PHBLM PROJECT Increasing Public Health Safety Alongside the New Eastern European Border Line

Transcription

1 PHBLM PROJECT Increasing Public Health Safety Alongside the New Eastern European Border Line IOM International Organization for Migration 1

2 2

3 PHBLM PROJECT: Increasing Public Health Safety Alongside the New Eastern European Border Line Module 1, Unit 1 Terminology Dealing with the Impact of Migration in the EU Session 1: What are Push and Pull Factors? Session 2: Who are migrants and refugees? Session 3: Smuggling and human trafficking: what is the difference? Session 4: Examples of other terminology dealing with migration. Aims of Terminology Dealing with the Impact of Migration in the EU Module: 1. To understand push and pull factors. 2. To recognize basic terminology involved with migrants and refugees. 3. To become familiar with the difference between smuggling and human trafficking. 4. To recognize other terminology dealing with migration. Session 1: What are Push and Pull Factors? Methodology Presentation 3

4 You will need Participants will need Terminology Dealing with the Impact of Migration in the EU slides Copy of slides Trainer notes: To understand push and pull factors. Introduction Slide 3 Reasons behind migration trends? Pull and push factors Globalization Enlarged Europe Ageing population Skill shortage Emergencies Inequalities Push and pull factors Slide 4 Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. Push factor is generally negative and tends to drive people out of a country or an area. Pull factor is more positive, generally a benefit that attracts people. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate. Different types of push factors can be seen further below. A push factor is a flaw or distress that drives a person away from a certain place. A pull factor is something concerning the country to which a person migrates. It is generally a benefit that attracts people to a certain place. Push and pull factors are usually considered as north and south poles on a magnet. Push Factors Slide 5 Examples Not enough jobs Few opportunities "Primitive" conditions Desertification Famine/drought Political fear/persecution Poor medical care Loss of wealth Natural Disasters Death threats Slavery 4

5 Pollution Poor housing Landlords Bullying Discrimination Poor chances of finding courtship Pull Factors Slide 6 Examples Job opportunities Better living conditions Political and/or religious freedom Enjoyment Education Better medical care Security Family links Industry Better chances of finding courtship EU s Pull Factors Slide 7 The European Union is an attractive destination for migrants and refugees for many reasons including economic prospects, career opportunities, education and health standards and the respect of fundamental freedoms and rights. Session 2: Who are migrants and refugees? Methodology You will need Participants will need Presentation Terminology Dealing with the Impact of Migration in the EU slides Copy of slides 5

6 Trainer notes: To recognize basic terminology involved with migrants and refugees. Introduction Slide 8 Migration A process of moving, either across an international border, or within a State. It is a population movement, encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever its length, composition and causes; it includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, uprooted people, and economic migrants. (IOM, 2004) Who are migrants? Slide 9 At the international level, no universally accepted definition of migrant exists. The term migrant is usually understood to cover all cases where the decision to migrate is taken freely by the individual concerned for reasons of "personal convenience" and without intervention of an external compelling factor. This term therefore applies to persons, and family members, moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family." IOM Glossary of Migration (IOM, 2004). However, for ease of reference in this training materials the term migrant is used to also describe all those who have migrated and are in regular or irregular situation, including asylum seekers, persons entitled to other humanitarian/exceptional protection, refugees, displaced populations, uprooted people, returnees, trafficked persons, internal and economic migrants. Irregular migrant Slide 10 Someone who does not hold the required legal status or travel documents to enter or remain in a country. Irregular migrants are often not fully aware of the dangers and conditions of their journeys before they leave, or of the realities they will face upon arrival. For some, the calculated risk of travelling to Europe by an irregular route is worth taking, in the hope of a better life. Irregular migration in the EU: In recent times, EU Member States have paid increasing attention to preventing irregular migration and strengthening border controls. Many argue that such controls prevent asylum seekers and refugees people in need of international protection from receiving asylum in the EU. Why irregular migration continues despite the strengthening of border controls? This is because push factors in countries of origin including poverty, unemployment and crises and pull factors in countries of destination including higher wages, job opportunities and safety have not changed. Furthermore, there are insufficient frameworks and mechanisms to allow regular migration to address the labour shortages of expanding economies. Inadequate or inconsistent development assistance programming limits the development of a capacity to effectively manage migratory flows in transit countries and new destination countries. 6

7 Refugees and related terminology Slide 11 Refugee Someone who is outside their country of nationality or habitual residence, and maybe fleeing from persecution, conflicts or generalized violence. They have no protection from their own state. Non refoulement Non refoulement is a key principle in international refugee law, that concerns the protection of refugees from being returned to places where their lives or freedoms could be threatened. Asylum seeker Someone who has made a claim that he or she is a refugee, and is waiting for that claim to be accepted or rejected. Some asylum seekers will be recognized to be refugees and others will not. The 1951 Refugee Convention describes refugees as people who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence, and have a wellfounded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, and are unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country. People fleeing conflicts or generalized violence are also generally considered as refugees. They have no protection from their own state indeed it is often their own government that is threatening to persecute them. (UNCHR, 2009) Resettlement Slide 12 Refugees are not always able to return safely home or to remain in the country where they received asylum, usually because they would face continued persecution. Through resettlement, refugees gain legal protection from governments who agree to receive them. Refugees are not always able to return safely home or to remain in the country where they received asylum, usually because they would face continued persecution. In such circumstances, UNHCR attempts to resettle them in safe third countries. With voluntary repatriation and local integration, resettlement is one of the three long term solutions for refugees. Through resettlement, refugees gain legal protection residency and often eventually citizenship from governments who agree, on a case by case basis, to receive them. (UNCHR, 2009) 7

8 Session 3: Smuggling and human trafficking: what is the difference? Methodology You will need Participants will need Presentation Terminology Dealing with the Impact of Migration in the EU slides Copy of slides Trainer notes: To become familiar with the difference between smuggling and human trafficking. Introduction Slide 13 Smuggling Slide 13 Smuggling is a form of migrant movement that is done with the agreement of the migrant and usually with payment from the migrant for the smuggling services. It can be exploitative and dangerous but is not coercive in the sense of trafficking. Smuggling is organized illegal international border crossing that is provided in return for a certain payment by the migrant. (UNCHR, 2009) 8

9 Trafficking Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons by means of threat, use of force or other forms of coercion. Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons by means of threat, use of force or other forms of coercion. Trafficking violates human rights and includes abduction, fraud, deception, and the abuse of power or the abuse of someone in a vulnerable position. (UNCHR, 2009) Trafficked Persons (TPs) Slide 14 Trafficking can be for the purpose of labour, sexual, and/or any other form of exploitation. TPs are exposed to a range of health related problems. During captivity, they may experience o physical violence, o sexual exploitation, o psychological abuse, o poor living conditions and o exposure to a wide range of diseases. Facts: Slide 15 An estimated 1.2 million children defined as people under 18 are trafficked throughout the world every year, bought and sold for exploitation in domestic and farm work, in mines and the commercial sex industry. Others are forced into begging or pretty crime. Children are lured, kidnapped or sold to be violated, neglected, abused and exploited. OSCE Press Release, Vienna Facts re: VoTs identified by State Authorities in Slovakia, Hungary and Poland Slide 16, UNDOC

10 10

11 Session 4: Examples of other terminology dealing with migration. Methodology You will need Participants will need Presentation Terminology Dealing with the Impact of Migration in the EU slides Copy of slides Trainer notes: To recognize other terminology dealing with migration. Introduction Slides 17 Detention Is the restriction on freedom of movement through enforced confinement of an individual by government authorities. The 2 types of detention: criminal detention administrative detention. Restriction on freedom of movement through enforced confinement of an individual by government authorities. There are two types of detention: criminal detention, having as a purpose punishment for the committed crime; and administrative detention, guaranteeing that another administrative measure such as expulsion can be implemented. In many states irregular migrants are subjected to administrative detention, as they do not comply with migration laws. In many states a person may be detained pending a decision on refugee status or on admission or removal from a state. Overstay To remain in a country beyond the period for which entry was granted. Expulsion An act by an authority of the state with the intention and with the effect of securing the removal of persons against their will from the territory of that state. Voluntary return 11

12 Return of persons to their country of origin on the basis of freely expressed willingness to go back. Family reunification Slide 18 Process whereby family members separated through forced or voluntary migration are brought together again, whether in the country of origin or another country. Naturalization Naturalization is the acquisition of citizenship or nationality by someone who was not a citizen or national of that country at birth. SUMMARY OF MODULE Unit 1 (slide 19) 1. Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. 2. Migrant: persons, and family members, moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family. Refugee: Someone who is outside their country of nationality or habitual residence, and maybe fleeing from persecution, conflicts or generalized violence. They have no protection from their own state. 3. Smuggling: a form of migrant movement that is done with the agreement of the migrant and usually with payment from the migrant for the smuggling services. Trafficking: Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons by means of threat, use of force or other forms of coercion. 4. Other terminology dealing with migration: detention, overstay, expulsion, voluntary return, family reunification, and naturalization. 12

13 References UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2009). Not Just Numbers An Educational Toolkit about Migration and Asylum in Europe. Retrieved January 2010 from toolkit/njn MANUAL EN.pdf IOM International Organization for Migration (2004). International Migration Law, Glossary of Migration. Retrieved March 2010 from ttp:// tions/glossary_eng.pdf UNDOC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2009). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. Retrieved March 2010 from trafficking/country_profiles/western_central_europe.pdf 13