A GARDEN FOR BUTTERFLIES

Transcription

1 A GARDEN FOR BUTTERFLIES Presented by TEXAS DISCOVERY GARDENS

2 The reintroduction of natural landscape elements into urban and suburban neighborhoods that are otherwise dominated by introduced species may be the greatest contribution to ecosystem conservation that we can make. Planting local native plant species in a rich, well planned butterfly garden reduces the isolation of native plants in reserves and parks, provides essential corridors between remaining patches of habitat, and aids in repairing the patchwork of ecosystems that survive. Plant a tree is a popular exhortation to those who are concerned about our environment, but significantly more tangible value can be had from planting a garden, a small forest, or a diverse native plant community to support an assemblage of native butterflies. Such local conservation efforts provide not only much needed havens for the creatures themselves, but they also offer a promise that future generations will have the opportunity to experience the delight of watching a butterfly flutter about on a fresh spring morning. Dennis D. Murphy, Director of the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford University Butterflies will come to our gardens and flourish if they find nectar and food plants there. Their presence will remind us of the essential bond we have with the natural world. Our hope is that scores of butterfly gardens will emerge in every city, suburb, and town that gardeners will become directly engaged in the life cycle of butterflies and then in the biological systems of their gardens. By doing so, butterfly gardeners will find themselves guardians and curators of Lepidoptera and, ultimately, stewards of nature. Melody Mackey Allen, Executive Director of the Xerces Society The mission of Texas Discovery Gardens is to teach effective ways to restore, conserve and preserve nature in the urban environment, with a focus on gardening organically and sustainably. TDG is a non profit 501(c)3 organization, supported in part by funds from the Dallas Park and Recreation Department.

3 Butterfly Gardening! How to attract Aurelian delights to your backyard Why garden for butterflies? Butterflies invoke pleasure in most people. Their bright colors and seemingly carefree lives instill a sense of wonder and serenity. Butterflies are ecologically important to the environment. They pollinate the plants they visit for nectar and are the prey of other species. Butterflies are excellent environmental indicators and are among the first species to leave an area that is damaged or degraded. Conservation is therefore a good reason for gardening for these insects. What is a butterfly? Butterflies are insects and together with skippers and moths make up the order Lepidoptera, which means scaly winged. All members of this group have this character. How do they differ from moths? Butterflies differ from moths in three major ways, although there are exceptions to the rules. Butterfly antennae are clubbed or swollen at the end, most moths have simple hair like, feather like, or comb like antennae. Butterflies have slender, smooth looking bodies whereas most moths have thick furry bodies. Butterflies rest with the wings folded upright, most moths with the wings folded over the body tent like or flat. Gardening basics To attract butterflies to your garden you need to provide both adult and larval plants. Nectar plants provide the adults with nourishment and are what most people plant when they want butterflies. Flowers that attract butterflies often have heads of blooms and a sturdy landing platform. Most are in shades of yellow, white, lavender, and pink. Host plants are those that are used in larval (caterpillar) development. Butterflies are territorial and usually select their territory based on host plant availability. Research what species are in your area. Texas is home to about 450 species of butterflies and due to its great range of environments, they live from the eastern forests to the western deserts. Not all species live throughout the state though so garden for what is likely to be in your area. Select the best location for your garden. Butterflies are sun loving creatures and prefer the brightest areas out of the way of strong winds. Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard

4 Select for greatest impact In addition to nectar and host plants, butterflies require shelter in the form of hiding places such as bushes and clumps of grasses. Rocks are appreciated as basking areas since they must warm themselves up before flight. Male butterflies visit the edges of puddles, streams and ponds for the water and nutrients vital for sexual maturity. Include a water feature such as a muddy edged pond or bird bath. Select the right plants. These can be found by reading up on each species you are trying to attract. Maintenance of the garden. Expect your host plants to show damage. After all, the caterpillars will be eating them! Texas Butterflies Eastern Black Swallowtail Papilio polyxenes umbelliferous plants such as dill, fennel, parsley, carrot, water hemlock, etc. Eastern Tiger Swallowtail Pterourus glaucus wild cherry, sweet bay, yellow poplar Giant Swallowtail Heraclides cresphontes citrus, rue, hop ash, prickly ash Pipevine Swallowtail Battus philenor pipevines Alfalfa Butterfly Colias eurytheme alfalfa, white clover Cloudless Sulphur Phoebis sennae senna, candelabra tree, cassia Sleepy Orange Abaeis nicippe partridge pea, cassia, senna Little Sulphur Pyristia lisa partridge pea, cassia, senna Dainty Yellow Nathalis iole Spanish needles, beggars tick, wild marigold Imported Cabbage Butterfly Artogeia rapae cruciferous plants such as cabbage, broccoli, turnips, mustard greens, water cress, etc. Checkered White Pontia protodice cruciferous plants such as those listed above plus shepherd s purse, tansy mustard, peppergrass Falcate Orangetip Falcapica midea wils spcies of crucifers such as rockcress, peppergrass, bitter cress, rocket mustard, sickle pod Great Purple Hairstreak Atlides halesus mistletoes White M Hairstreak Parrhasius m album oaks, especially in the white oak (Q. alba) and live oak groups Olive Hairstreak Callophrys (Mitoura) gryneus junipers Henry s Elfin Callophrys (Incisalia) henrici redbud Gray Hairstreak Strymon melinus malvaceous plants such as Sida, Turks cap, globe mallows, etc. and legumes such as scalet runner bean, Lima bean, etc. Soapberry Hairstreak Phaeostrymon Alcestis Western soapberry Southern Hairstreak Fixenia favonius oaks Banded Hairstreak Satyrium calanus oaks, walnut, hickory Red banded Hairstreak Calycopis cecrops decaying leaves of many shrubs and trees Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard

5 Dusky blue Hairstreak Calycopis isobeon decaying leaves of many shrubs and trees Eastern tailed Blue Cupido comyntas many leguminous herbs such as bush clovers, clovers, alfalfa, beggars lice, etc. Spring Azure Celastrina spp. dogwood, New Jersey tea, Viburnum Snout Butterfly Libytheana carineta hackberry, sugarberry Variegated Fritillary Euptoieta claudia violets, passionflower, Maypop, blue flax Gulf Fritillary Agraulis vanillae passionflower, Maypop Gorgone Checkerspot Chlosyne gorgone sunflowers, crossword, other composites Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis wingstem, sunflowers, asters, black eyed Susan, crownbeard Pearl Crescent Phyciodes tharos asters Phaon Crescent Phyciodes phaon fog fruit Texas Crescent Anthanassa texana acanthaceous plants such as shrimp plant, Ruellia, flame acanthus, tubetongue, Dicliptera, water willow Mourning Cloak Nymphalis antiopa elm, hackberry, sugarberry, willow Questionmark Polygonia interrogationis elm, hackberry, sugarberry Comma, Hop Merchant Polygonia comma hops, nettle, false nettle, elm Painted Lady Vanessa cardui thistles, cardoon, sunflower American Painted Lady Vanessa virginiensis cudweeds, everlastings Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta nettle, false nettle, pellitory Buckeye snapdragon, snapdragon vine, toadflax, false foxglove, ruellia, fog fruit, lemon verbena, plantain Red spotted Purple Limenitis arthemis astyanax wild cherry, apple, plum California Sister Adelpha bredowii oaks, especially evergreen species Hackberry Butterfly Asterocampa celtis hackberry, sugarberry Tawny Emperor Asterocampa clyton hackberry, sugarberry Monarch Danaus plexippus milkweeds Queen Danaus gilippus milkweeds Goatweed Leafwing Anaea andria goatweed, croton Little Wood Satyr Megisto cymela various grasses Red Satyr Megisto rubricata Bermuda grass, St. Augustine grass Carolina Satyr Hermeuptychia sosybius carpet grass, centipede grass, prob. other grasses Common Wood Nymph Cercyonis pegala purpletop and other large grasses Gemmed Satyr Cylopsis gemma Bermuda grass Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard

6 BUTTERFLY HABITAT DESIGN Identify butterflies native to your area. Assess the yard or garden space in its present state, noting trees, shrubs, &herbaceous flowering plants that are a food source for butterflies & caterpillars. Select a variety of plants that will attract butterflies to your garden. Include a selection of larval food &adult nectar plants. Locate the garden in full sun, or an area that receives at least 4 hours of sunlight. Provide a windbreak or screen of trees, shrubs or a fence to block excessive wind. Plan for continuous bloom through the butterfly season (February thru November). Use groups of plants to display splashes of color to attract more butterflies. Plant single flower varieties, which are easier for butterflies to nectar upon. To encourage butterfly visitation, include a water source for puddling or rotted fruit for the sap feeding butterflies. Garden organically to attract butterflies and other beneficial insects. Record your butterfly visitors, taking note of the plants that appear to be their favorite nectar sources. For further information: Butterfly Garden Programs & Butterfly Habitat Certification John Watts, Entomologist JWatts@TexasDiscoveryGardens.org Roger Sanderson, Director of Horticulture RSanderson@TexasDiscoveryGardens.org Program & Volunteer Opportunities Jennifer Hoffman JHoffman@TexasDiscoveryGardens.org Children s Programming Erin Shields Edu@TexasDiscoveryGardens.org The Dallas County Lepidopterists Society Dale Clark Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard

7 Native and Adapted Plants for a Diverse Butterfly Garden Buy/grow organic plants, protect your garden from strong winds, and choose a sunny spot to attract native butterflies. Try to keep from cleaning up too much plant material in the fall; many species overwinter in leaf litter or on plants in chrysalis form. Top Native and Adapted Butterfly Host Plants Caterpillar host plants, also referred to as larval food plants, are the plant species on which a female butterfly will lay eggs. The caterpillars will then feed upon this plant until they pupate (form a chrysalis). Plant at least 3 5 of each plant in order to accommodate hungry caterpillars! Note: these host plants also make great nectar plants for butterflies and/or other pollinators. 1. Hop Ash, Ptelea trifoliata Butterfly: Giant Swallowtail 2. Passionvine, Passiflora incarnata, P. lutea Butterfly: Gulf Fritillary 3. Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, Dill, Anethum graveolens Butterfly: Eastern Black Swallowtail 4. Rue, Ruta graveolens Butterfly: Eastern Black Swallowtail, Giant Swallowtail 5. Milkweed, Asclepias sp. Butterfly: Monarch, Queen 6. Hackberry, Celtis sp. Butterflies: Hackberry, Snout, and Tawny Emperor butterflies 7. Pipevine, Aristolochia sp. Butterflies: Pipevine Swallowtail 8. Frogfruit, Phyla nodiflora Butterflies: Buckeye, Phaon Crescentspot 9. Sennas, Senna sp. Butterflies: Giant Cloudless Sulphur, Orange Sulphur, Little Yellow, Sleepy Orange 10. False nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica Butterflies: Red Admiral, Question Mark, Eastern Comma 11. False Indigo, Amorpha fruticosa Butterfly: Dogface butterfly, Silver spotted Skipper, Gray Hairstreak 12. Clammyweed, Polanasia dodecandra Butterfly: Great Southern White, Checkered White Top Native and Adapted Butterfly Nectar Plants Butterfly Nectar plants provide nourishment for most butterfly species in the nectar, and sometimes pollen, contained in the flowers. 1. Lantana, Lantana sp. 2. Verbena, Verbena sp. 3. Gregg s Mist Flower, Eupatorium greggii 4. Frostweed, Verbesina virginica 5. Pentas, Pentas lanceolata 6. Autumn Sage, Salvia greggii 7. Buttonbush, Cephalanthus occidentalis 8. Hummingbird Bush, Anisacanthus quadrifidus 9. Coral Honeysuckle, Lonicera sempervirens 10. Blackfoot Daisy, Melampodium leucanthum 11. Zinnia, Zinnia sp. (Do not buy double petal varieties. Pollinators can t access the nectar.) 12. Mexican Sunflower, Tithonia rotundifolia Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard

8 ANNUALS Delphinium sp. Petunia x hybrida Viola sp. Zinnia spp. PERENNIALS Achillea sp. Allium sp. Camassia scilloides Centranthus ruber Dalea wrightii Dianthus sp. Engelmannia pinnatifida Gaillardia sp. Iberis sempervirens Marshallia caespitosa Phlox divaricata Phlox stolonifera Phlox sublata Phyla nodiflora Salvia sp. Scabiosa columbaria Sisyrinchium spp. Verbena spp. Viola sp. SHRUBS Berberis trifoliolata Buddleia marrubiifolia Ceanothus sp. Cornus drummondii Itea virginica Philadelphus spp. Prunus rivularis Spiraea sp. Viburnum rufidulum TREES Amelanchier laevis BUTTERFLY NECTAR PLANTS SEASON OF BLOOM SPRING Larkspur Petunia Johnny Jump Ups Zinnia Yarrow Chives, Onions Wild Hyacinth Red Valerian Wright Dalea Garden Pinks, Carnations Engelmann Daisy Blanket flower Candytuft Barbara s Buttons Wild Sweet William Creeping Phlox Thrift Frog fruit Salvia Scabiosa Blue eyed Grass Verbena Pansies, Violets Agarita Woolly Butterfly bush Ceanothus, Red root Rough leaf Dogwood Virginia Sweetspire Mock orange Creek Plum Bridal Wreath Rusty Blackhaw Viburnum Serviceberry Texas Discovery Gardens 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard

9 Arbutus texana Crataegus sp. Ilex decidua Ilex vomitoria Malus ioenensis Prunus caroliniana Prunus mexicana Prunus serotina var. eximia VINES Gelsemium sempervirens Lonicera sempervirens ANNUALS Centaurium sp. Cosmos sp. Cuphea sp. Gomphrena globosa Helianthus sp. Heliotropium indica Melampodium leucanthum Monarda sp. Pentas lanceolata Tagetes hybrids Tithonia rotundifolia Verbesina enceloides Zinnia hybrids PERENNIALS Anisacanthus sp. Asclepias sp. Caesalpinia gilliesii Coreopsis sp. Echinacea purpurea Eupatorium fistulosum Eupatorium greggii Lantana sp. Liatris sp. Lobelia sp. Phlox paniculata Rudbeckia sp. Salvia sp. Verbena sp. Vernonia sp. SHRUBS Abelia grandiflora Madrone Hawthorn Possumhaw Yaupon Prairie Crabapple Cherry Laurel Mexican Plum Choke Cherry Carolina jessamine Coral Honeysuckle SUMMER Bachelor Buttons Cosmos Cuphea Globe Amaranth Sunflowers Heliotrope Blackfoot Daisy Bee Balm Pentas Marigold Mexican Sunflower Cowpen Daisy Zinnia Anisacanthus Butterfly Weed Bird of Paradise Coreopsis, Tickseed Coneflower Joe Pye weed Gregg s Mist Thoroughwort Lantana Gayfeather Cardinal Flower Summer Phlox Black eye Susan Salvia Verbena Ironweed Glossy Abelia Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd

10 Aloysia gratissima Amorpha fruticosa Buddleia sp. Cephalanthus occidentalis Eysenhardtia sp. Leucophyllum frutescens Malvaviscus arboreus Pavonia lasiopetala TREES Acacia sp. Albizia julibrissin Leucaena retusa Prosopis glandulosa VINES Polygonum aubertii Senecio confusus Bee brush False Indigo Butterfly Bush Buttonbush Kidneywood Cenizo, Texas Sage Turks Cap, Drummond Wax mallow Rose Pavonia Acacia Mimosa Golden Ball Lead tree Honey Mesquite Silver Lace Vine Mexican Flame Vine FALL ANNUALS Heliopsis healianthoides PERENNIALS Aster sp. Chrysanthemum sp. Eupatorium coelestinum Physostegia virginiana Salvia leucantha Salvia sp. Sedum spectabile Solidago sphacelata Verbesina virginiana Zephyranthes robusta Zephyranthes sulphurea SHRUBS Buddleia lindleyana Eupatorium havanense Eupatorium odoratum VINES Clematis paniculata Passiflora sp. False Sunflower Fall Aster Chrysanthemums Hardy Ageratum Obedient Plant Mexican Bush Sage Salvia Showy Sedum Goldenrod Frostweed Pink Rain Lily Yellow Rain Lily Butterfly Bush Thoroughwort Fragrant Eupatorium Sweet Autumn Clematis Passionvine Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd

11 Many summer blooming annuals and perennials will remain in flower until the first hard frost, including the following: Asclepias sp. Butterfly Weed Buddleia sp. Butterfly Bush Cosmos sp. Cosmos Cuphea sp. Cuphea Echinacea purpurea Coneflower Eupatorium fistulosum Joe Pye weed Gomphrena globosa Globe Amaranth Helianthus sp. Sunflowers Lantana sp. Lantana Liatris sp. Gayfeather Malvaviscus arboreus Turks Cap, Drummond Wax mallow Melampodium leucanthum Blackfoot Daisy Pavonia lasiopetala Rose Pavonia Pentas lanceolata Pentas Polygonum aubertii Silver Lace Vine Tagetes hydrids Marigold Verbena sp. Verbena Zinnia hybrids Zinnia Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd

12 The Milkweed Community Careful observation of the milkweed community and the interactions of its diverse members provide a fascinating glimpse into the complex interdependence of living organisms. There are about 110 species of milkweed in North America and 36 species native to Texas. At Texas Discovery Gardens, Asclepias curassavica, or Mexican milkweed is planted throughout the gardens and is available for sale most of the year. Many insects are attracted to the nectar and pollen of milkweed flowers. Other insects may feed on milkweed leaves, seeds, stems or roots. Predatory insects and arachnids are attracted to the plentiful prey population. Many more species may be found resting temporarily on the plants. You must look carefully on top and under flowers and leaves. Stay on the path, and walk quietly up to a plant. Insects scared off may return if you remain still. Scan the leaves, flowers, seedpods, and stems for unusual shapes, color, or activity. Watch for signs like chewed leaves and frass (caterpillar droppings). Once you have found a milkweed community member, watch for it again. Note the effects of time, season, temperature, and weather condition, as well as age and condition of the milkweed plant, have on the activity seen. Milkweeds are perennial plants, meaning an individual plant lives for more than one year, growing each spring from rootstock and seeds, rather than seeds alone. Our native milkweeds were historically common and widespread on prairies, but habitat destruction has reduced their range and numbers. Plant milkweed to encourage the return of its inhabitants! The name milkweed comes from the plant s milky sap that contains latex and a toxic alkaloid which adversely affects birds and mammals. Many insects avoid milkweed, but some insects, most famously the Monarch butterfly caterpillar, have adapted to feeding on milkweed. Tropical milkweed sap is more toxic than our local milkweed species. Avoid contact between yourself and the plant sap. Unlike many flowers whose pollen is a powder, milkweed flowers transfer their pollen in a pair of waxy packets. This packet attaches to the legs, proboscis or bristly hairs of insects sipping nectar from the flowers. Flying above the milkweed are bees and wasps. Bumblebees, carpenter bees, honeybees and wasps drink nectar, but several kinds of wasps catch caterpillars for their young. The black-and-orange queen or monarch butterflies feed and lay eggs, but other butterflies will drink milkweed s nectar. Look for a metallic insect- a predatory long-legged fly. Dragonflies search for insects, too. Nursery web spiders hunt from leaves or stems, and crab spiders crouch on flowers. On the new growth are yellow aphids, food for several species of ladybird beetles. Ants and other insects eat the aphid s honeydew. Plant bugs with long antennae crawl slowly on the leaves. Bigger assassin bugs look for prey. The black bug with the red X on back is the small milkweed bug. The large milkweed bug is mostly red with a black band. The five-sided stinkbugs can be predatory or plant-sucking. The praying mantis will catch and eat all insects! Monarchs lay cream-colored eggs on the underside of leaves. Caterpillars feed there also. Caterpillars are identified in one of five instars, or sizes, from 2mm to 45mm. Also, look for arc-shaped holes, or irregular leaf edges where caterpillars have been feeding. Disturbed caterpillars may drop off the leaf for protection. You may see a large caterpillar wandering along the ground- they pupate on plants in other locations, and it is searching for a protected site to prepare its chrysalis. This page contains excerpts from Milkweed, Monarchs and More, by Ba Rea, Karen Oberhauser, and Michael Quinn Texas Discovery Gardens, POB , Dallas, TX

13 Host and Nectar Plants for Butterflies Latin Name Common Name Type Height Light Origin Bloom Nectar Host Plant for Abelia grandiflora Glossy Abelia shrub 8' sun/pt shade non-native Jun-Oct Yes Acacia wrightii Wright Acacia tree 6'-10' sun/pt shade native Apr-May Yes Silver-Spotted Skipper Allium spp. Chives perennial 8"+ sun/pt shade non-native May-Jun Yes Althaea zebrina French Hollyhock perennial 3' sun/pt shade non-native Spr-Fall Painted Lady Amorpha fruticosa False Indigo shrub 2'-15' sun/pt shade native Apr-June Gray Hairstreak, Silver-Spotted Skipper, Hoary Edge, Cloudy Wing, Dogface Anisacanthus quadrifidus Flame Acanthus perennial 2'-4' sun/pt shade native June-Fall Yes Janais Patch, Texas Crescentspot Anethum graveolens Dill annual 18" sun/pt shade non-native May-July Yes Black Swallowtail Aristolochia fimbriata Pipevine vine 3'-6' sun/pt shade non-native Jun-Sep Pipevine Swallowtail Aristolochia tomentosa Woolly Pipevine vine to 50' sun/pt shade native Mar-May Pipevine Swallowtail Asclepias asperula Antelope-Horns perennial 8"-2' sun native Mar-Nov Yes Monarch,Queen Ascelepias curassavica Mexican Milkweed annual 3' sun native May-Oct Yes Monarch, Queen Aslepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed perennial 5' sun non-native May-Jun Yes Monarch, Queen Asclepias viridis Green Milkweed perennial 2' sun/pt shade native Mar-Sep Yes Monarch, Queen Berberis trifoliata Agarito shrub 3'-6' sun/pt shade native Mar-Apr Yes Buddleia davidii Butterfly Bush shrub 3'-12' sun/pt shade non-native May-Frost Yes Caesalpinia gillesii Bird of Paradise shrub 8'-10' sun native Spr-Fall Yes Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush shrub 3'-15' sun native Jun-Sep Yes Cercis canadensis Redbud tree 10'-20' sun/pt shade native March Yes Henry's Elfin Chasmanthium latifolium Inland Sea Oats perennial 2'-4' shade/pt shade native Summer Celia's Roadside Skipper, Common Roadside Skipper Clerodendrum bungei Cashmere Bouquet perennial 5'x4' pt/shade-shade non-native May,Oct Yes Coreopsis sp. Tickseed perennial 1'-2' sun/pt shade native/hybrids Apr-June Yes Dalea greggii Dalea perennial 4"-9" sun native May-Sep Yes Dog Face Dalea frutescens Black Dalea perennial 3'-4' sun native June-Oct Yes Dog Face Dicliptera bracheata Perennial Dicliptera perennial 14"-28" pt/shade-shade native July-Frost Texas Crescentspot Dicliptera suberecta Velvet Honeysuckle perennial 2'-3- sun native June-Sep Yes Diospyros texana Texas Persimmon tree 10'-15' sun/pt shade native Early Spring Gray Hairstreak Coneflower perennial 2' sun/pt shade native Apr-May Yes Eupatorium greggii Gregg's Mist Flower perennial 8" sun/pt shade native May-Oct Yes Fallugia paradoxa Apache Plume shrub 6' sun/pt shade native May-Dec Yes Foeniculum vulgare Fennel biennial/pere 2'-5' sun/pt shade non-native May-June Yes Black Swallowtail Gaillardia grandiflora Blanket Flower per/annual 1' sun/pt shade native Apr-May Yes Gomphrena globosa Globe Amaranthus annual 18" sun non-native Spr-Frost Yes Ipomopsis rubra Standing Cypress biennia 5' sun native Apr-May Yes Lantana spp. Lantana per/annual 3'-5' sun native May-Oct Yes Gray Hairstreak, Painted Lady Lonicera sempervirens Coral Honeysuckle vine 10'plus sun/pt shade native Spr-Fall Yes Spring Azure Copyright T.Dombrowski, Texas Discovery Gardens, 2005

14 Host and Nectar Plants for Butterflies Latin Name Common Name Type Height Light Origin Bloom Nectar Host Plant for Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife perennial 3' sun/pt shade native June-Aug Yes Medicago sativa Alfalfa perennial 3' sun/pt shade non-native April Dogface, Orange Sulfur, Gray Hairstreak, Painted Lady Melampodium leucanthemum Blackfoot Daisy perennial 8"-1' sun native May-Nov Yes Monarda didyma Beebalm perennial 3'x3' sun non-native Jun-Jul Yes Passiflora caerulea Blue Crown vine 10'plus sun/pt shade non-native Jun-Sep Gulf Fritillary, Variegated Fritillary Passiflora incarnata Maypop vine 10'plus sun/pt shade native Jun-Sep Gulf Fritillary, Variegated Fritillary Passiflora x 'Incense' Passionvine vine 12' sun/pt shade hybrid May-Sep Gulf Fritillary, Variegated Fritillary Pentas lanceolata Pentas annual 18" sun non-native Sp-Fall Yes Tersa Sphinx Moth Petroselinum crispum Parsley biennial 1'-3' sun/pt shade non-native Spr-Fall Yes Black Swallowtail Philadelphus ernestii TX Mock Orange shrub 3' sun/pt shade native April Yes Phlox paniculata Phlox perennial 3' sun native June-Aug Yes Phyla nodiflora Frogfruit perennial 3"x1' sun/shade native Spr-Fall Yes Buckeye, Phaon Crescent Physostegia virginiana Obedient Plant perennial 3'-4' sun/pt shade native Aug-Sep Yes Polanisia dodecandra Clammyweed annual 2' sun native Mar-Oct Yes Cabbage White, Great Southern White Longtail Skipper, Reakirt's Blue, Prosopis juliflora Mesquite tree 20'-30' sun native Mar-Sept Yes Ceraunus Blue Prunus rivularis Creek Plum tree 12' sun/pt shade native Mar-Apr Yes Tiger Swallowtail, Red Spotted Purple Prunus serotina Black Cherry tree 60' sun native Mar-Apr Yes Spring Azure, Viceroy, Tiger Swallowtail Ptelea trifoliata Hop Ash tree 24' sun/pt shade native Mar-June Giant Swallowtail, Tiger Swallowtail Rhus aromatica Fragrant Sumac shrub 3'-8' sun/pt shade native Feb-Mar Red-banded Hairstreak Rudbeckia spp. Black-eyed Susan perennial 2'-12' sun native/non-na Jun-Sep Yes Silvery Checkerspot Ruellia brittoniana Mexican Petunia perennial 3' sun/pt shade native June-Oct Yes Texas Crescentspot Ruta graveolens Rue perennial 3'x2' sun/pt shade non-native Sep-Oct Giant Swallowtail, Black Swallowtail Salvia greggii Autumn Sage perennial 2'-3' sun native Apr-Nov Yes Sedum spectabile Sedum perennial 1'-2' sun non-native July-Nov Yes Gray Hairstreak Senna alata Emperor's Candlestick annual 10' sun non-native Aug-Oct Cloudless Sulfur,, Gray ghairstreak p, Senna corymbosa Argentine Senna perennial 10' sun/pt shade non-native Sep-Nov Sleepy Orange Thymus spp. Thyme perennial 2"-4" sun/pt shade non-native Mar-May Yes Tithonia rotundifolia Mexican Sunflower annual 3' sun non-native June-Oct Yes Ungnadia speciosa Mexican Buckeye tree 8'-12' sun/pt shade native Mar-Apr Yes Verbena spp. Verbena perennial 6"-1' sun both May-Nov Yes Verbesina virginica Frostweed perennial 3'-7' sun native Oct-Nov Yes Viola spp. Violet perennial 6"-12" sun/pt shade both April Variegated Fritillary Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Hercule's Club tree 15' sun native Apr-May Giant Swallowtail Zinnia spp. Zinnia annual 8"-12" sun non-native May-Oct Yes Copyright T.Dombrowski, Texas Discovery Gardens, 2005

15 Retail Sources for Butterfly Plants Eden s Organic Garden 4710 Pioneer Rd, Balch Springs garden.com Nicholson Hardie 5725 West Lovers Lane Dallas, TX North Haven Gardens Inc Northaven Road Dallas, Texas Organic Dynamics 1515 US Highway 80 E Mesquite, TX (972) Redenta s 2001 Skillman St. Dallas, Texas Rohde's Nursery & Nature Store 1651 Wall St., Garland Texas MAIL ORDER Forest Farm 990 Tetherow Road Williams, Oregon (11:00 AM & 5:00 PM) Native American Seed 3400 Long Prairie Road Flower Mound, Texas Wildseed, Incorporated 1101 Campo Rosa Road P.Ol Box 308 Eagle Lake, Texas Park Seed Co. Cokesbury Road Greenwood, SC Plant Delights Nursery Inc Sauls Rd. Raleigh, NC Thompson & Morgan P.O. Box 1308 Jackson, NJ Shades of Green 8801 Coit Road, Frisco, Texas Weston Gardens 8101 Anglin Drive Fort Worth, Texas Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd

16 Bibliography Butterfly Gardening Ajilvsgi, Geyata Butterfly Gardening for the South. Texas: Taylor Publishing Company. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Butterfly Gardens, Luring Nature s Loveliest Pollinators to Your Yard. BBG Publication, Handbook #143. ISBN Grissell, Eric, & Goodpasture, Carll Insects and Gardens: In Pursuit of a Garden Ecology. Timber Press, ISBN Rothschild, M., & C. Farrell The Butterfly Gardener. London: Michael Joseph Ltd/Rainbow. Schneck, Marcus Creating a Butterfly Garden. Fireside, ISBN: Sedenko, Jerry The Butterfly Garden: Creating Beautiful Gardens to Attract Butterflies. New York: Villard Books. Tekulsky, Mathew The Butterfly Garden. Boston: The Harvard Common Press. ISBN: Warren, E. J. M The Country Diary Book of Creating a Butterfly Garden. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Xerces Society Butterfly Gardening: Creating Summer Magic in Your Garden. Sierra Club Books, ISBN: Butterfly Identification Guides Brock, Jim & Kaufman, Kenn Butterflies of North America. Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN Carter, David J The Eyewitness Handbook of Butterflies and Moths. London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd. Howe, W.H. (ed.) The Butterflies of North America. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Press. Neck, Raymond W A Field Guide to Texas Butterflies. Houston Texas Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN X Opler, Paul A A Field Guide to Eastern Butterflies. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Scott, J.A The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Tilden, J.W. and A.C. Smith A Field Guide to Western Butterflies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Tveten, John and Gloria, Butterflies of Houston and Southeast Texas. Austin Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN Walton, Richard and Paul Opler Familiar Butterflies of North America. Alfred Knopf. ISBN Q X Wright, Amy Bartlett Peterson First Guides to Caterpillars of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Visit the Dallas County Lepidopterists Society webpage for more reference books on moths and butterflies! Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park 3601 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd

17 Native Butterfly Checklist Date Time/Location Butterfly (egg/larvae/pupa) Activity/Plant Month-Day-Year Texas Discovery Gardens at Fair Park Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd

18 TEXAS DISCOVERY GARDENS BUTTERFLY HABITAT PROGRAM Application for Certification Name: Address: City: State: Zip: Daytime Phone Number: Home Phone Did you take our butterfly gardening workshop? Yes No I. Caterpillar Food Plants (Larval Food Plants)-- List the Trees, Shrubs, Annuals and Perennials that feed butterfly larvae: Continue on a separate page if needed. Trees & Shrubs Qty. Annuals & Perennials Qty. II. Butterfly Nectar Plants - List the Trees, Shrubs, Annuals and Perennials that provide sugar and pollen for Butterfly Adults. Continue on a separate page if needed. Trees & Shrubs Qty. Annuals & Perennials Qty. 1

19 III. Water / Mud for Puddling -- Describe your method for providing a water source for butterflies and/or a mud source for extra water and minerals. IV. Feeders (Optional) - Describe any butterfly feeders and the number used. If you are providing rotted fruit for the sap feeding species, please describe your feeder and food source. Note: trees such as a mulberry or plum will provide sap if the fruit is left to ripen and ferment on the ground. V. Habitat Design How many hours of sun does the area receive daily during the summer? Which direction does it face? (North, South, East, West) Is there a windbreak? Please describe. What is the approximate size of the habitat? (Square Feet or Acres) 2

20 List any large trees or shrubs that could provide roosting and shelter. Tree or Shrub Number Size VI. Pest Control - Please describe any methods or substances used in the habitat for pest control. VII. Is there additional information you wish to add regarding your butterfly habitat? OPTIONAL: You may include a sketch of your habitat design or non-returnable photos. Certification is $35 and includes a complimentary sign for your garden. Please mail or fax the completed application to: Texas Discovery Gardens Butterfly Habitat Program P.O. Box Dallas, Texas Fax (214) Applications will be reviewed for diversity of plant material & general landscape conditions that provide a healthy environment for the entire life cycle of a diversity of butterfly species. Signs will be mailed out within three weeks of application and payment ($35). The mission of Texas Discovery Gardens is to teach effective ways to restore, conserve and preserve nature in an urban setting, with a focus on gardening organically and sustainably. Texas Discovery Gardens is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization supported in part by funds from the Dallas Park and Recreation Department. 3