareasoflosangeles. 4

6 OriginsoftheUrbanGarden Intimesofcrisis,likewarorrecession,growingfoodincitieshasalwaysbeenessentialto urbanpeople (DeelstraandGirardet2000).Urbangardenshavebeenpartofmanycultures forcenturies,buttheunitedstateshasbeenusingthemasameanstosolvehungerproblems foralargepartofitshistoryasacountry.startinginthe1890s,largeru.s.citiessuchas Detroit,Boston,andNewYorkbegancultivatingvacantlotsduetoadepression.TheU.S. wouldseeotherprogramssuchastheseaftereachworldwarandduringthe1930swiththe GreatDepression.Theseprogramswerestartedduetothelargedemandversussmallsupply offood.urbangardenslikecommunitygardens gardenswheremanyfamiliesorindividuals participateinfarmingasmallsectionoftheland poppedupagainduringthe1970swithnewfoundenvironmentalism.sincethe1970stheurbangardenmovementhascontinuedoninthe formofcommunitygardens,homegardening,andentrepreneurialurbanagriculture,whichis justfor profiturbanfarming(lawson2005). OvercomingtheDifficultiesofUrbanFarming AsnotedbyKaufmanandBailkey(2000),therearemanyproblemswithurbanfarming, especiallyentrepreneurialurbanfarming.accordingtotheirstudy,therearefivecategoriesof urbanfarmingobstacles,fourofwhichareparticularlyapplicabletotheontariostudy:siterelated,government related,procedure related,andperception related.thisstudylistsin detailwhattheyhadfoundtobelargeissueswithineachofthesecategoriesandthenoffer solutionstoeachproblem. Site relatedobstaclesincludecontaminationandvandalism.ifthelandiscontaminated enough,itmaynotbeworthcleaningup.but,therearesolutionstothisproblem.urban 5

7 gardenscanmanifestthemselvesinmanydifferentways.onewaytoavoidcontaminated goodswouldbetobuildagreenhouseorhydroponicssysteminsteadofusingin ground cultivation.raisedbedsalsoofferasolution,duetothefactthattheydonotusethesoilfrom thatsite.also,ifitissimpleenough,phytoremediationmayalsobeusedtocleanthesoil.this mayrequiremoremoneydependingonwhatsubstanceisbeingcleanedupandwhatisbeing usedtocleanit. Vandalismisalargeprobleminareasmorepronetocrimesuchasgraffitiorstealing. Forthis,KaufmanandBailkeysuggestthatownersofthesefarmsbuildcloseconnectionswith theirsurroundingcommunities.thisbuildsatightnetworkoftrustyneighborswhocanwatch overthefarm. Unfortunately,thesegardensmayneverbeconstructedduetoahostofissues. Government andperception relatedobstaclesgohand in handwhenitcomestothe constructionofurbangardens.manypeoplemayhaveanegativeperceptionoffarmingwithin acityasopposedtofarmingontheoutskirts;manyofthesepeopleareinlocalgovernment positionsdecidingthefateofthelandthatcouldbecomeyourlocalurbanfarm.thejobofthe governmentwithinthecityinquestionistodecidewhetherornotthislandisbestusedfor farming,andiftheiranswerisno,therearefewwaystogoaroundtheirdecision. TherearecitiessuchasClevelandinwhichgreenzoningisbeingusedtosolvetheurban gardenproblemaswellasfixingtheproblemofincreasingvacantland(lacroix2009).inthese zones,gardeningispermittedandencouraged.although,itwouldbehardtodoinsouthern Californiawherecitiesaregrowingrapidly,itwouldbeniceforcitieswithinCaliforniatoadopt thismethodsothatlow income,foodinsecurecommunitiescouldside stepthegovernment 6

8 issue.anothersolutiontothegovernment relatedobstaclewouldbetoarguethaturban gardens,atleastentrepreneurialgardens,actuallybringjobsandmoneyintothelocaleconomy (KaufmanandBailkey2000).Gardenswhicharewillingtoselltheirproduceatreasonable pricesmayattractnewrestaurantsandstoreswhichwanttouseorsellfresh,organicproduce. Ifthesebusinessesarealreadylocatednearthesitemeantfortheurbangardenandtheyshow interestinbuyingfresh,organicproduce,thiswouldalsomakethegardenaworth while project.theseargumentsmakeiteasiertoselltheurbangardenideatogovernment appointeeswhooverseethissite. Thelastsetofproblemsisofgreatimportance:procedure relatedobstacles.thereare manypracticalissuesthatsmall scaleprojectssetupbyorganizationswithlittlemoneymay comeacross.firstofall,inordertosetupasuccessfulentrepreneurialurbanagriculturesite theorganizationneedsexperiencedstaffandasoundbusinessplan.organizationsshouldbe lookingformanagerswhoknowmarketagriculturewellandcangetalongwiththeirpartners andcommunity speakinglocallanguageshelpsalot,especiallyinsoutherncaliforniawhere manypeoplespeakspanishastheirfirstlanguage. Butstaffingisnottheonlyprocedure relatedobstacle.anotherobstaclewouldbe financialresources.ifthegroupdoesnothavethefinancialresourcestoaffordthestart up costs,theprojectmayflounderandnevermakeit.onewaytosavemoneyinthisprocessisto partnerwithsomeonewillingtoworkwiththegrouppro bono,especiallyforthecreationof businessplans.closepartnershipswithotherorganizationswhichdohavethemoneycanalso helpthegroupoutbyagreeingtoaloan.ifthereisasoundbusinessplan,companiesorother 7

9 organizationsthatarewillingtopartnerwiththegroupwillbemorewillingtoofferloansif theirseemstobepromiseinyourproject. Althoughtherearemanyobstaclestogettingafor profiturbangardenprojectoffthe ground,therearemanywaystosolvetheseproblems.andbesideallofthenegativesthat costsandsocialannoyancesmaybring,properurbangardeninghassomanyenvironmental positives suchasfoodsecurity,healthyorganicoptions,andreducedtransportationtime, whichalsoreducesgreenhousegasemissions thatitoverwhelmsthenegativesofurban gardeningifonehastheproperfinancesforstart up. OrganizingUrbanGardens OneSouthernCalifornianorganizationhasmadeitagoaloftheirstocreateurbanfarmingin theinlandempire.uncommongood,anon profitbasedinclaremont,california,isan organizationwhichworkstoimprovethelocalenvironmentandassistslow incomehouseholds throughdifferenteducationalprograms(uncommongood2010).currentlytheyareworking onthepomonavalleyurbanagricultureinitiative(pvuai),oneoftheirnewerprojectsfocused onurbanagriculture.thegoalofthisinitiativeistocollectdataonfoodsecurityandlocalfood resourcesandpricinginordertowritegrantsproposalstotheersusingtheircommunityfood SecurityAssessment(CFSA)Toolkit(USDAEconomicResearchService2002).Thisgrantmoney willhelpuncommongoodtoestablishone familyfarmswhereeachfamilywillhaveasecure incomeandhealthbenefits.theirfarmswillsupplyfoodtolocalrestaurantsandfarmer s marketsandwillbemadeaccessibletolow incomefamiliesinthearea(mintie2010).thiswill, inturn,alleviatefoodinsecurityamongmembersofthecommunitiesthefarmsarelocated. 8

10 DataforthePVUAIisbeingcollectedinsixcitiesintheInlandEmpire:Pomona, Montclair,Ontario,Chino,Fontana,andRialto.Previousresearchanddatacollectionforthese citieswasconductedbeginninginthespringof2010withstudentsatpomonacollegeandcal PolyPomona.Duringthesummerof2010,researchwasdonespecificallyinMontclairand Ontarioonthepricingofproduceatlargegrocerystoresineachcity.GISmappingforgrocery storelocationswassettobedoneatthattimebutwasnotcompleted. MappingtheFoodDesert ThePVUAIwasstartedduetotheassumptionthat fooddeserts existinthesesixcities.a fooddesertisdefinedas anurbanareawithlittleornoaccesstonutritiousfoods (Goldsberry andacmoody2010),withaccessmeaningaccessiblebothphysicallyandmonetarily,i.e.they cangettothefoodandtheycanaffordit.therearemanydifferentfactorswhichare consideredwhendefiningafooddesert.thelackofeasyaccesstofreshproduceisamain factor.ifagrocerystoreisnotwithina10 15minutewalkordrivefromahousehold,it becomesaburdenforthosewhodothegroceryshoppingforthathouseholdtogoshopping. Thisisespeciallytruewhenusingpublictransportationorpedestriantravel.Ifonehastolug theirgroceriesontoabusorinacartwhilewalking,itisdifficultfortheshopperanditmay causethemtobuyfewergroceriesatatime. Anotherfactorwouldbetheincomeofthehousehold.Ifafamilydoesnothavethe monetaryresourcestobeabletobuythehealthyfoodsthattheyneed,theyaremorelikelyto chooselesshealthyoptionssuchasfastfood,whichisoftenlocatedinlower income neighborhoodswithpooraccesstogrocerystores(algert,etal.2006).althoughitwouldbe difficulttosurveyeachhouseholdinthecity,anestimateoflocalincomescanbetakenfrom 9

11 censusblockinformation.whenmedianhouseholdincomeinformationiscombinedwith grocerystorelocationsandtransportationroutes,possiblefooddesertareascanbemapped. TheCityofOntario ThecitythatIwillbefocusingonforpurposesofthisresearchisOntario,California,oneofthe sixcitiesbeingstudiedforthepvuai.thiscity,unlikemanyinwhichpeoplebuildurban gardens,isnostrangertoagriculture.althoughgrowingdenserwithhousingandcommercial zones,ontariousedtobehometomanyfarms,butnowtheyarebeingreplacedasthecity s goalshavechanged. 1 Ontariowasfoundedin1882byGeorgeChaffeyofOntario,Canada.Hehadseenthe potentialforgreatagricultureinthelandwhichwastobeontario.hesetupawatercompany whichwouldhelpirrigatethelandwhichwasalreadyhometosomanyorangegroves.this city,unlikemanyinsoutherncalifornia,wasawell plannedcity.itwassetupasan agriburb, oracitywhichhadthebestofbothworlds:agricultureandsuburbs(sandul2010).asofnow, muchofthisagriculturalareathatusedtocoverthesouthernendofontarioisnowbeing convertedintothenewmodelcolony(fiscalservicesdepartment2009).thenewmodel Colonyistoreplacetheagriculturalareawith mixedretail housing aswellasparksandother amenities. WhydoesOntariofitthisproject?ThecityislocatedinSanBernardinoCounty,whichis thelargestandfourthfattestinthecountry(mintie2010).therearefeworganicproducers withinthiscountyandfewareclosetoontario.becauseofthedwindlingagriculturewithin 1 ThenumberofpeopleworkinginagricultureintheCityofOntariogrewby201peoplebetween2000and2009, butthenumberofpeopleworkinginagricultureasapercentageofthetotalnumberofpeopleemployedinthe cityhasdecreasedfrom1.75%to1.45%(fiscalservicesdepartment2009). 10

12 SanBernardinoCounty,especiallyOntario,therewillbeevenlessfeasibleaccesstolocal organicfoods.thisisalsotruebecausetherearecurrentlynourbangardenslocatedwithin Ontarioexceptforonecommunitysupportedagriculture(CSA)projectinSouthOntario:Amy s Farm(localharvest.org2010). Butthisisnottheonlywaytogettohealthyfood.Supermarketsusuallycarryavariety ofhealthyfoodsintheformoffreshproduceandothernecessaryitemsforawell balanced meal.asdescribedbefore,goodaccesstohealthyfoodalsomeansgoodaccessto transportation,grocerystores/supermarkets,andmonetaryresources.ibelievethatpublic transportationroutesinontariodonotprovidesufficientaccesstohealthyfoodforresidential areas.besidethis,ibelievetherearetoomanymini marketsandconveniencestoresplacedin locationsconvenienttolow incomefamilies.thesestoresprovidefood,butnotthequalityof foodneededforahealthylifestyle.andalthoughthemedianhouseholdincomeforthecityis $57,184whichisnotbelowpovertylevel,10.1%ofthepopulation,orapproximately16,400 people,livebelowpovertylevel(americanfactfinder2010).thisisasignificantamountof peoplewhomaylackaccesstohealthyfood. Thisresearchwillhelpprovidefactsastohowmanylocationsinthiscitymaybeindire needofincreasedaccesstohealthyfoodbypointingoutareasoflowincome,gapsinpublic transportation,andlocationsofgrocerystoresversusfastfood.itissuggestedthat,inthe future,supermarketsandgrocerystoresbelocatedinareaswherethesefactorsconverge,and theseareaswillbeputforthassuggestionsfornewlocationsforpvuaifarms. 11

13 Methods Geographicinformationsystems(GIS)isamappingsoftwarewhichtakesalltypesof geographicalinformationandmapsitintolayerswhichcanbeplacedontopofoneanother. Thiscreatesaninteractivemapinwhichlayerscanbeturnedonoroffinordertoseedifferent aspectsofamap.ihaveusedgisinmyresearchtoshowmultipleaspectsofthecityof Ontarioinordertoshowwheretherearegapsinfoodaccess.Agapinfoodaccesscanoccur whereveronemayhavedifficultygettingtoagrocerystore.onagismapthiscanbeseenby mappingspecificinformation,suchasthelocationofgrocerystores,themedianincomesof censusblocks,andtransportationroutes.iwillclassifyanareawhichlacksgoodpublic transportation,hasalowerincome,andlacksgrocerystoreswithinwalkingdistanceafood desert,i.e.anareawithagapinfoodaccess. Iwillbeusingthreemapstodeterminefooddeserts.Twoofthesemapsaremyown whichiputtogetherusinglayersfromdifferentsources,andtheotheroneisacompletedmap whichanindividualresearcherandarcgisuserhasputtogetherandpostedonlineforpublic viewing.mymapswillincludethefollowinglayers:publictransportation(busroutes),city boundaries 2,grocerystorelocations,fastfoodlocations,medianhouseholdincomepercensus block,alandmarkoverlay,andasatelliteviewbasemap. PublicTransportation Transportationisavitalresourceforaccesstohealthyfood.LocatedontheGISmaparethe busroutesforthecityofontario.forthosewhodonothaveregularaccesstoacarorother personallyownedautomobile,atriptoagrocerystore especiallyonewhichismorethana 2 Transportationandcityboundarylayers,aswellasvacantparcelsprovidedbyRobertDeCasas,SeniorSystem AnalystfortheCityofOntario.Informationrequestedthrough ,receivedGISpackageonCD. 12

14 mileaway canbealargeburden.buseswhichrunclosetoresidentialareasmakethesetrips muchfasterandeasier.peoplewithoutaccesstoacarorabuswhichrunsincloseproximityto theirhomearemorelikelytoshoponceaweekorlessduetotheburdenofwalkingtothe store. GroceryStoreandFastFoodLocations UsingReferenceUSA,Isearchedforstoresthatsellfood,mainlyproduce,anddownloaded themasadataset.usingthelongitudeandlatitudeofeachlocationinanexcelfile,iuploaded thelocationstothegismap.altogetherifound69storeswhichsellfood.imadesurenotto includegasstationswhichcommonlyonlyhavejunkfood(greasyhotfoodsuchashamburgers orsugaryfoodsuchascandyoricecream),butididleaveinsomeconvenienceandliquor storeswhichtrytocarrysomefooditems,likemilk.somelocationsmayalsobewholesale distributorsandwarehousesforthesedifferentgrocerystores.iincludedthesebecausesome smallerwarehousesandwholesalersselldirectlytothepublicandihavenotvisitedthese locationsinordertorulethemout.inorderforthistobecompletelyaccurate,futurestudies shouldvisitallfood carryingstoresinthecitytoruletheminoroutofthestudy. Fastfoodcanbefoundeverywhere,muchofwhichiswithinwalkingdistanceofmany householdsthatcannoteasilyaccessgrocerystores.iincludedfastfoodlocationsonthemap inordertoseewhetherornotthiswastrueforontario.iweededouttraditionallysit down restaurantswhichhavefood to gooptionslikedenny sortgifriday s.asaresult,ilocated94 fastfoodlocationsthroughoutontario. 13

15 LayersProvidedbyERSI ThreelayersinmymapsweredownloadedfromtheArcGISsite.Inonemap,Ihaveuseda medianhouseholdincomelayerasabasemap,orbottomlayer.thiswasincludedtoseeif thereispossiblyalinkbetweenlackofaccesstofoodortransportationandincome.mysecond mapusesasatelliteviewoftheareaasitsbasemap.thiswastoshowthelayoutofthecity andhowthelandisused.forexample,residentialareasarehighlyvisibleevenwhenthemap iszoomedoutbecauseofthehighdensityofsmallbuildings.theairport,warehousingunits, andfarmlandareallgenerallylocatedonlargerparcelsandeasiertosee.onbothofthemaps Ihavecreatedthereisanoverlaywhichcontainscityandlandmarknames.Italsooutlinesand labelsfreewaysandhighways. AdditionalMaps PreviousstudieshaveshownhowGIScanbeusedtofindfooddesertsandpooraccesstofood withincities(richardson2010;goldsberryandacmoody2010).thesemapswereoutcomeof extensiveresearchonlocationsofstoresandtransportationsystems,aswellasdistancesfrom householdstothesestores(richardson2010).iwilluseamapcreatedbyotherresearchersas wellasmyownmapsinordertomoreaccuratelydeterminewheretheremaybefooddeserts. ThemapIwillbeusingprovidesdatapertainingtoresidents accesstohealthyfoodin Ontario(Herries2010).Itincludesdatapointswhichshowareaswhichdonothavewalkable accesstohealthyfood,meaninggrocerystoreswithfairselectionsofproduce. VacantLandLocations IdentifyingfooddesertsinOntarioisalargepartofthisresearch,butthemainideaistofigure outwhetherornotcreatingasmall scale,singlefamilyurbanfarmintheseareaswouldbe 14

16 feasible.thismeansthattherehastobevacantlandintheseareas.thecityofontariohas providedatableofvacantparcelsoflandthroughoutthecity.thistableincludesmany categories,butthesectionsiwillbeusingtodeterminethelocationandfeasibilityarethe designatedparcelnumber,addressoflocation,zone,andacreage.feasibilityofthesevacant parcelsiscontingentonwhetherornottheselocationsareinorneartotheidentifiedfood deserts,iftheycanbeusedforagriculture,andiftheareaofaparcelorsumofareasofagroup ofadjacentparcelsisgreaterthanorequaloneacre. 3 Itookthecompiledtableofvacantparcelsandfirstscreenedthroughtheacreage.If theareawasgreaterthanorequalto1acre,inotedthearea.iftherewereanumberof locationswithareassmallerthan1acre,buttheparcelnumbers(apns)werecloseinrangeto oneanother,iaddeduptheareastoseeiftheyequaledatleast1acre;ifso,inotedthese areasaswell.ithenusedtheapnsearchtoolontheontarioplanmaptolocatewhereeach parcelwasonthemapofontariotodetermineifitwasincloseproximitytoorwithinthefood desertsihadidentified(landuseplanandzoningmap).todeterminewhetherornotthese resultingparcelswerefeasiblelocationsforsmallfarms,ithenwentthroughthezoningtypes. ZoningintheCityofOntarioallowsforcommercialagricultureforcropswithinthe followingzones:ar(agriculture Residential),RE(ResidentialEstate),C1 3(Commercial,not includingairport relatedservices),m1 3(Industrial),AG(AgriculturalOverlay),PF(Public Facilities),andOS(OpenSpace)(amlegal.com).But,accordingtotheOntarioPlan(2010),land usecanbeflexiblenomatterthezoningoftheparceliftheintendeduse improveslivability, reducesvehiculartrips,createscommunitygatheringplacesandactivitynodes,andhelps 3 1acreareaoflandispersuggestionbyUncommonGoodbasedontheirownresearch. 15

17 createidentity. Tobegin,Iwillnotdisregardparcelswhicharenottraditionallyzonedforthis reason,butiwillincludethetypeofzonewiththeparcelinordertopointoutthatitispossible thatthisparcelmaynotbeusedforagriculture. Results BusRoutes AccordingtoFigures1and2(allFigureslocatedintheAppendix),busroutes,although thoroughlyservingmainroadsandcommercialcenters,donotpassthroughmanyresidential areas.therearelargegapsthatarenotservedbyomnitransbuses.thesebusesrunalong mostofeuclidavenue,someofmountainavenue,mostofholtboulevard,downvineyard AvenuestoppingatOntarioInternationalAirport,andalargestretchofMilliken(withmany stopsnearthemallandadjacentshoppingcenters).thesearejustafew,buteachofthese mainroutesdoesnotreallygothroughresidentialareasexceptforthosehomeswhichhappen tobelocatedonornearthesemainstreets.southontariocompletelylacksbusroutesbelow RiversideDrivebecausemuchofthisareawasformerlyorisstillagriculture,andthelandthat isnotagricultureanymoreisnowwarehousing. MedianIncome ThemajorityofOntario,accordingtocensusblocks,hasamedianincomeabove$41,001(all dataformedianincomeislocatedinfigure2).therearesomelargeblockswhichhavea medianincomebetween$0and$27,000.mostofthisisnotpopulatedbyhomesbutinstead bywarehousesortrucklots.theseblocksarelocatedoffofthei 10,I 15,andCA60Freeways 16

18 andclosetorailroadlines,allofwhichareimportanttoshipping.smallcensusblocksthathave amedianincomebetween$0and$27,000areresidentialareaslocatednearbusroutes. FastFood FastfoodlocationstendtobeinclustersonmainstreetssuchasMountainAvenue,Vineyard Avenue,ArchibaldAvenue,andMillikenAvenue,allofwhicharemainexitsfromtheI 10,CA60, ori 15Freeways.TheclusteroffastfoodonMillikenAve.correspondstothelocationofthe OntarioMillsMall.Allcensusblocksdirectlysurroundingthemall(notincludingblocksbelow the10freeway)haveamedianincomehigherthan$70,001(figure2).mostoftheotherfast foodclustersorindividuallocationsarelocatedinblockswithanincomehigherthan$41,001. On4 th StreetfromBakerAvenuetoVineyardAvenuetherearesomefastfoodlocations whichborderacensusblockwithamedianincomebetween$27,001and$41,000.othersuch clustersoffastfoodwhichareinorbordercensusblockswithanincomebetween$27,001and $41,000occuronHoltBoulevard,theintersectionofMountainAvenueandMissionBoulevard, andstreetsborderingontariointernationalairport.fastfoodlocationswhichoccurincensus blockswithanincomebelow$27,000arelocatedinthelargelyindustrialblocksbetweeni 10 andca60neari 15.Thereareonlyfourfastfoodlocationslocatedinornearthesmall,lowincomecensusblocks. GroceryStores Grocerystorelocations,aswithfastfoodlocations,aremainlylocatedalongbusroutes. Althoughthemajorityofthestoresarelocatedrightonthebusroutes,therearesome locationswhichlieinbetweenroutes.besideslyingdirectlyonbusroutes,someofthese storesliewithinornearclustersoffastfood.thereisonlyonemarketintheontariomills 17

19 shoppingcenter,whichprovidesfornearbyhousingtracts.thesehousesalong4 th Streetare betweenontarioandranchocucamonga,somanyofthesehouseholdsmaygettheirfood fromstoresinranchocucamonga.thesmall,low incomecensusblocksmentionedpreviously havetencloseproximitygrocerystores,sixofwhicharedirectlyaccessiblebybus. ArcUserOnlineMaps Figure3showshowaccessiblegrocerystoresarebymeansofwalking.Ifanareaonthemapis notwithinaone milewalkofagrocerystore,itisdenotedonthemapwithareddot.the greendotsinvariousshadesdenoteareaswhichhaveaccesstoagrocerystoreorgrocery storeswithinaone mileradius.themajorityofthecityhasverygoodaccesstogrocerystores andhealthyfoodbymeansofwalking,whichisdenotedwithdarkergreendots.lightergreen dotsarealsoscatteredthroughoutthecity,whichmeansthathealthyfoodislessaccessible, butitisstillaccessible. Thereare,however,afewclustersofreddots.OnesuchareaisinSouthOntario,orthe agriculturalcenter.accordingtofigures1and2,therearenogrocerystoresintheseareas,nor aretherebusroutesnearby.thereisasmallsectionbelow60freewaynearthesouth eastern boundaryofontariothatalsohaspooraccesstohealthyfood.mymapsindicatethatthereare threegrocerystoresneartothisarea,butnotwithinaone milewalk.however,thereisabus routerunningalongthenearestmainstreetthatrunsdirectlytothesestores.anotherpatchof reddotsoccursnearthenorthernborderofthecity.figures1and2indicatethatthereare nearbystoreswhichshouldbewithinwalkingdistancetopartsofthisarea,buttheymayjust besmallconvenienceorliquorstoreswhichcarrysome,butlittlefood.andthelastred dotted patchwithinthecitylimitsoccurswithintheboundariesofmountainavenue,euclidavenue, 18

20 MissionBoulevard,andthe60Freeway.Againmymapsindicatethattherearesomenearby stores,buttheymaycarrylimitedfoodoptions.otherwise,thisarealacksresidentialbus routesandallofthegrocerystoresarelocatedonthemainstreetsboundingthisregion. Therearealsosinglereddotswhichdonotappearinclustersonthismap.Theseseem tooccurinplaceswherethereislittleresidentialzoningduetothefactthattheselocationsare neartheairportorwarehousingunits.therearenostoresneartheseindividuallocationsand noeasilyaccessiblebuses. VacantParcels TheCityofOntariohasasubstantialamountofvacantland.Location1hasonlythree significantblocksofvacantparcels.thefirstislocatedonsixthstreetbetweenbakerand GroveAvenues.Herethereare4consecutiveparcelszonedPFwithatotalareaof acres.thesecondblockisbetweenolivestreet,eighthstreet,bakeravenue,andvineyard Avenue.Thisblockcontains11parcelswithR1zoningwithatotalareaof8.07acres.Thethird block,whichcontains4parcels,islocatedongroveavenueandeighthstreet.theseparcels arezonedc1andm1withatotalareaof2.8acres. Location2hasmanymorevacantsingleparcelsorparcelblocksthanLocation1.On LocustStreetbetweenOaksandMagnoliaAvenuesthereisablockcontaining4parcels,all zonedar,withatotalareaof2.185acres.thereisasingleparcelonoaksavenue,offof RalstonStreet,zonedARwithanareaof4.847acres.Anothersingleparcel,zonedARaswell, withanareaof1.871acresislocatedonmagnoliaavenuenearlocuststreet.thenextblock occursonoaksavenuenearphillipsstreet.itcontains5parcelszonedarwithatotalacreage of3.982.moresingleparcelsoccuronmissionboulevard(zonedforcommercialuseswitha 19

21 totalareaof2.006acres)andgroveavenue(zonedspwithatotalareaof2.292acres).asmall blockof2parcelsoccursonoaklandavenue,zonedr1.5,withatotalacreageof2.42;another 3parcelblockislocatedonBelmontStreetandSultanaAvenuewhichiszonedM1andhasa totalacreageof3.148;andonemore3parcelblockisoncucamongaavenuebelowcedar Street itiszonedm2andhasatotalareaof6.656acres.andthereisonelastvacantparcel blockborderedbybonviewavenue,campusavenue,cedarstreet,andfrancisstreet.there are34smallparcelswithinthisblockwithm2zoningandatotalacreageof Location3hassomanyvacantparcels largeandsmall thatitishardtoconsider theminseparatevacantparcelblocks.theareaborderedbyriversidedrive,hamneravenue, EdisonAvenue,andOntarioAvenuecontainsapproximately25largevacantparcels(upto 42.99acresinarea),allofwhicharewithinSPzoning,somewithAgriculturalOverlay.There arealsoalargenumberofsmallvacantparcelsbetweenapproximately0.04and0.125acres,all zonedsp.fourseparateblockswerelocatedbesidethislargeclusterofspzoning.thereisa large13.73acreparcellocatedonhavenandponderosaavenueszonedsp,aswellasanother singleparcelof19.973acreszonedr1onriversidedriveandhamneravenue.a2 parcelblock onwhisperinglakeslanetotals1.559acresinareaandiswithinr1andr3zoning.thelast blockislocatedabovethe60freewayatphiladelphiastreetandhavenavenue.itcontains3 parcels,iswithinspzoning,andtotals10.976acresinarea. Discussion Foodsecurityrequiresthreemainresources:transportation,money,andlocations.Wherethe lackofthesethreeseparateresourcesintersects,weseefooddeserts.inordertolocateeach 20

22 fooddesertwemustlookcarefullyateachgismapandanalyzewheretherearegapsinpublic transportationroutesandgrocerystorelocations. PublictransportationinOntariodoesnotseemtobeextensiveenoughaccordingto Figures1and2.Moreroutesneedtocutthroughresidentialareasinorderfortheretobe greateraccesstogrocerystoresaswellasotherlocationsandserviceswhicharenotaccessible. Andasforgrocerystorelocations,fastfoodoutnumbersgrocerystores,butitseemsthatfast foodismostlylocatedinareaswhereeitherthereisnoneedforgrocerystores(i.e.nearthe mall)orthereisalreadyagrocerystore. Low incomeblocks Alllow incomeblocks,exceptforthelargeblocklocatedneartheontariomillsmallwhere muchofthewarehousingislocated,seemstobeservicedbyomnitrans.also,asmentioned before,thesesmallblockshavegrocerystoresnearby.butstillfigure3tellsusthatthese blocksarelocatedinareaswheresomeresidentsdonothavegrocerystoreswithinaone mile walkfromtheirhomes.ibelievethatmanyofthelocationsthatihadmappedoutas grocery stores neartheselow incomeblocksmayhavebeensmallmarketsorconveniencestores whichmaynotcarryashealthyoffooditemsasihopetheywould.mapscreatedforfood desertstudies,suchastheoneinfigure3,takeintoaccountonlyhealthyfoodssuchas produce,andmanyofthestoresihavemappedmaynothaveproduce.therefore,thesesmall blocks,althoughtheyhavebusservice,maybelocatedinafooddesertduetolackofhealthy foodandthelowmedianhouseholdincomeoftheirarea. Thelargelow incomeblockshouldnotbetakenintoconsiderationwhenlookingatfood deserts.warehousing,trucking,andairportareamakeupthisblockandthereisnoneedfor 21

23 theseindustriestoaccesshealthyfoodforthepurposeofthisstudy.thiswillbedescribedin moredetailbelow. FoodDesertLocations EverythingsouthofRiversideDriveandwestofArchibaldAvenueinOntarioshouldbe disregardedasafooddesert,eventhoughitlacksthegrocerystorelocationsandbusroutes. Asofrightnowallofthisarea(exceptasmallhousingtractlocatedrightonthesouth west cornerofarchibaldandriverside)hasbeentakenbywarehousingorlarge scaleagriculture. Becausetherewouldonlybethehomesofthefarmersthemselves,thiswillnotqualifyasa fooddesertforpurposesofthisstudy. Anotherlocationwhichwillbeexemptfromfooddesertstatusisthelargeindustrialand commercialareaeastofandincludingtheontariointernationalairport,boundedbyca60,i 15, andi 10.Becausethisisindustrialandcommercial,noonelivesinthesezones.Theonly peopletoconsiderinthissituationarethosewhoworkintheseareas,inwhichcasethereare foodlocationsnearby,justnotmuchinthewayofhealthyfood. Ontarioseemstocontainatleastthreefooddesertlocations,allofwhichcoincidewith theclustersofreddotsinfigure3.thefirst(we llcallitlocation1)islocatedatthenorthern borderofthecity.infigure3youcanseeaclusterofreddotsstrewnacrossthisborder. AlthoughmyspreadsheetindicatedthattherewereinfactsomegrocerystoresnearBakerand GroveAvenues,mostoftheseturnedouttobesmallmarketswhichdonotcarryavarietyof foods,andthereforearelikelynottocarryveryhealthyfoods.thereisabusroutewhichruns on6 th StreetdirectlybelowtheareabetweenGroveandBaker.Unfortunately,thisroutedoes nottakepassengersnearanysupermarketsorlargegrocerystoresexceptforjaxmarketon 22

24 GroveAvenueand4 th Street.Thisisasmallerchaingrocerywhichcarriessomeproduceand healthierfoods.butthereisnobusroutelocatednearchaffeyhighschool,wherethecluster oflackofwalkableaccesscontinues,noraretheregrocerystoreorfastfoodlocations. Thesecondfooddesert(Location2)locationistheclusterbetweenMountainAvenue andbonviewavenueboundedbymissionboulevardandfrancisstreet.therearetwosmall low incomeblockswithinthisclusterandatleastfiveschools threeelementary,onemiddle school,andonehighschool withinthisclusterorincloseproximitytothecluster.manyof thegrocerystorelocationsihadindicatedinfigures1and2areinfactsmallmarketsor conveniencestores.becausebusroutesarelocatedalongmountain,euclid,andcampus, residentsclosetothesemainstreetshaveaccesstothecardenasmarketaswellasfreshand EasyandOntarioFarmer smarket(notanactualfarmer smarket,butinsteadasmall,familyownedgrocerystore).unfortunatelytherearemanypeoplewhoarenotservedbyomnitrans becausetheyliveinbetweenthesestreetsandarenotcloseenoughtomeritthewalktothe busstationsunlessitisanoccasionaltrip. Thethirdfooddesert(Location3)IhavelocatediswithintheclusterboundedbyCA60, ArchibaldAvenue,RiversideDrive,andHamnerAvenue.Thislocationalsohasbusserviceif youarelocatedonriverside,archibald,orhamner.andpeoplewithinamileofthecornerof ArchibaldandRiversidearelikelynottohavefoodsecurityissuesunlesstheydonothavethe monetaryresources.thisissobecausetherearethreelargegrocerystoresorsupermarkets whichsellproduceorhealthierfoods.buteveryresidentinbetweenbusroutesdoesnothave properaccesstohealthyfood,especiallyiftheyliveoffofhavenatca60becausetherearea clusteroffastfoodlocationsoffofthefreewayexit. 23

25 Unfortunately,Location3isabittricky.AlthoughIhavedesignatedthisareaafood desert,thecityofontariohasannexedalargemajorityofthelandbelowriversidedriveas TheNewModelColony (CityofOntario1999).AsIexplainedearlier,thislandwasonceused foragricultureandwillnowbeusedasplannedcommunitywithmixedretail housingasabasis. ThemapincludedintheplansfortheNewModelColony(Figure4)showsthattherewillbe muchinthewayofretailnearlocation3,meaningthatthisareashouldnolongerbeafood desertintheyearstocome. ThesearethefooddesertsthatIhaveidentified,buttheremaymanysmallerareas throughoutthecitythatihavenotaccountedfor.andeventhoughihaveidentifiedthree areas,ifeelthatoneofthemisinmoreneedofhealthyfoodthantheothers:location2.this isduetothefactthatnotonlydobusroutesneglectresidentsbetweenmainstreets,butthere arealsolow incomecensusblocksandmultipleschoolswithinorveryneartothislocation. Location1alsoshouldbeofhighprioritycomparedtoLocation3.Althoughitdoesnotcontain low incomeblocks,itisalsopoorlyservicedbybusesandalargeamountofschoolsarelocated inthelocationorincloseproximitytothelocation. PossibleLandforGardens IidentifiedalargeamountofvacantlandwithintheCityofOntario,muchofwhichactually happenedtobenearthethreefooddesertsihavedefined.alloftheparcelsorparcelblocksi identifiedarefeasibleinthefactthattheyarevacant,theytotal1acreorgreaterinarea,and theyarenearafooddesert,butwhatifthezoningisnotfeasible?commercialagricultureis onlyacceptedwithinthezonesimentionedpreviously:ar,re,c1 3,M1 3,AG,PF,andOS.IfI 24

26 weretotakeintoaccountzoning,assumingthatmaybethecityofontariowouldnotaccepta PVUAIfarmasexemptfromspecificzoning,feasibleparcelswouldbeasfollows. Location1wouldhavetwoparcelblocks(4parcelsineachblock)tochoosefrom.The firsthasanareaof14.196acresandiswithinpfzoning,thesecondcontainsblocksofc1and M1zoningandtotals2.8acres.ThiswouldbeasufficientamountoflandforseveralPVUAI projectsandwouldhelptheeasternportionoflocation1outofafooddesertstatus. Unfortunately,Location1doesnothaveanyfeasiblevacantparcelstowardthewestsidenear ChaffeyHighSchool. AllparcelsidentifiedforLocation2asfeasiblearestillfeasiblewhenzoningistakeninto account,exceptforthesingleparcelongroveavenue(zonedspwith2.292acres)andthe blockofparcelsonoaklandavenue(zonedr1.5with2.42acres).theparcelswhichareleftas feasiblecovermanydifferentlocationswithinlocation2,whichleavesoptionsforpvuaifarm placement. TheaforementionedproblemwithLocation3 thenewmodelcolonyisbeing constructednexttoit createsafewproblemswhenlookingatthefooddesertarea.because muchoftheareahasbeenzonedoffforcityplanningforthenewmodelcolony,ithasbeen zonedspandmakesalmostalloftheblocksidentifiedinfeasible.theblocksthatarenotzoned forcityplanningareresidentialzones,whicharealsonotfeasiblewithintraditionalzoningcode forontario.thisleavesnofeasiblevacantparcelsforpvuaifarmuseinlocation3. 25

27 Conclusion Althoughsomedatasuggestsotherwise,theCityofOntariohasafoodsecurityissueonits hands.withthedwindlingnumberoffarmsandlackofsmallurbanagricultureprojects,weare notproducingasmuchlocalorganicfood,whichmakesithardertoprovideresidentswithfresh andhealthyfoods.besidethis,thereisagenerallackofactualgrocerystores only18large storesorsupermarketsforapopulationof173,680 whichcarrylargevarietiesofproduceand freshfoods(referenceusa2010;americanfactfinder2010).whenthesefactorsareaddedto thefactthatthereisalsoalackofpublictransportationroutesthroughresidentialareaswhich mayneedtousethem,fooddesertsarecreated. IhaveidentifiedthreefooddesertswithinOntariothatneedhelpgainingfoodsecurity. Location2isindireneedoffreshproduceandlargegrocerystores,andthereisavastamount ofvacantlandwithinthisfooddesertwhichisperfectlyzonedforagriculture.location1isnot asluckyinthatthereisonlylandavailableontheeasternsideofthatfooddesertwherethere areatleastafewverysmallstoreswhichcarrysomefood,whetheritishealthyornot.andif thewesternsideisnotluckyenoughtohavevacantlandavailable,thislocationneedsfood storesandtransportationroutesinorderfortheresidentstogainaccesstofood.finallyisthe unfortunatesituationoflocation3.thenewmodelcolony,whichisnprogressbutnotbuilt yet,willbringbetterfoodsecuritytothisarea,butfornowthelocationhasdifficultieswith foodaccess.ontopofthis,therearenofeasiblevacantparcelsforapvuaifarmandfewbus routesforresidentstouseinordertoaccessthesupermarketswhicharenotwithina reasonablewalkingdistance. 26

28 Thisstudy,inconjunctionwithstudiesconductedsincespring2010,isjustthebeginning offeasibilitystudiesforthepvuai.theultimategoaloftheprojectisstillchangingwithnew dataanduncommongoodandtheirresearchteamswillshiftresearchmethodsandpriorities asthesestudiesprogress.futurestudieswillfurthertakeintoaccounttheissuesofzoningand landqualityforthesefarms,aswellasidentifyingneighborhoodswhichwouldbewillingto purchasefreshfoodsfromthesepvuaifarms.ifthepvuaiisgrantedmoneytostartprojects withintheinlandempire,hundredsoreventhousandsofpeoplewillhavegreateraccessto foodandfooddesertsmayshrinkinsizeandintensity. 27

29 WORKSCITED Algert,SusanJ.,AdityaAgrawal,andDouglasS.Lewis."DisparitiesinAccesstoFreshProducein Low IncomeNeighborhoodsinLosAngeles."AmericanJournalofPreventive Medicine30.5(2006): Print. AmericanFactFinder.U.S.CensusBureau.Web.1Sept "CityofOntario,CaliforniaMunicipalCode."Amlegal.com.AmericanLegalPublishing Corporation.Web. "CommunityFoodSecurityAssessmentToolkit."USDAEconomicResearchService.USDA,1July 2002.Web.3May2010.< Davis,Mike.EcologyofFear:LosAngelesandtheImaginationofDisaster.NewYork: Metropolitan,1998.Print. Deelstra,Tjeerd,andHerbertGirardet."UrbanAgricultureandSustainableCities."Growing Cities,GrowingFood:UrbanAgricultureonthePolicyAgenda.Ed.NicoBakker. Feldafing,Germany:FoodandAgricultureDevelopmentCentre, Print. "DefinitionsofHungerandFoodSecurity."USDAEconomicResearchService.USDA,16Nov Web.1Sept.2010.< FiscalServicesDepartment."ComprehensiveAnnualFinancialReportForTheFiscalYearEnded JUNE30,2009."ComprehensiveAnnualFinancialReport.CityofOntario.Web. < Goldsberry,Kirk,andSarahAcmoody."IdentifyingFoodDesertsinLansing, Michigan."ArcUserFall2010:48 49.Print. Guptill,Amy,andJenniferL.Wilkins."BuyingintotheFoodSystem:TrendsinFoodRetailingin theusandimplicationsforlocalfoods."agricultureandhumanvalues19.1(2002):39 51.SpringerLink.Web. Herries,Jim."WalkableAccesstoHealthyFood."Map.ArcGIS.com.ArcGIS,27Sept.2010.Web. Kantor,Linda."CommunityFoodSecurityProgramsImproveFoodAccess."FoodReview24.1 (2001):20 26.Web.2Sept

30 Kaufman,JeromeL.,andMartinBailkey.FarmingInsideCities:EntrepreneurialUrban AgricultureintheUnitedStates.Cambridge,Mass.:LincolnInstituteofLandPolicy, 2000.LincolnInstituteofLandPolicyWorkingPapers.PDF. LaCroix,CatherineJ."UrbanAgricultureandOtherGreenUses:RemakingtheShrinking City."TheUrbanLawyer(2010): SocialScienceResearchNetwork.Web. Lawson,LauraJ.CityBountiful.Berkeley:UniversityofCalifornia,2005.Print. LocalHarvest/FarmersMarkets/FamilyFarms/CSA/OrganicFood.Web. < "LU3Flexibility."TheOntarioPlan.CityofOntario,2010.Web. < MacVean,Mary."PanelSeekstoUseL.A.'sAbundanceofFreshFoodinFightagainstChildhood Obesity."LosAngelesTimes.4Oct.2010.Web. Mintie,Nancy.PomonaValleyUrbanAgricultureInitiative.ProjectDescription. Mougeot,LucJ.A."UrbanAgriculture:Definition,Presence,PotentialandRisks."Growing Cities,GrowingFood:UrbanAgricultureonthePolicyAgenda.Ed.NicoBakker. Feldafing,Germany:FoodandAgricultureDevelopmentCentre, Print. "NewModelColonySummary."CityofOntarioCalifornia.OntarioPlanningDepartment,Nov Web. "OntarioPlanMap."LandUsePlanandZoningMap.CityofOntario.Web. < Richardson,Karen."AssessingAccesstoNutritiousFood."ArcUserFall2010:50 52.Print. Sandul,PaulJ.P."TheAgriburb:RecallingtheSuburbanSideofOntario,California'sAgricultural Colonization."AgriculturalHistory84.2(2010): MetaPressComplete.Web. UncommonGood.UncommonGood.Web.2Sept.2010.< "U.S.BusinessSearch."ReferenceUSA.Web.29July2010.< 29

31 APPENDIX Figure1:SatelliteviewofOntario,Californiaincludingcityboundaries,bus routes,andfastfoodandgrocerystorelocations. 30

32 Figure3:Demographicsbaselayermapincludingcityboundaries,busroutes, andfastfoodandgrocerystorelocations. 31

33 Figure1:HealthyfoodaccessmapforOntario.AdaptedfromJimHerries' "WalkableAccesstoHealthyFood"mapfoundonline(Herries2010). 32

34 Figure4:NewModelColonyplannedlanduse.From"NewModelColony Summary,"