The Future of Networking
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1 The Future of Networking Maurizio DècinaD Politecnico di Milano di e The Digital Evolution: Information,, Intelligence, Ubiquity European Meeting of University Professors Roma, 22 Giugno 2007
2 - 2 - Mobile The Digital Landscape: Evolution, Graz Rome, in June Real 22, Time
3 Moore s Law - 3 -
4 Autonomous Systems Internet Graph Copyright by US Regents,,
5 How Much Information Is Out There? World Information Content 1 Trillion Web Pages by end of 2006 Annual Growth 70% World information content, stored in analog or digital form, produced in Year 2006 Estimated: 160 Exabyte Paper Film Optical Magnetic Storage Annual Production Growth 100% All Books MultiMedia All Books (Words) A Movie A Photo A Book Yotta Zetta Exa Peta Tera Giga Mega Kilo Bytes Internet Today? - 5 -
6 The Moore s Wall Performance (log scale) Integrated Circuit Moore s Wall Computing Techniques Transistor Integrated Circuit Molecular Quantum Genetic Biological Optical Tube
7 Calculations per Second,, Yotta Zetta Exa Peta Tera Giga Mega Kilo Calculations per Second All Human Brains One Human Brain One Mouse Brain One Insect Brain Time Source: R. Kurzweil,
8 - 8 - Mobile The Digital Landscape: Evolution, Graz Rome, in June Real 22, Time
9 Sensors Dust sensors Source: F. Mattern,
10 Weareable Computing SUBSTRATE LOCAL NETWORK INTERCONNECTIONS Tröster et al.,
11 Ambient Intelligence Source: F. Mattern,
12 Smart Dust Sensors: Wow! Target Size 1 mm3 Target Price 1 US$ Source: University of Calfornia Berkeley,
13 Smart Dust Node Components Target Size 1 mm3 Target Price 1 US$ Source: University of Calfornia Berkeley,
14 Wireless Sensor Networks: RFIDs Chip (IC) Antenna Target Price 0.01 US $
15 Body implanted RFID Source: IEEE Spectrum,
16 Mobile The Digital Landscape: Evolution, Graz Rome, in June Real 22, Time
17 Multilayer Networks 5 4 Application Agents Middleware & Applications: SOA & SWS Overlay Systems,Grid Networks, Content-Based CDNs, P2P Networks Routing Active Networks: XML Routing 3 IP Routing Inter-AS routing Intra AS-routing, MPLS 2 1 Wireless Sensors Networks Radio, Optics, MEMS,Sensors Power Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Radio, Optics, Vehicular & Personal Ethernet Networks RPR, MPLS, WiFi, WiMAX TDM + Networks ISDN, ATM, GSM, UMTS, HSPA, LTE Copper, Radio, Fibre, SDH & WDM Media Interconnections
18 Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks Architectures Wired Internet Infrastructure Ad-hoc associations Gateway node Wired Internet Infrastructure BTS Wide Area Cell AP Microcell Multi-tiered Interfaces to wired network BTS Forwarding Node Extended Coverage End-user radios (with routing capability) Flat mesh network with ad-hoc routing Ad-hoc associations Forwarding node End-user radios (no routing capability) 3G cell Hierarchical architecture with radio forwarding nodes and AP s/bs s
19 Wireless Sensor Network Architecture Pervasive Application Agents User interfaces for information & control Servers Sensor net/ip GW Internet (IP Routing) Overlay Pervasive Network Services AP/BTS GW Ad-Hoc Sensor Net A Sensor/ Actuator Virtualized Physical World Object or Event Relay Node Ad-Hoc Sensor Net B
20 Intelligent Transportation Systems REAR END LATERAL FORWARD APPLICATIONS Lane change assistant Rear detection Side Crash Blind Spot ACC LDW Night Vision Pre-Crash
21 Networked ICT for e.health Pervasive Healthcare Paradigm shifts in health and healthcare TODAY TOMORROW Hospital centred Citizen centred Prevent Cure Care Treatment oriented Prevention oriented Disease management Health management Experienced Expert AMBIENTE SISTEMA SANITARIO TODAY AMBIENTE SANITARIO TOMORROW Source: European Commission Information Society
22 Wireless Communications CABLE REPLACEMENT HOME, OFFICE PUBLIC ACCESS Range CITY, SUBURBS COUNTRY, REGION WIDE WPAN WLAN WMAN WAN GSM ZigBee GPRSEDGE Bluetooth Wi-Fi b MobileFi UMTS UltraWideBand HSPA a/g/n WiMAX a/e LTE LIMITED FULL Mobility 1 kbit/s 10 kbit/s 100 kbit/s 1 Mbit/s 10 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s Bit Rate 1 Gbit/s
23 Outdoor UltraWideBand dbm / MHz eirp Underlay Open Spectrum Outdoor UWB emission limit ---Example of UWB spectrum Frequency, GHz Emitted Power Density Spectrum Mask,, FCC, February
24 Cognitive Radio According to Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) the cognitive radio is a radio transmitter/receiver that is designed to intelligently detect whether a particular segment of the radio spectrum is currently in use, and to jump into (or out of) the temporarily-unused spectrum very rapidly, without interfering with the transmissions of other users
25 Fiber To The X FTTEx ADSL Backbone OLT Splitter Splitter ONU Splitter ONU FTTCab VDSL FTTH Central office with link to the backbone FTTCurb/BONU Customer premises VDSL
26 Quality of Service & Network Neutrality Multiple Carrier Scenario Access A IP Peering ISP/NGN 1 ISP/NGN 2 Caching Blade Caching Blade Access B Client Router Router WWW Merchant e2e-qos: end-to-end Quality of Service
27 Mobile The Landscape: Digital Evolution, Graz Rome, in June Real 22, Time
28 Authentication Factors Per autenticare un utente si può utilizzare: ciò che l utente sa - what you know PIN Password, PIN, ciò che l utente ha - what you have Smartcard, Dongle, Token, ciò che l utente è - what you are Impronta digitale, iride, impronta vocale Si possono avere anche sistemi di autenticazione a più fattori: Two factor: per esempio una smartcard ( what you have ) e il PIN associato ( what you know ) Three factor: per esempio una smartcard ( what you have ) il PIN associato ( what you know ) e l impronta digitale ( what you are ) per poter utilizzare il lettore di smartcard
29 according to Biometrics to Jean-Fran François Mainguet
30 Soft Biometrics = Anonymous ID Source: Jain, Nandakumar, Lu, & Park, Michigan State University, 2004 Anonymous Client Profiling Age, Age Slot Sex Gender Ethnicity Skin Color Hair Color Eye Color Humor (happy, surprised, angry,...) Height Weight Hair Lenght Beard Glasses
31 Digital Rights Management Scenario Content Package Provider Content DRM Packager Content Package Encryption Content Metadata Client Rights & Policies Identities Encryption Keys DRM License Provide r License Server DRM Controller Encryption Keys Rights License Rendering Application Identity
32 Networking at Multiple Layers
33 Overlay Networks Grid Networks Content Delivery Networks Peer-to-Peer Networks Active Networks: XML Routing Underlay Nets
34 Skype Networking Architecture Super Nodes - They are established after acceptance test by Skype -They have public IP address -They offer storage, processing & bandwidth -Each Serves 100s Peer Nodes -They route encrypted calls -They execute NAT of private IP addresses -They exploit p2p protocol Peer Peer Peer Peer Super Node Super Node Login Server Non-natted peers Super Node Super Node PSTN/PLMN Peer Peer Peer PSTN GW Natted peers Peer Peer Peer Peer
35 broadcast Digital TV Signal Transmission clients multicast server server clients server unicast multiple peer sources p2p unicast peer client clients Peers offer free upload bandwidth to peers Servers require much less upload bandwidth
36 YouTube User Generated Content
37 Peer-to to-peer Internet Television
38 Mobile The Digital Landscape: Evolution, Graz Rome, in June Real 22, Time
39 Complex Networks Contagion Graph Biological Graph Internet Graph
40 Node size proportional to betweenness centrality Reachability in Colorado Springs (Sexual contact only) Graph is 27% centralized High-risk actors over 4 years 695 people represented Longest path is 17 steps Average distance is about 5 steps Average person is within 3 steps of 75 other people 137 people connected through 2 independent paths, core of 30 people connected through 4 independent paths (Node size = log of degree) Source: Moody,
41 Marketing of New Services MMS vs SMS Source: SwissCom,
42 Web 2.0 & Social Networks Web and Blog Communities Web-based Social Networking Services (e.g., LinkedIn, Circe of Friends, MySpace, Friendster) Web Search Hubs and Authorities the PageRank Algorithm (Google) Cognitive Knowledge Networks
43 Second Life
44 Multilayer Networks Cognitive & Knowledge Networks Social Networks Application Agents Middleware & Applications: SOA & SWS Grid Networks, Content Delivery Networks Content-Based Peer-to-Peer Networks Routing Active Networks: XML Routing 3 IP Routing IP Networks MPLS, Wireless Mobility 2 1 Wireless Sensors Networks Radio, Optics, MEMS,Sensors Power Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Radio, Optics, Vehicular & Personal Ethernet Networks RPR, MPLS, WiFi, WiMAX TDM + Networks ISDN, ATM, GSM, UMTS, HSDPA Copper, Radio, Fibre, SDH & WDM Media Interconnections
45 elearning
46 Aldus Manutius The Press Revolution Festina lente Aldus Manutius created the Aldine Press and the first italic style typeface
47 Alan Kay s Dynabook & Squeak The Computer Revolution
48 The 75/25 Rule of Learning Time to Performance Source: Sally-Ann Moore,
49 Learning in the Age of Information KNOWLEDGE Knowledge is Power, but Wisdom doesn't need Power
50 Mobile The Digital Landscape: Evolution, Graz Rome, in June Real 22, Time
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