UV-Visible Reflection Spectroscopy of Liquids

Transcription

1 Springer Series in Optical Sciences 92 UV-Visible Reflection Spectroscopy of Liquids Bearbeitet von Jukka A Räty, Kai-Erik Peiponen, Toshimitsu Asakura 1. Auflage Buch. xii, 224 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 570 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Technik > Werkstoffkunde, Mechanische Technologie > Werkstoffkunde, Materialwissenschaft: Forschungsmethoden schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents Part I Theory of Reflectometry 1 Demands on Measurement of Optical Constants of Liquids in Science and Industry Liquids Thermodynamics of Liquids Thermo-Optical Properties of Liquids Theory of Optical Constants Interaction of Light with Liquid Light Interaction with Optically Nonlinear Kerr Liquid Beer Lambert Law Effective Medium Theory Effective Medium Theory of Optically Nonlinear Liquids Wiener Inequalities Mie Scattering from Turbid Liquid Theory of Reflectance Fresnel s Formulas for Oblique Light Incidence Assam s Formulas Brewster- and Pseudo-Brewster Angle Total Reflection from Nonabsorbing Liquids Attenuated Total Reflection from Absorbing Liquids Fresnel s Formulas and Data Optimization Reflectance from Nonlinear Liquids Fresnel s Formulas and Scattering Surface Plasmon Resonance and Reflectance Probe Window Contamination and Reflectance Adsorption Depth Profiling Matrix Theory for Reflectance of Multilayers... 59

3 X Contents 6 Wavelength Spectra Analysis Kramers Kronig Relations for Complex Refractive Index Kramers Kronig Relations for Complex Reflectance Kramers Kronig Relations in Nonlinear Optics Maximum Entropy Method in Phase Retrieval from Reflectance Part II Practical Reflectometry 7 Introduction Definitions of Optical Instrumentation and Measurement Radiometry Actionometry Photometry Spectrophotometry Reflectance Transmittance Absorptance Reflectance Measurement Geometries Exploring the Insides of a Spectrophotometer Common UV/Visible Range Light Sources Radiation from a Black Body Incandescent Sources Discharge Lamps High Pressure Discharge Lamps Line Light Sources Controlling Wavelength Filters Monochromators Light Polarization and Polarizing Components Characteristics of Light Polarization Mechanisms by which Polarization is Produced Polarization Components Detectors Performance Parameters Thermal Detectors Photon Devices Understanding Your Signal Calibration Curve Indicators of Performance Precision

4 Contents XI Bias Sensitivity Measurement Range, Concentration Range Selectivity Sources of Noise and Error Thermal Noise or Johnson Noise Shot Noise Flicker Noise Environment Noise Stray Light Chemical Noise Methods for Improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio Hardware Methods Software Methods Before Measurement Absorbance Standards Calibration Liquids Solid Standards Monochromator Slitwidth Wavelength Calibration Angle Calibration Baseline Checking Recommended Methods From Theory to Measurement Reflectometer Optical Layout Measurement Modes and Parameters Primary Data of the Apparatus; Examples Practical Examples of Determining Optical Constants Fitting the Reflectance Curve to Fresnel s Equations Azzam s Polarization Method SPR Method Maximum Entropy Model, MEM Attenuated Total Reflection ATR Measurement of Pigment Slurries Contamination of the Probe Appendices A Intensity Law for Nonlinear Absorption B Complex Angle of Refraction

5 XII Contents C Cauchy Riemann Equations D Kramers Kronig Integrals and Symmetry Properties References Index