Crystallization phenomena in germanium antimony phase-change films Eising, Gert

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1 Crystallization phenomena in germanium antimony phase-change films Eising, Gert IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2013 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Eising, G. (2013). Crystallization phenomena in germanium antimony phase-change films Groningen: s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date:

2 Crystallization phenomena in germanium antimony phase-change films Gert Eising

3 Zernike Institute PhD thesis series ISSN: ISBN: (printed version) ISBN: (electronic version) 2013, Gert Eising is research was carried out under project number M SDMP03 in the framework of the Industrial Partnership Program on Size Dependent Material Properties of the Materials innovation institute M2i ( and the Foundation of Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM) ( which is part of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research ( e work presented in this thesis was performed in the Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces research group at the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials of the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, e Netherlands.

4 Crystallization phenomena in germanium antimony phase-change films Proefschri ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. E. Sterken, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 13 december 2013 om 12:45 uur door Gert Eising geboren op 30 augustus 1986 te Meppel

5 Promotor: Copromotor: Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. ir. B.J. Kooi Dr. G. Palasantzas Prof. dr. A.L. Greer Prof. dr. B. Noheda Pinuaga Prof. dr. ir. P.R. Onck

6 Voor pa en ma

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8 Contents 1 Introduction Phase-change materials History Remarkable properties Memory applications Germanium-doped antimony alloys esis outline References Experimental techniques Sample preparation Measurement setup Image Analysis Uniform growth Non-uniform growth References Isothermal crystal growth Introduction Experimental Samples Film characterization Crystal growth characterization Results Discussion Conclusions References Laser accelerated crystallization Introduction Experimental Samples Setup Image analysis Local temperature estimation Results and discussion Viscosity and fragility Extrapolating crystal growth rates vii

9 Contents 4.4 Conclusions References Stress-induced crystallization Introduction Experimental section Samples Four-point bending stage Results and discussion Conclusions Appendix A Star-shaped crystal growth References Electrical surface properties Introduction Experimental Samples Surface measurements Results and discussion Conclusions References Cluster evolution and critical cluster sizes during nucleation Introduction Model and numerical methods Ising model Lattice animals enumeration Critical cluster sizes Monte Carlo simulations Results Results of lattice animals enumeration Results of Monte Carlo simulations Comparing lattice animals enumeration and Monte Carlo simulations Temperature evolution of magic numbers Reduced interface tension according to lattice animals Summary and conclusions Appendix A Results of lattice animal enumerations References Summary 101 Samenvatting 105 Dankwoord 109 List of publications 111 viii