The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp
|
|
- Eugenia Sandra Ellis
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Food Science and Engineering 1 (2011) The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp W. Satong-aun 1, R. Assawarachan 2 and A. Noomhorm 1 1. Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120, Thailand 2. Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Sansai, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand Received: March 7, 2011 / Published: July 20, Abstract: The effects of drying temperature and extraction methods on α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L.) powder were investigated. In the first part of experiment suitable drying temperature for retention α-mangostin content was determined. Three levels of drying temperatures (55, 65 and 75 C) were used in this study. The drying rates were increased with drying temperature. Room temperature extraction method was performed to investigate the effect of drying temperature on retention α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp. The α-mangostin content extracted at three different drying temperatures (55, 65 and 75 C) was ± 0.49%, ± 0.24%, and ± 0.34% w/w, respectively. The results showed that the suitable temperature for drying mangosteen pericarp was 65 C that gave the highest of α-mangostin content. The second part of experiment was the comparison between extraction methods, such as shaking water bath extraction (SWE), soxhlet extraction (SE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The results show that MAE gave the highest extraction rate and α-mangostin content as compare to SWE and SE. The α-mangostin content extraction from SWE, SE and MAE are ± 0.02, ± 0.17 and ± 0.15% w/w of crude extract, respectively. Key words: Mangosteen pericarp, alpha-mangostin, hot air drying, room temperature extraction, water bath extraction, soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction. 1. Introduction The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) fruit is also known as the Queen of fruits because of its excellent flavor [1]. The fruit is round with a smooth, thick and tough pericarp. The color of the pericarp is dark purple when fully ripe. The edible pulp of mangosteen fruit is white, soft and juicy with a slightly acid, sweet flavor and a pleasant aroma. Mangosteen is native to Malaysia. The main producing countries of mangosteen are Thailand and Malaysia [2]. In Thai traditional medicine, the pericarp of mangosteen fruit has been used to treat skin infections and wounds and for relieving from diarrhea [3]. The values of Corresponding author: R. Assawarachan, Ph.D., research fields: food engineering and bioprocess technology. rittichai@mju.ac.th. mangosteen have two important components which are antioxidant properties and other medicinal properties of xanthones such as alpha (α)-, beta (β)- and gamma (γ)-mangostins. Xanthones are phenolic compounds which possess medicinal benefits [4]. The antioxidant and anticancer preventive activities of the extract of the pericarp of mangosteen have been reported [5]. The major xanthone in pericarp of mangosteen fruit is α-mangostin that is proven to be a strong antioxidant capability. The pericarp of mangosteen at mature stage contained highest amount of α-mangostin [6]. Drying is the most common method of medicinal plant preservation. Drying represents 30% to 50% of the total costs in medicinal plant production [7]. Optimal drying temperature should be considered because the degradation of the dried product quality occured at higher temperatures [8]. Furthermore, different drying
2 86 The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp temperatures may also influence the yield of extracted α-mangostin contents from the pericarp of mangosteen. Normally, the conventional extraction methods are widely used to extract the desire substance from plant materials. Xanthones are commonly obtained by extraction with organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane and hexane [9]. The main advantages of room temperature extraction method were less of solvent loss and less degradation of heat-sensitive compounds because the heat process was not required. Room temperature extraction was used in the extraction of phenolic compounds, flavonoid, tannin and α-mangostin from fruit rinds of Garcinia mangostana by 95% ethanol solution [6]. Soxhlet extraction method is widely used as a conventional standard extraction method against other extraction methods such as normal stirring extraction, ultrasonic extraction and microwave-assisted extraction [10]. The main disadvantage of soxhlet extraction method is that it requires large solvent volumes, and take long extraction time at high temperature that cause degradation of heat sensitive compounds. According to Pothitirat et al. [6], the required time to extract the fruit rind of mangosteen with 95% ethanol using soxhlet apparatus was 15 hours. Shaking water bath extraction has been used mostly to extract antioxidant compounds such as phenolic compounds from canola meal [11], carnosic acid from dried rosemary [12], tanshinones from red sage root [13] and total phenolic compounds from barley [14]. The main advantages were to elevate in temperature that help to decrease the viscosity of solvent. Therefore, the solvent had more ability to wet the matrix of sample and solubilize the target compound and also help to break the matrix bond of sample. Moreover, the agitation of the solvent during shaking water bath extraction process helped to increase the eddy diffusion and increased the transfer of material from the sample surface to the solvent, and also helped to prevent sedimentation of fine particle of sample. At present, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) which is the innovative extraction method is widely used to extract the antioxidant compounds from plants namely extraction of artemisnin from Artemisia annua L. [10], silymarin from milk thistle seeds [15], glycyrrhizic acid from licorice root, vitamin E from rice bran [16] and phenol compound from black tea [17]. Microwave-assisted extraction gave some advantages over conventional extraction method including reducing extraction time and solvent consumption [17]. Therefore, the objectives of this work were: to determine the suitable drying temperature for the retention of α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp powder; to compare the efficiency of three different extraction methods, such as shaking water bath extraction (SWE), soxhlet extraction (SE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MVE) for the extraction of α-mangostin content from the powder of mangosteen pericarp. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Chemical and Reagents Alpha-mangostin (purity 97%) was purchased from Chroma Dex Inc., USA, while methanol (analytical grade) and 95% ethanol (commercial grade) were obtained from Mallinckrodt Co., USA. 2.2 Preparation of Mangosteen Pericarp Samples The mature fruits of Garcinia mangostana L. were procured from Talad Thai market, Thailand. The fruits were cleaned and the fresh mangosteen pericarp was manually separated from the fruits. Mangosteen pericarp samples were cut into small pieces and roughly ground with blending machine. The initial moisture content of fresh mangosteen pericarp was ± 2.41% dry basis, as determined by hot air drying at 105 C for 24 hours [18]. The roughly ground mangosteen pericarp was dried at air temperature of 55, 65 and 75 C by using hot air oven until the moisture content of mangosteen pericarp was reached to about ± 1.15% dry basis. The dried
3 The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp 87 mangosteen pericarp was ground into a powder by using blending machine and passed through a sieve (20 mesh). The dried mangosteen pericarp powder was packed in a zip lock polyethylene bag and covered with aluminum foil bag before sealing by using vacuum pack machine, then kept in room temperature until use. 2.3 Experiment Setup Roughly ground mangosteen pericarp samples were dried in a laboratory hot-air dryer (Fig. 1), a tangential air-flow tunnel equipped with automatic temperature and air moisture control devices. The laboratory scale hot-air dryer was developed at Food Engineering workshop, Asian Institute of Technology and consisted of a fin coil heater (4 kw), drying chamber with tray feeder, temperature controller, weight measuring sensor and other measuring instruments with interface facility to record data. The loss weight of sample was recorded using a computer software data logger through balance connected to a PC during drying operation. A sample of 30 g of roughly ground mangosteen pericarp was spread in a single layer on the tray and hot-air dried at three different drying air temperatures of 55, 65 and 75 C from initial moisture content of ± 2.41% dry basis until the final moisture content was about ± 1.15% dry basis. During air drying, weight and temperature of the sample were recorded automatically by the data logger every 2 min. 2.4 Moisture Analysis Mangosteen pericarp samples of approximately 30 g were placed in hot-air oven dryer at three different drying air temperatures of 55, 65 and 75 C. The moisture content of mangosteen pericarp during the hot air drying process was determined by standard method. The loss in weight was calculated in term of percent moisture as follow Eq. (1) [19]. Moisture content (% dry basis) Initial weight Final weight = 100 Solid weight (1) The moisture ratio (MR) of mangosteen pericarp sample during the hot air drying process was estimated using the following Eq. (2) [20]. MR = M M i M M e e (2) Where M, M e and M i are moisture content (kg water/ kg dry matter) at any time, equilibrium moisture content and initial moisture content, respectively. 2.5 Room Temperature Extraction (RTE) To investigate the effect of drying temperature on the alpha-mangostin content in the powder of mangosteen pericarp, the dried sample of manogsteen Fig. 1 A schematic diagram of hot air drying oven. 5 1: Hot air oven; 2: PID-temperature controller; 3: Load cell; 4: RS-232 interface; 5: Computer; 6: K-type thermocouple-prove; 7: Fan.
4 88 The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp pericarp powder which dried at three different drying temperatures was extracted by room temperature extraction method. Ten grams of dried mangosteen pericarp powder was macerated with 95% ethanol at room temperature (25 ± 1.08 C) by shaking continuously at 150 rpm for 3 days. After that, each ethanolic extract was combined. The extraction was done in triplicate. 2.6 Soxhlet Extraction (SE) Ten grams of dried powder of mature fruit pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. were placed into a thimble and were extracted with 400 ml of 95% ethanol in a soxhlet apparatus. Extraction was carried out for 15 hours with approximately 5 cycles/hour (65-70 C) [4]. The extraction was done in triplication. 2.7 Shaking Water Bath Extraction (SWE) Ten grams of dried powder of mature fruit pericarp of Garcinia mangostana were weighed in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask, and extracted with 400 ml of 95% ethanol. The extraction process was done in water bath shaking to maintain temperature at 55 C for 2 hours. 2.8 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) Household microwave oven (B602-KOR-Daewoo) was modified to use in this study with the addition of a digital temperature control and rotavapor. An experimental stand for microwave extracting is shown in Fig. 2. The temperature during extraction process was controlled by connecting a copper wire with digital temperature control to measure the temperature at the center of the mixture. Ten grams of dried mangosteen pericarp powder was placed in round bottom flask and 400 ml of 95% ethanol was added. A round bottom flask was placed inside the microwave oven. The mixture was exposed to microwave irradiation at 55 C for 13 min. The super boiling of the mixture did not occur during irradiation. Then, the round bottom flask was allowed to cool in ice water bath until the temperature reached to room temperature. Fig. 2 A schematic diagram of microwave extraction machine. 2.9 Sample Preparation After extraction, the ethanolic extract was filtered through a Whatman No.1 filter paper under suction. The rotary vacuum evaporator was used to concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure (90 mbar) at 50 C. The yield of mangosteen pericarp crude extract (MPE) and α-mangostin contents were calculated as mean ± SD (n = 3) and expressed as gram per 100 g of dried mangosteen pericarp powder (% w/w of dried powder) and gram per 100 g of the mangosteen pericarp crude extract (% w/w of crude extract), respectively. Yield of extraction (%) weight of extract = 100 weight of raw material 2.10 Determination of α-mangostin Content (3) The UV-spectrophotometry was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer using a 1.0 quartz cell. The wavelength at 320 nm was used for all measurements due to no interference from solvent absorbance [11] Preparation of Standard Solution To prepare a stock solution of α-mangostin reference standard, 2.5 mg of α-mangostin were accurately weighed and dissolved with methanol in a 25 ml volumetric flask. From this solution, various
5 The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp 89 concentrations of the standard solution were diluted with methanol in a volumetric flask to obtain final concentration at 20, 16, 12, 8, 4 and 2 µg/ml. The absorbance of standard solutions was measured at 320 nm. The standard curve of α-mangostin was determined by plotting the absorbance of standard solution against th e concentration of standard solution using linear regression method Preparation of Sample Solution To prepare sample solution, 10 mg of dried mangosteen pericarp extract were accurately weighed and dissolved with methanol in a 10 ml volumetric flask. Methanol was added to volume (final concentration 1,000 µg/ml). Aliquot of the solution (500 µl) was diluted with methanol in a 10 ml volumetric flask to make a concentration of 50 µg/ml [6]. The absorbance of sample solutions was measured at 320 nm. The absorbance was compared with standard curve to obtain α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp crude extract. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Drying Characteristic of Mangosteen Pericarp Mangosteen pericarp was dried at three different drying temperatures (55, 65 and 75 C) from initial moisture content using hot air drying method. The required time of drying mangosteen pericarp at 55, 65 and 75 C was achieved in 52, 40 and 26 minutes, respectively. The relationships between moisture ratios versus drying time at different drying temperatures of mangosteen pericarp during hot air drying are shown in Fig. 3. The drying rate went along with the temperature of drying because the higher air drying temperature used, the more moisture removed from the mangosteen pericarp to the air. These results were in accordance with the results reported by Kavak et al. [21], Wang et al. [22], Doymaz [23] and Roberts et al. [24] who studied the drying characteristics of red pepper, apple pomace, leek slices and grape seeds using hot air convective drying method. Fig. 3 Drying rate of mangosteen pericarp at 55, 65 and 75 C using hot air drying method. 3.2 Effect of Drying Temperature on α-mangostin Content in Mangosteen Pericarp Powder The pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinai mangostana L.) at mature stage contains high a mounts of α-mangostin and acts as a powerful antioxidants [6]. To extent the storage time of mangosteen pericarp for further utilization, the fresh mangosteen pericarp was dried by using hot air drying method. However, the heat during drying process might result the degradation of α-mangostin in mangosteen pericarp. In this research, three different drying temperatures, 55, 65 and 75 C, were used to study the effect of drying temperature on the stability of α-mangostin in mangosteen pericarp powder. The effect of drying temperature on yields of MPE and α-mangostin content from dried mangosteen pericarp powder using room temperature extraction method are shown in Fig. 4. For statistic analysis, the mangosteen pericarp powder dried at different drying temperature had the significantly difference of α-mangostin content at 95% confident level. The suitable temperature for dying mangosteen pericarp powder was 65 C because of the highest retention yield of MPE and α-mangostin content that were (% w/w of crude extract). Pothitirat and Gritsanapan [4] used UV-spectrophotometric method to measure total mangostins in ethanolic extract of the fruit rinds of G. mangostana. The mangosteen pericarp obtained from this drying condition was selected in this
6 90 The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp Fig. 4 Comparison of the effect of different drying temperature on α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp powder. The vertical bars represent the standard error of the mean. Means marked with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). study. The degradation of α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp occurred at high drying temperature. However, the mangosteen pericarp dried at 75 C gave higher α-mangostin content than that of 55 C. It can be explained that the longer drying temperature might cause the degradation of α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp during drying process. Garau et al. [25] studied the effect of drying temperature on antioxidant capability of orange peel using room temperature extraction. They reported that the high drying temperature and long drying times destroyed the antioxidant compounds from orange peel samples. 3.3 Comparison of the Effect of Different Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp Powder Soxhlet extraction (SE) was used as the conventional standard extraction method for extracting α-mangostin from mangosteen pericarp in order to comparing with the shaking water bath extraction (SWE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Before extraction, the mangosteen pericarp was dried at 65 C using hot air drying method because this drying condition gave the highest of α-mangostin content. For all extraction methods, 95% (v/v) ethanol was used as solvent and the dried mangosteen pericarp powder to solvent ratio of 10 to 400 g/ml. The results of different extraction methods on the yield of MPE and α-mangostin content were illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. It was indicated that the classical extraction method, soxhlet extraction, is given the highest yield of MPE (25.45 ± 0.22% w/w of dried powder), but the lowest α-mangostin content when comparing with shaking water bath extraction and MAE. It might be caused the effect of temperature during the extraction because soxhlet extraction used longer extraction time with higher temperature than other extraction methods. In addition, long extraction time gave more yield of MPE, while the high temperature caused the degradation of α-mangostin content during extraction process. MAE took a shorter extraction time, and the higher α-mangostin content (49.79 ± 0.15% w/w of crude extract) than SWE (45.83 ± 0.02% w/w of crude extract) and SE (34.82 ± 0.17% w/w of crude extract), respectively. In MAE process, the dipole rotation of polar solvent in the microwave field was the main mechanism to enhance the yield of α-mangostin content. The target compound could adequately absorb microwave energy and be quickly transferred into the extraction solvent. It shows the similar results as obtained by Hao et al. [10], Grigonis et al. [26], Shu et al. [27] and Bimakr et al. [28] who studied about the
7 The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp 91 Fig. 5 Comparison of the effect of extraction methods on yield of MPE. The vertical bars represent the standard error of the mean. Means marked with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). Fig. 6 Comparison of the effect of extraction methods on α-mangostin content. The vertical bars represent the standard error of the mean. Means marked with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). comparison of extraction methods on antioxidant compounds from Artemisia annua L., sweet grass, ginseng root and spearmint leaves. 4. Conclusion In this study, the effect of different drying temperature on retention α-mangostin content in mangosteen (G. mangostana L.) pericarp by using hot air drying method was investigated. The room temperature extraction was performed to extract dried mangosteen pericarp powder which dried at three different temperatures. The results showed that the optimum temperature for drying mangosteen pericarp powder was 65 C because it achieved the highest maintenance α-mangostin content that was ± 0.24 (% w/w of crude extract). Because mangosteen pericarp contained the antioxidant substance which easily degraded at high temperature, the suitable drying condition for mangosteen pericarp before extraction should be considered for utilization in food systems. In comparison of conventional standard extraction method, soxhlet extraction, with MAE and shaking water bath extraction, MAE was showed the best method for mangosteen pericarp extraction due to less extraction
8 92 The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on α-mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp time and highest yield of α-mangostin content. References [1] J. Pedraza-Chaverri, N. Cárdenas-Rodríguez, M. Orozco-Ibarra, J.M. Pérez-Rojas, Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), Food and Chem. Toxi. 46 (2008) [2] S.D. Doijode, Seed Storage of Horticultural Crops, Food Products Press, 2001, p [3] H.A. Jung, B.N. Su, W.J. Keller, R.G. Mehta, A.D. Kinghorn, Antioxidant xanthones from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen), J. Agri. and Food Chem. 54 (2006) [4] W. Pothitirat, W. Gritsanapan, Quantitative analysis of total mangostins in Garcinia mangostana fruit rind, J. Health Res. 22 (2008) [5] M. Primchanien, K. Nuttavut, K. Sineenart, L. Omboon, P. Narongchai, N. Neelobol, Anticancer activity of litchi fruit pericarp extract against human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, Toxi and App. Phar. 215 (2006) [6] W. Pothitirat, M.T. Chomnawang, R. Supabphol, W. Gritsanapan, Comparison of bioactive compounds content, free radical scavenging and anti-acne inducing bacteria activities of extracts from the mangosteen fruit rind at two stages of maturity, Fitoterapia 80 (2009) [7] F. Qaas, E. Schiele, Einfluss der Energiekosten auf die Rentabilität im Trocknungsbetrieb (Influence of energy costs on the profitability of the dehydration of medicinal and aromatic plants), Z ARZNEI-GEWURZPFLA. 6 (2001) [8] J. Müller, A. Heindl, Medicinal and aromatic plants-agricultural, commercial, ecological, legal, pharmacological and social aspects, Drying of Medicinal Plant 17 (2006) [9] V. Bullangpoti, S. Visetson, J. Milne, M. Milne, C. Sudthongkong, S. Pornbanlualap, Effects of alpha-mangostin from mangosteen pericarp extract and imidacloprid on Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) and non-target organisms: toxicity and detoxification mechanisms, Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci. 72 (2007) [10] J. Hao, W. Han, S. Huang, B. Xue, X. Deng, Microwaveassisted extraction of artemisnin from Artemisia annua L., Seoaration and Purification Technology 28 (2002) [11] M. Hassas-Roudsari, P.R. Chang, R.B. Pegg, R.T. Tyler, Antioxidant capacity of bioactives extracted from canola meal by subcritical water, ethanolic and hot water extraction, Food Chem. 114 (2009) [12] S. Albu, E. Joyce, L. Paniwnyk, J.P. Lorimer, T.J. Mason, Potential for the use of ultrasound in the extraction of antioxidants from Rosmarinus officinalis for the food and pharmaceutical industry, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 11 (2004) [13] X. Pan, G. Niu, H. Liu, Comparison of microwave-assisted extraction and conventional extraction techniques for the extraction of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge, Biochem. Eng. J. 12 (2002) [14] R. Amarowicz, Z. Żegarska, R.B. Pegg, M. Karamać, A. Kosińska, Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of a barley crude extract and its fractions, Czech J. Food Sci. 25 (2007) [15] X. Wang, X. Zheng, C. Liu, Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of silymarin from milk thistle seeds, J. Agri and Bio Eng. 1 (2008) [16] W.H. Duvernay, J.M. Assad, C.M. Sabliov, M. Lima, Z. Xu, Microwave extraction of antioxidant components from rice bran, Pharmaceutical Engineering 25 (2005) [17] G. Spigno, D.M. Faveri, Microwave-assisted extraction of tea phenols: a phenomenological study, J. Food Eng. 93 (2009) [18] F.M. Fakhouri, P.S. Tanada-Plamu, C.R.F. Grosso, Characterization of composite biofilms of wheat gluten and cellulose acetate phthalate, Braz. J. Chem Eng. 21 (2004) [19] AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., Arlington, Virginia, 1995, p. 2. [20] C. Rask, Thermal properties of dough and bakery products: a review of published data, J. Food Eng. 9 (1989) [21] A.E. Kavak, Y. Bicer, C. Yilidiz, Thin layer drying of red pepper, J. Food Eng. 59 (2003) [22] Z. Wang, J. Sun, X. Liao, et al., Mathematical modeling on hot air drying of thin layer apple pomace, Food Res Int. 40 (2007) [23] I. Doymaz, Drying of leek slices using heated air, J. Food Process Eng. 31 (2008) [24] J.S. Roberts, D.R. Kidd, O.P. Zakour, Drying kinetics of grape seeds, J. Food Eng. 89 (2008) [25] M.C. Garau, S. Simal, C. Rosselló, A. Femenia, Effect of air-drying temperature on physico-chemical properties of dietary fibre and antioxidant capacity of orange (Citrus aurantium v. Canoneta) by-products, Food Chem. 104 (2007) [26] D. Grigonis, P.R. Venskutonis, B. Sivik, M. Sandahl, C.S. Eskilsson, Comparison of different extraction techniques for isolation of antioxidants from sweet grass (Hierochloë odorata), J. Supercritical Fluids 33 (2005) [27] Y.Y. Shua, M.Y. Ko, Y.S. Chang, Microwave-assisted extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng root, Microchemical J. 74 (2003) [28] M. Bimakr, R.A. Rahman, F.S. Taip, et al., Comparison of different extraction methods for the extraction of major bioactive flavonoid compounds from spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves, J. Food and Biopro Proce (2010). (in press)
TECHNICAL REPORT STUDY CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RATTAN SHOOT FROM PLANTATION IN THAILAND
TECHNICAL REPORT STUDY CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RATTAN SHOOT FROM PLANTATION IN THAILAND by Assistant Professor Dr. Noojaree Prasitpan Chemist Analyzer of the ITTO Project on PD 24/00 Rev.1 (I): Promotion
More informationImproving the yield of soybean oil extraction process by using of microwave system
Improving the yield of soybean oil extraction process by using of microwave system M. Ghazvehi, M. Nasiri* School of Chemical, Gas and Petroleum Engineering, Semnan University,Semnan, Iran The increasing
More informationSODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE Prepared at the 28th JECFA (1984), published in FNP 31/2 (1984) and in FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 55 th JECFA (2000). An ADI not specified
More informationCHEM 2423 Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid EXPERIMENT 4 - Purification - Recrystallization of Benzoic acid
EXPERIMENT 4 - Purification - Recrystallization of Benzoic acid Purpose: a) To purify samples of organic compounds that are solids at room temperature b) To dissociate the impure sample in the minimum
More informationSUCRALOSE. White to off-white, practically odourless crystalline powder
SUCRALOSE Prepared at the 41st JECFA (1993), published in FNP 52 Add 2 (1993). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 63rd JECFA (2004). An ADI of 0-15 mg/kg bw was established at the 37th JECFA
More informationStudy on Combined Hot-air and Microwave Vacuum Drying for Scallion
Study on Combined Hot-air and Microwave Vacuum Drying for Scallion Yifan Li, Shujun Li*, Bingnan Yang, Qinghua Han, Jiwei Ma, Donglin Zhao Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences,Beijing
More informationBRIEFING 661.2 Plastic Packaging Systems for Pharmaceutical Use.
BRIEFING 661.2 Plastic Packaging Systems for Pharmaceutical Use. USP proposes the revision and development of a suite of plastic packaging system standards in the current issue of PF. General test chapter
More informationDrying Parawood with Superheated Steam
Drying Parawood with Superheated Steam Surachai Bovornsethanan and Somchai Wongwises Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) Bangmod, Bangkok 10160,
More informationexperiment5 Understanding and applying the concept of limiting reagents. Learning how to perform a vacuum filtration.
81 experiment5 LECTURE AND LAB SKILLS EMPHASIZED Synthesizing an organic substance. Understanding and applying the concept of limiting reagents. Determining percent yield. Learning how to perform a vacuum
More informationProject 5: Scoville Heat Value of Foods HPLC Analysis of Capsaicinoids
Willamette University Chemistry Department 2013 Project 5: HPLC Analysis of Capsaicinoids LABORATORY REPORT: Formal Writing Exercises PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT Read the entire laboratory project and section 28C
More informationEXTRACTION OF OIL FROM ALGAE BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND OIL EXPELLER METHOD
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 9(4), 2011, 1746-1750 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM ALGAE BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND OIL EXPELLER METHOD NIRAJ S. TOPARE a, SUNITA J. RAUT a, V. C.
More informationHands-On Labs SM-1 Lab Manual
EXPERIMENT 4: Separation of a Mixture of Solids Read the entire experiment and organize time, materials, and work space before beginning. Remember to review the safety sections and wear goggles when appropriate.
More informationRecrystallization II 23
Recrystallization II 23 Chem 355 Jasperse RECRYSTALLIZATIN-Week 2 1. Mixed Recrystallization of Acetanilide 2. Mixed Recrystallization of Dibenzylacetone 3. Recrystallization of an Unknown Background Review:
More informationTransformation Protocol
To make Glycerol Stocks of Plasmids ** To be done in the hood and use RNase/DNase free tips** 1. In a 10 ml sterile tube add 3 ml autoclaved LB broth and 1.5 ul antibiotic (@ 100 ug/ul) or 3 ul antibiotic
More informationChemistry 321, Experiment 8: Quantitation of caffeine from a beverage using gas chromatography
Chemistry 321, Experiment 8: Quantitation of caffeine from a beverage using gas chromatography INTRODUCTION The analysis of soft drinks for caffeine was able to be performed using UV-Vis. The complex sample
More informationISOLATION OF CAFFEINE FROM TEA
ISLATIN F CAFFEINE FRM TEA Introduction In this experiment, caffeine is isolated from tealeaves. The chief problem with the isolation is that caffeine does not exist alone in the tealeaves, but other natural
More informationPerformance Test of Solar Assisted Solid Desiccant Dryer
Performance Test of Solar Assisted Solid Desiccant Dryer S. MISHA 1,2,*, S. MAT 1, M. H. RUSLAN 1, K. SOPIAN 1, E. SALLEH 1, M. A. M. ROSLI 1 1 Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
More informationPurification of reaction mixtures using flash chromatography.
Purification of reaction mixtures using flash chromatography. This technical note details the use of ISOLUTE Flash chromatography columns for the purification of reaction mixtures. What is flash chromatography?
More informationExperiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin
Experiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin Aspirin is an effective analgesic (pain reliever), antipyretic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory agent and is one of the most widely used non-prescription drugs. The
More informationHuman serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles stabilized with. intermolecular disulfide bonds. Supporting Information
Human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles stabilized with intermolecular disulfide bonds Wentan Wang, Yanbin Huang*, Shufang Zhao, Ting Shao and Yi Cheng* Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University,
More informationPURIFICATION TECHNIQUES
DETERMINACIÓN DE ESTRUCTURAS ORGÁNICAS (ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY) PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES Hermenegildo García Gómez Departamento de Química Instituto de Tecnología Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
More informationGraphite Furnace AA, Page 1 DETERMINATION OF METALS IN FOOD SAMPLES BY GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (VERSION 1.
Graphite Furnace AA, Page 1 DETERMINATION OF METALS IN FOOD SAMPLES BY GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY I. BACKGROUND (VERSION 1.0) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a widely used
More informationExtraction and Properties of the Polyphenol, Catechin, as an Antioxidant
Extraction and Properties of the Polyphenol, Catechin, as an Antioxidant Anthony U. Onuzuruike and Jacob J. Woltering Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65201
More informationA software for calculation of optimum conditions for cotton, viscose, polyester and wool based yarn bobbins in a hot-air bobbin dryer
A software for calculation of optimum conditions for cotton, viscose, polyester and wool based yarn bobbins in a hot-air bobbin dryer H. Kuşçu, K. Kahveci, U. Akyol and A. Cihan Abstract In this study,
More informationANALYSIS OF FOOD AND NATURAL PRODUCTS LABORATORY EXERCISE
ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND NATURAL PRODUCTS LABORATORY EXERCISE Determination of carbohydrates in foodstuff (LC/RID method) Exercise guarantor: Assoc. Prof. Karel Cejpek, Ph.D. CONTENT Required knowledge...
More information- KOBAYASHI ZEIN DP -
Zein is a major component of corn proteins, called a prolamine soluble in aqueous ethanol. Zein is extracted from gluten meal separated under corn starch production. The acquisition of deodorized and decolourised
More informationI. ACID-BASE NEUTRALIZATION, TITRATION
LABORATORY 3 I. ACID-BASE NEUTRALIZATION, TITRATION Acid-base neutralization is a process in which acid reacts with base to produce water and salt. The driving force of this reaction is formation of a
More informationATOMIC ABSORTION SPECTROSCOPY: rev. 4/2011 ANALYSIS OF COPPER IN FOOD AND VITAMINS
1 ATOMIC ABSORTION SPECTROSCOPY: rev. 4/2011 ANALYSIS OF COPPER IN FOOD AND VITAMINS Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Model 200 Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has for many years
More informationPhosphorus, colorimetry, phosphomolybdate, automated-segmented flow
Phosphorus, colorimetry, phosphomolybdate, automated-segmented flow Parameter and code: Phosphorus, total-in-bottom-material, dry weight, I-6600-88 (mg/kg as P): 00668 1. Application This method is used
More informationDetermining the Quantity of Iron in a Vitamin Tablet. Evaluation copy
Determining the Quantity of Iron in a Vitamin Tablet Computer 34 As biochemical research becomes more sophisticated, we are learning more about the role of metallic elements in the human body. For example,
More informationHS 1003 Part 2 HS 1003 Heavy Metals Test
HS 1003 Heavy Metals Test 1. Purpose This test method is used to analyse the heavy metal content in an aliquot portion of stabilised hot acetic acid extract by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Note:
More informationMixtures and Pure Substances
Unit 2 Mixtures and Pure Substances Matter can be classified into two groups: mixtures and pure substances. Mixtures are the most common form of matter and consist of mixtures of pure substances. They
More informationOriginal Research Article DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT
Original Research Article DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT Baburao Bhukya* Nethaji Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Somidi, Kazipet, Warnagal, Telangana State-506003.
More informationMOLECULAR WEIGHT BY BOILING POINT ELEVATION
MOLECULAR WEIGHT BY BOILING POINT ELEVATION BACKGROUND This experiment demonstrates the use of colligative properties. The goal is to measure the molecular weight of a non-volatile solute by determining
More informationIsolation of Caffeine from Tea
Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Introduction A number of interesting, biologically active compounds have been isolated from plants. Isolating some of these natural products, as they are called, can require
More informationFractional Distillation and Gas Chromatography
Fractional Distillation and Gas Chromatography Background Distillation The previous lab used distillation to separate a mixture of hexane and toluene based on a difference in boiling points. Hexane boils
More informationVitamin C quantification using reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC
Vitamin C quantification using reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC Thomas Grindberg and Kristy Williams Department of Chemistry, Concordia College, 901 8 th St S, Moorhead, MN 56562 Abstract Vitamin C, an
More informationDetermination of Extractives in Biomass
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Determination of Extractives
More informationNEOS-GR. Rapid, Solvent-Free Extraction by Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG)
NEOS-GR Rapid, Solvent-Free Extraction by Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) NEOS-GR Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) System The NEOS-GR is the result of a partnership between Milestone
More informationA Beer s Law Experiment
A Beer s Law Experiment Introduction There are many ways to determine concentrations of a substance in solution. So far, the only experiences you may have are acid-base titrations or possibly determining
More informationoxidize 4-Cholesten-3-one
Isolation of Cholesterol from Egg Yolk Preparation: Bring a hard-boiled egg yolk to lab! Cholesterol (1) is a major component of cell membranes. An egg yolk contains about 200 milligrams of cholesterol,
More informationCH243: Lab 4 Synthesis of Artificial Flavorings by Fischer Esterification
H243: Lab 4 Synthesis of Artificial Flavorings by Fischer Esterification PURPSE: To prepare esters by reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols. To modify a known procedure to prepare an unknown. DISUSSIN:
More informationOREGON GRAPE FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS
OREGON GRAPE FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM FOR HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS Berberis aquifolium ad praeparationes homoeopathicas Other Latin name used in homoeopathy : Mahonia aquifolium
More informationApparatus error for each piece of equipment = 100 x margin of error quantity measured
1) Error Analysis Apparatus Errors (uncertainty) Every time you make a measurement with a piece of apparatus, there is a small margin of error (i.e. uncertainty) in that measurement due to the apparatus
More informationMOISTURE (Karl Fischer, Buffered)
MOIST.03-1 MOISTURE (Karl Fischer, Buffered) PRINCIPLE SCOPE The sample is dissolved in a mixture of methanol and formamide (50:50 v/v) and then titrated with standardized Karl Fischer reagent. The titration
More informationPOLYVINYL ALCOHOL. SYNONYMS Vinyl alcohol polymer, PVOH, INS No. 1203 DEFINITION DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONAL USES CHARACTERISTICS
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL Prepared at the 68 th JECFA (2007) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 4 (2007), superseding specifications prepared at the 63 rd JECFA (2004) and published in the Combined Compendium
More informationEL724. Biodegradable Resin Products [EL724-2002/2/2003-114]
EL724. Biodegradable Resin Products [EL724-2002/2/2003-114] 1. Scope The criteria shall apply to the product formed and manufactured mainly based on biodegradable resin of single quality or more than two
More informationHigh Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for Estimation of Cefprozil in Tablet Dosage Form
ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO E- Chemistry http://www.e-journals.net Vol. 5, No.3, pp. 427-430, July 2008 High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for Estimation of Cefprozil in Tablet Dosage
More informationPhysical & Chemical Properties. Properties
Physical & Chemical Properties Properties Carbon black can be broadly defined as very fine particulate aggregates of carbon possessing an amorphous quasi-graphitic molecular structure. The most significant
More informationDistillation of Alcohol
CHEM 121L General Chemistry Laboratory Revision 1.6 Distillation of Alcohol To learn about the separation of substances. To learn about the separation technique of distillation. To learn how to characterize
More informationLUMEFANTRINE Draft proposal for The International Pharmacopoeia (October 2006)
October 2006 RESTRICTED LUMEFANTRINE Draft proposal for The International Pharmacopoeia (October 2006) DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. This draft is intended for
More informationNAN YA NYLON 66 Engineering Plastics. Flame Retardant.High Toughness.Heat Resistant. Impact Resistant.Moldability.Low Warpage
NAN YA NYLON 66 Engineering Plastics Flame Retardant.High Toughness.Heat Resistant. Impact Resistant.Moldability.Low Warpage Introduction NAN YA FR-NYLON 66 has water absorption propertieslike other nylons.
More informationExperiment 8 Preparation of Cyclohexanone by Hypochlorite Oxidation
Experiment 8 Preparation of Cyclohexanone by ypochlorite xidation In this experiment we will prepare cyclohexanone from cyclohexanol using hypochlorite oxidation. We will use common household bleach that
More informationCooking A World of New Tastes
Cooking A World of New Tastes S E G M E N T 2 Cooking With Moist Heat Steaming Boiling Glazing Segment 2 Cooking With Moist Heat 19 S E G M E N T 2 Cooking With Moist Heat Learning Objectives Apply steaming
More informationDetermination of calcium by Standardized EDTA Solution
Determination of calcium by Standardized EDTA Solution Introduction The classic method of determining calcium and other suitable cations is titration with a standardized solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic
More informationα-cyclodextrin SYNONYMS α-schardinger dextrin, α-dextrin, cyclohexaamylose, cyclomaltohexaose, α- cycloamylase
α-cyclodextrin New specifications prepared at the 57th JECFA (2001) and published in FNP 52 Add 9 (2001). An ADI not specified was established at the 57th JECFA (2001). SYNONYMS α-schardinger dextrin,
More informationIn this experiment, we will use three properties to identify a liquid substance: solubility, density and boiling point..
Identification of a Substance by Physical Properties 2009 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Permission for academic use provided the original copyright is included Every substance has a unique set
More information8.9 - Flash Column Chromatography Guide
8.9 - Flash Column Chromatography Guide Overview: Flash column chromatography is a quick and (usually) easy way to separate complex mixtures of compounds. We will be performing relatively large scale separations
More informationTamsulosin Hydrochloride Capsules
. nal Revision Bulletin Official October 1, 2011 Tamsulosin 1 standard solution, and shake well. Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 10 min, and use the supernatant, passing it if Tamsulosin Hydrochloride Capsules
More informationEstimation of Alcohol Content in Wine by Dichromate Oxidation followed by Redox Titration
Sirromet Wines Pty Ltd 850-938 Mount Cotton Rd Mount Cotton Queensland Australia 4165 www.sirromet.com Courtesy of Jessica Ferguson Assistant Winemaker & Chemist Downloaded from seniorchem.com/eei.html
More informationLaboratory 5: Properties of Enzymes
Laboratory 5: Properties of Enzymes Technical Objectives 1. Accurately measure and transfer solutions with pipettes 2. Use a Spectrophotometer to study enzyme action. 3. Properly graph a set of data. Knowledge
More informationExtraction of Caffeine from Energy Drinks
Boston University OpenBU Chemistry http://open.bu.edu Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments 2011-07-14 Extraction of Caffeine from Energy Drinks Mulcahy, Seann P. http://hdl.handle.net/2144/1418 Boston
More informationExperiment 5: Phase diagram for a three-component system (Dated: April 12, 2010)
Experiment 5: Phase diagram for a three-component system (Dated: April 12, 2010) I. INTRODUCTION It is sometimes necessary to know the mutual solubilities of liquids in a two-phase system. For example,
More informationUNITED STATES CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION DIRECTORATE FOR LABORATORY SCIENCES DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY 5 RESEARCH PLACE ROCKVILLE, MD 20850
UNITED STATES CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION DIRECTORATE FOR LABORATORY SCIENCES DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY 5 RESEARCH PLACE ROCKVILLE, MD 20850 Test Method: CPSC-CH-E1001-08.2 Standard Operating Procedure
More informationCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF COPPER AND PERCENT YIELD KEY
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF COPPER AND PERCENT YIELD Objective To gain familiarity with basic laboratory procedures, some chemistry of a typical transition element, and the concept of percent yield. Apparatus
More informationIB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
More informationLIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY HOW MUCH ASPIRIN, ACETAMINOPHEN, AND CAFFEINE ARE IN YOUR PAIN RELIEVER? USING HPLC TO QUANTITATE SUBSTANCES (Revised: 1-13-93)
INTRODUCTION HOW MUCH ASPIRIN, ACETAMINOPHEN, AND CAFFEINE ARE IN YOUR PAIN RELIEVER? USING HPLC TO QUANTITATE SUBSTANCES (Revised: 1-13-93) Headache, sore muscles, arthritis pain... How do you spell relief?
More informationMolar Mass of Polyvinyl Alcohol by Viscosity
Molar Mass of Polyvinyl Alcohol by Viscosity Introduction Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) is a linear polymer (i. e., it has little branching) of Ethanol monomer units: -CH 2 -CHOH- Unlike most high molar mass
More informationColorimetric Determination of Iron in Vitamin Tablets
Cautions: 6 M hydrochloric acid is corrosive. Purpose: To colorimetrically determine the mass of iron present in commercial vitamin tablets using a prepared calibration curve. Introduction: Iron is considered
More informationPHENOLIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ASSAYS. Gaziosmanpaşa University
PHENOLIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ASSAYS Dr. Ayşe ÖZBEY Gaziosmanpaşa University A number of spectrophotometric methods for quantification of phenolic compounds in plant materials have been developed. Based on
More informationASSOCIAZIONE MANI D ORO I MAESTRI DELLA PIZZA
FIELD PRODUCTION OF SPECIALTY ' TRADITIONAL GUARANTEED Classic Pizza Napoletana Art. 1 Product s Name The pizza is a food preparation consisting of a support of dough, topped with products selected by
More informationHEXANES. Insoluble in water, soluble in ether, alcohol, and acetone. Neutral to methyl orange (ph indicator) Not more than 0.
HEXANES Prepared at the 51st JECFA (1998), published in FNP 52 Add 6 (1998) superseding specifications prepared at the 14th JECFA (1970), published in NMRS 48B (1971) and in FNP 52 (1992). ADI "limited
More informationChapter 14 Solutions
Chapter 14 Solutions 1 14.1 General properties of solutions solution a system in which one or more substances are homogeneously mixed or dissolved in another substance two components in a solution: solute
More informationEnergy and Energy Transformations Test Review
Energy and Energy Transformations Test Review Completion: 1. Mass 13. Kinetic 2. Four 14. thermal 3. Kinetic 15. Thermal energy (heat) 4. Electromagnetic/Radiant 16. Thermal energy (heat) 5. Thermal 17.
More informationDetermination of the Mass Percentage of Copper in a Penny. Introduction
Determination of the Mass Percentage of Copper in a Penny Introduction This experiment will cost you one penny ($0.01). The penny must be minted after 1983. Any penny will do; for best results the penny
More informationSafety Safety glasses or goggles must be worn in the laboratory at all times.
APPLE BROWNING: A STUDY OF OXIDATION OF FOODS 2005, 1997 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Reproduction permitted for education use provided original copyright is included. You are preparing for a
More informationSynthesis of Isopentyl Acetate
Experiment 8 Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate Objectives To prepare isopentyl acetate from isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid by the Fischer esterification reaction. Introduction Esters are derivatives of
More informationDESSERT Apple and cinnamon crumble with custard. 5 11 year olds. www.cwt-chew.org.uk
DESSERT Apple and cinnamon crumble with custard DESSERT Apple and cinnamon crumble with custard Apple and cinnamon crumble Custard 90g 80g Apple and cinnamon crumble This recipe makes 4 portions of about
More informationTANNIC ACID. SYNONYMS Tannins (food grade), gallotannic acid, INS No. 181 DEFINITION DESCRIPTION
TANNIC ACID Prepared at the 39th JECFA (1992), published in FNP Add 1 (1992) superseding specifications prepared at the 35th JECFA (1989), published in FNP 49 (1990) and in FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic
More information5 Answers and Solutions to Text Problems
Energy and States of Matter 5 Answers and Solutions to Text Problems 5.1 At the top of the hill, all of the energy of the car is in the form of potential energy. As it descends down the hill, potential
More informationStandard Operating Procedure for the Determination of Total and Total Dissolved Solids CCAL 13A.2
Standard Operating Procedure for the Determination of Total and Total Dissolved Solids CCAL 13A.2 Cooperative Chemical Analytical Laboratory College of Forestry Oregon State University 321 Richardson Hall
More informationExperiment 12- Classification of Matter Experiment
Experiment 12- Classification of Matter Experiment Matter can be classified into two groups: mixtures and pure substances. Mixtures are the most common form of matter and consist of mixtures of pure substances.
More informationMarmara Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Kimya Bölümü / Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEINS
EXPERIMENT VI PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEINS I- Protein isolation and dialysis In order to investigate its structure and properties a protein must be obtained in pure form. Since proteins
More informationPOLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE
POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE Prepared at the 37th JECFA (1990), published in FNP 52 (1992) superseding specifications prepared at the 29th JECFA (1985), published in FNP 34 (1986). Metals and arsenic specifications
More informationNITRIC OXIDE and NITROGEN DIOXIDE 6014
NITRIC OXIDE and NITROGEN DIOXIDE 6014 NO MW: 30.01 CAS: 10102-43-9 RTECS: QX0525000 46.01 10102-44-0 QW9800000 METHOD: 6014, Issue 1 EVALUATION: FULL Issue 1: 15 August 1994 OSHA : 25 ppm NO; C 1 ppm
More informationExperiment 5: Column Chromatography
Experiment 5: Column Chromatography Separation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocene by Column Chromatography Reading: Mohrig, Hammond & Schatz Ch. 18 pgs 235-253 watch the technique video on the course website!
More informationTo measure the solubility of a salt in water over a range of temperatures and to construct a graph representing the salt solubility.
THE SOLUBILITY OF A SALT IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES 2007, 1995, 1991 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Permission for academic use provided the original copyright is included. OBJECTIVE To measure
More informationThings you need. Time ?????? Large pyrex beaker preferably 500 to 1000ml, or large steel vacuum
This experiment is a means of observing the effect of cold temperatures on a range of everyday items. A freezing solution is made for this purpose by adding dry ice to a pure alcohol. This is strictly
More informationDetermination of Fat in Dried Milk Products Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE)
Application Note 340 Determination of Fat in Dried Milk Products INTRODUCTION Many extraction techniques for the determination of fat in food are labor-intensive or require long extraction times. The Roese-Gottlieb
More informationThe Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering
Section 5: Reflow Oven Heat Transfer The Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering There are three different heating modes involved with most SMT reflow processes: conduction, convection, and infrared
More informationDigiBlock Sample Preparation System APPLICATION NOTES LABTECH INC. Your Lab, Our Tech
E D 3 6 & E H D 3 6 DigiBlock Sample Preparation System APPLICATION NOTES LABTECH INC. Your Lab, Our Tech CONTENT 1 ENVIRONMENTAL... 5 1.1 SOIL... 5 1.2 WASTE WATER... 6 2 FOOD... 7 2.1 RICE... 7 2.2
More informationGEA Niro Pharmaceutical GMP Spray Drying facility. Spray drying process development and contract manufacturing. engineering for a better world
GEA Niro Pharmaceutical GMP Spray Drying facility Spray drying process development and contract manufacturing engineering for a better world GEA Process Engineering 2 GEA Niro PSD-4 Chamber cone in clean
More informationAgarose Gel Electrophoresis with Food Color- Teacher Guide
Page 1 of 7 Project Home Gateway to the Project Laboratory Activities What the Project can do in the classroom Biotechnology Resources Favorite resources online and in print Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
More informationPECTINS. SYNONYMS INS No. 440 DEFINITION DESCRIPTION. FUNCTIONAL USES Gelling agent, thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier CHARACTERISTICS
PECTINS SYNONYMS INS No. 440 Prepared at the 71 st JECFA (2009) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 7 (2009), superseding specifications prepared at the 68 th JECFA (2007) and published in FAO JECFA
More informationTHE FOLLOWING TEXT ON BIO-OIL EXTRACTION IS AN EXCERPT FROM THE FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED BY HNEI TO OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH UNDER GRANT
THE FOLLOWING TEXT ON BIO-OIL EXTRACTION IS AN EXCERPT FROM THE FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED BY HNEI TO OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH UNDER GRANT AWARD NUMBER N00014-09-1-0709, DECEMBER 2011 2.4 Novel Solvent-Based
More informationCORN BY-PRODUCTS IN DAIRY COW RATIONS
CORN BY-PRODUCTS IN DAIRY COW RATIONS Dennis Lunn, Ruminant Nutritionist Shur-Gain, Nutreco Canada Inc. CORN BY-PRODUCTS IN DAIRY COW RATIONS Dennis Lunn, Ruminant Nutritionist Shur-Gain, Nutreco Canada
More informationFighting the Battles: Conducting a Clinical Assay
Fighting the Battles: Conducting a Clinical Assay 6 Vocabulary: In Vitro: studies in biology that are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological surroundings
More informationROSE ANTHOCYANINS AS ACID BASE INDICATORS
ROSE ANTHOCYANINS AS ACID BASE INDICATORS ph/acid Base Indicators A ph indicator is halochromic chemical compound that is added in small amounts to a solution so that the ph (acidity or basicity) of the
More informationChapter Three: STOICHIOMETRY
p70 Chapter Three: STOICHIOMETRY Contents p76 Stoichiometry - The study of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions. p70 3-1 Counting by Weighing 3-2 Atomic Masses p78 Mass Mass
More informationSynthesis of Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen
Austin Peay State University Department of hemistry hem 1121 autions Purpose Introduction Acetic Anhydride corrosive and a lachrymator all transfers should be done in the vented fume hood Methanol, Ethanol
More information